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opencc-by-nd-4.0Jan 2016View details →

Figure 18 in Males of a new species of Jotus from Australia wave a paddle-shaped lure to solicit nearby females (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini)

Figure 18. Epigyna of the nine female paratype Jotus remus in ethanol. The anterior direction is toward the top of the page. The anterior spermathecae are about the same size as the posteror spermathecae and are visible through the fossae. The septum between the fossae is generally wide.

opencc-by-nd-4.0Jan 2016View details →

Figure 16 in Males of a new species of Jotus from Australia wave a paddle-shaped lure to solicit nearby females (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini)

Figure 16. Views of the underside of three living female Jotus remus. From below, these spiders are brown to dark brown with a more or less distinct 'U' shaped mark under the opisthosoma (1-2). This may be obscured in darker individuals (3).

opencc-by-nd-4.0Jan 2016View details →

Figure 23 in Males of a new species of Jotus from Australia wave a paddle-shaped lure to solicit nearby females (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini)

Figure 23. Consecutive frames (25 FPS video) showing the vibration display of a male Jotus remus on top of a leaf. The female was directly below this leaf. Arrows indicate the relative position of legs I in each frame (up or down). At times the ~6/s cadence of this display doubled to ~12/s (15-20).

opencc-by-nd-4.0Oct 2020View details →

Figures 37-42. Frigga crocuta and F. pratensis. 37, Female F. crocuta, dorsal view. 38, Female F. pratensis, dorsal view. 39-42, Male F. pratensis. 40 in Salticidae (Arachnida: Araneae) from the Department of Córdoba in the Caribbean Region of Colombia

Figures 37-42. Frigga crocuta and F. pratensis. 37, Female F. crocuta, dorsal view. 38, Female F. pratensis, dorsal view. 39-42, Male F. pratensis. 40, Right pedipalp, ventral view. 41, Left pedipalp, retrolateral view. 42, right palp, prolateral view.

opencc-by-nd-4.0Sep 2020View details →

Figures 20-23. Phidippus pacosauritus genital structures. Figures 20-21. Male palp. Figure 20. Ventral view. Figure 21. Lateral view. Figures 22-23. Female epigyne. Figure 22. Ventral view. Figure 23 in Description of Phidippus pacosauritus sp. nov. (Salticidae: Salticinae: Dendryphantini: Dendryphantina), with a reanalysis of related species in the mystaceus group

Figures 20-23. Phidippus pacosauritus genital structures. Figures 20-21. Male palp. Figure 20. Ventral view. Figure 21. Lateral view. Figures 22-23. Female epigyne. Figure 22. Ventral view. Figure 23. Dorsal view cleared.

opencc-by-nd-4.0Jun 2019View details →

Figures 31-38. Adult female and adult male under separate leaves. 31 in Notes on the jumping spider Brettus cingulatus in Karnataka (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini)

Figures 31-38. Adult female and adult male under separate leaves. 31, Later in the day the nest site occupied by the previous female was unoccupied. 32, This adult male was present under a leaf near the nest site. 33, Detail of (33). 34, Late on the next day this adult female occupied the nest site. Based on scale pattern this appears to be the female observed previously at this site (29-30). 35-38, On the next day this female continued to occupy the nest site (38, inset at lower right) as an adult male rested beneath a different leaf at a distance (38, inset at upper left).

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Reduced sexual size dimorphism in a pipefish population where males do not prefer larger females

Within a species' distribution, populations are often exposed to diverse environments and may thus experience different sources of both natural and sexual selection. These differences are likely to impact the balance between costs and benefits to individuals seeking reproduction, thus entailing evolutionary repercussions. Here, we look into an unusual population (Baltic Sea) of the broadnosed pipefish, Syngnathus typhle, where males do not seem to select females based on size and hypothesise that this pattern may derive from a reduction of direct benefits to the male. We further hypothesise that if larger females do not persistently secure a higher reproductive success, either through pre- or post-copulatory sexual selection, a decrease in sexual size dimorphism in the Baltic population should be apparent, especially when contrasted with a well-studied population, inhabiting similar latitudes (Swedish west coast), where males prefer larger females. We found that, in the Baltic population, variation in female quality is low. We were unable to find differences in abortion rates or protein concentration in oocytes produced by females of contrasting sizes. Direct benefits from mating with large partners seem, thus, reduced in the Baltic population. We also found no evidence of any post-copulatory mechanism that could favour larger mothers as embryo development was unrelated to female size. While female size can still be selected through intrasexual competition or fecundity selection, the pressure for large female body size seems to be lower in the Baltic. Accordingly, we found a noticeable decrease in sexual size dimorphism in the Baltic population. We conclude that, although far from negating the significance of other selective process, sexual selection seems to have a decisive role in supporting pipefish sexual size asymmetries.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Sexual selection moderates heat stress response in males and females

1. A widespread effect of climate change is the displacement of organisms from their thermal optima. The associated thermal stress imposed by climate change has been argued to have a particularly strong impact on male reproduction but evidence for this postulated sex-specific stress response is equivocal. 2. One important factor that may explain intra- and interspecific variation in stress responses is sexual selection, which is predicted to magnify negative effects of stress. Nevertheless, empirical studies exploring the interplay of sexual selection and heat stress are still scarce. 3. We tested experimentally for an interaction between sexual selection and thermal stress in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum by contrasting heat responses in male and female reproductive success between setups of enforced monogamy versus polygamy. 4. We found that polygamy magnifies detrimental effects of heat stress in males but relaxes the observed negative effects in females. Our results suggest that sexual selection can reverse sex differences in thermal sensitivity, and may therefore alter sex-specific selection on alleles associated with heat tolerance. 5. Assuming that sexual selection and natural selection are aligned to favour the same genetic variants under environmental stress, our findings support the idea that sexual selection on males may promote the adaptation to current global warming.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Greater variability in rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) endocranial volume among males than females

The greater male variability (GMV) hypothesis proposes that traits are more variable among males than females, and is supported by numerous empirical studies. Interestingly, GMV is also observed for human brain size and internal brain structure, a pattern which may have implications for sex-biased neurological and psychiatric conditions. A better understanding of neuroanatomical variability in nonhuman primates may illuminate whether certain species are appropriate models for these conditions. Here, we tested for sex differences in the variability of endocranial volume (ECV, a proxy for brain size) in a sample 542 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) from a large pedigreed free-ranging population. We also examined the components of phenotypic variance (additive genetic and residual variance) to tease apart the potential drivers of sex differences in variability. Our results suggest that males exhibit more variable ECVs, and that this pattern reflects either balancing/disruptive selection on male behaviour (associated with alternative male mating strategies) or sex chromosome effects (associated with mosaic patterns of X chromosome gene expression in females), rather than extended neurodevelopment among males. This represents evidence of GMV for brain size in a nonhuman primate species and highlights the potential of rhesus macaques as a model for sex-biased brain-based disorders.

opencc-zeroApr 2024View details →

Data from: Oral exposure to benzalkonium chlorides in male and female mice reveals sex-dependent alteration of the gut microbiome and bile acid profile

Benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) are commonly used disinfectants in a variety of consumer and food-processing settings, and the COVID-19 pandemic has led to increased usage of BACs. The prevalence of BACs raises the concern that BAC exposure could disrupt the gastrointestinal microbiota, thus interfering with the beneficial functions of the microbes. We hypothesize that BAC exposure can alter the gut microbiome diversity and composition, which will disrupt bile acid homeostasis along the gut-liver axis. In this study, male and female mice were exposed orally to d7-C12- and d7-C16-BACs at 120 µg/g/day for one week. UPLC-MS/MS analysis of liver, blood, and fecal samples of BAC-treated mice demonstrated the absorption and metabolism of BACs. Both parent BACs and their metabolites were detected in all exposed samples. Additionally, 16S rRNA sequencing was carried out on the bacterial DNA isolated from the cecum intestinal content. For female mice, and to a lesser extent in males, we found that treatment with either d7-C12- or d7-C16-BAC led to decreased alpha diversity and differential composition of gut bacteria with notably decreased actinobacteria phylum. Lastly, through a targeted bile acid quantitation analysis, we observed decreases in secondary bile acids in BAC-treated mice, which was more pronounced in the female mice. This finding is supported by decreases in bacteria known to metabolize primary bile acids into secondary bile acids, such as the families of Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae. Together, these data signify the potential impact of BACs on human health through disturbance of the gut microbiome and gut-liver interactions.

opencc-zeroMay 2024View details →

Data from: Differential effects of early life adversity on male and female rhesus macaque lifespan

Early life adversity predicts shorter adult lifespan in several animal taxa. Yet, work on long-lived primate populations suggests the evolution of mechanisms that contribute to resiliency and long lives despite early life insults. Here, we tested associations between individual and cumulative early life adversity and lifespan on rhesus macaques at the Cayo Santiago Biological Field Station using 50 years of demographic data. We performed sex-specific survival analyses at different life stages to contrast short-term effects of adversity (i.e., infant survival) with long-term effects (i.e., adult survival). Female infants showed vulnerability to multiple adversities at birth, but affected females who survived to adulthood experienced a reduced risk later in life. In contrast, male infants showed vulnerability to a lower number of adversities at birth, but those who survived to adulthood were negatively affected by both early life individual and cumulative adversity. Our study shows profound immediate effects of insults at birth on female infant cohorts and suggests that affected female adults are more robust. In contrast, adult males who experienced harsh conditions early in life showed an increased mortality risk at older ages as expected from hypotheses within the life course perspective. Our analysis suggests sex-specific selection pressures on life histories and highlights the need for studies addressing the effects of early life adversity across multiple life stages.

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

Data from: Can females differentially allocate resources to offspring sired by different males?

The viviparity-driven conflict hypothesis postulates that the evolution of matrotrophy (postfertilization maternal provisioning) will result in a shift from a pre- to postcopulatory mate choice and thus accelerate the evolution of postcopulatory reproductive isolation. Here, we perform artificial insemination experiments on Heterandria formosa, a matrotrophic poeciliid fish, to probe for evidence of postcopulatory female choice. We established laboratory populations from Wacissa River (WR) and Lake Jackson (LJ). The WR females normally produce larger offspring than the LJ females. We artificially inseminated females with sperm from each population or from both populations simultaneously. When LJ females were inseminated with sperm from WR and LJ males, they allocated fewer resources to WR-sired offspring than when they were inseminated with WR sperm alone. The LJ females carrying developing offspring sired by males from different populations were thus able to discriminate against non-resident males when allocating resources to developing young. The WR females, which normally produce larger offspring than LJ females, did not discriminate among males from different localities. These findings provide insights into the ability of females from one population to exercise a form of postcopulatory mate selection.

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

Sexually antagonistic coevolution of the male nuptial gift and female feeding behaviour in decorated crickets

The evolution of nuptial gifts has traditionally been considered a harmonious affair, providing benefits to both mating partners. There is growing evidence, however, that receiving a nuptial gift can be actively detrimental to the female. In decorated crickets (Gryllodes sigillatus), males produce a gelatinous spermatophylax that enhances sperm transfer but provides little nutritional benefit and hinders female post-copulatory mate choice. Here, we examine the sexually antagonistic coevolution of the spermatophylax and the female feeding response to this gift in G. sigillatus maintained in experimental populations with either a male-biased or female-biased adult sex ratio. After 25 generations, males evolving in male-biased populations produced heavier spermatophylaxes with a more manipulative combination of free amino acids than those evolving in female-biased populations. Moreover, when the spermatophylax originated from the same selection regime, females evolving in male-biased populations always had shorter feeding durations than those evolving in female-biased populations indicating the evolution of greater resistance. Across populations, female feeding duration increased with the mass and manipulative combination of free amino acids in the spermatophylax suggesting sexually antagonistic coevolution. Collectively, our work demonstrates a key role for interlocus sexual conflict and sexually antagonistic coevolution in the mating system of G. sigillatus.

Fig. 14 in Male And Female Morphology Of Some Central European Delia (Anthomyiidae) Pests

Fig. 14. Female terminalia of Delia antiqua: a = dorsal, b = ventral view

Fig. 5 in Male And Female Morphology Of Some Central European Delia (Anthomyiidae) Pests

Fig. 5. Pregenital (5th) sternite of Delia platura male

Fig. 13 in Male And Female Morphology Of Some Central European Delia (Anthomyiidae) Pests

Fig. 13. Female terminalia of Delia radicum: a = dorsal and b = ventral view

Fig. 6 in Male And Female Morphology Of Some Central European Delia (Anthomyiidae) Pests

Fig. 6. Surstyli and cercus of Delia platura male

Fig. 2 in Male And Female Morphology Of Some Central European Delia (Anthomyiidae) Pests

Fig. 2. Delia antiqua male

Fig. 9 in Male And Female Morphology Of Some Central European Delia (Anthomyiidae) Pests

Fig. 9. Surstyli and cercus of Delia radicum male

Fig. 12 in Male And Female Morphology Of Some Central European Delia (Anthomyiidae) Pests

Fig. 12. Surstyli and cercus of Delia floralis male