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Fig. 2. Amphitheriid mammalian Palaeoxonodon ooliticus Freeman, 1976b in New partial dentaries of amphitheriid mammal Palaeoxonodon ooliticus from Scotland, and posterior dentary morphology in early cladotherians

Fig. 2. Amphitheriid mammalian Palaeoxonodon ooliticus Freeman, 1976b (NMS G.2017.37.1) from the Kilmaluag Formation, Bathonian, in lingual (A), buccal (B), and occlusal (C) views; partial left dentary (A1–C1), dentition only (A2–C2). Arrows indicate anterior direction.

Fig. 7. Geometric morphometric analyses. A. Principal Component Analysis. B in Early steps in the radiation of notoungulate mammals in southern South America: A new henricosborniid from the Eocene of Patagonia

Fig. 7. Geometric morphometric analyses. A. Principal Component Analysis. B. Canonical Variate Analysis.

Fig. 1. Landmark configurations maped onto a hypothetical generalized henricosborniid. A in Early steps in the radiation of notoungulate mammals in southern South America: A new henricosborniid from the Eocene of Patagonia

Fig. 1. Landmark configurations maped onto a hypothetical generalized henricosborniid. A. Upper molar: 1, metastyle; 2, metacone; 3, paracone; 4, parastyle; 5, protocone; 6, hypocone; 7, distolingual end of crochet; 8, mesiolabial end of crochet. B. Lower molar: 1, labial end of paralophid; 2, labial end of metalophid; 3, lingual end of metalophid; 4, mesial end of cristid obliqua; 5, hypoconulid; 6, entoconid/lingual end of entolophid.

Fig. 2 in Early steps in the radiation of notoungulate mammals in southern South America: A new henricosborniid from the Eocene of Patagonia

Fig. 2. Geochronology of SALMAs and litostratigraphic units mentioned in the text modified from Gelfo et al. (2009) and Krause et al. (2017). The formations outcrop in different localities: 1, Northwest Patagonia, Argentina; 2, Tiupampa, Bolivia; 3, San Jorge Basin, Patagonia, Argentina. Abbreviations: C., Cocatherium; Fm., Formation.

Fig. 4 in Early steps in the radiation of notoungulate mammals in southern South America: A new henricosborniid from the Eocene of Patagonia

Fig. 4. Notoungulate mammal Orome deepi gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene of Las Violetas Farm (A–C) and Las Flores (D–H), Argentina, all tooth in occlusal view. A. MLP-90-II-5-1633, fragment of right maxilla with M1–M2. B. MLP-90-II-5-1632, fragment of left maxilla with M1–M2. C. MLP- 90-II-5-1634, fragment of right maxilla with M1–M2. D. MLP-90-II-5-1637, fragment of left maxilla with broken P4, M1, and M2. E. MLP-90-II-5-1636, isolated left M1. F. MLP-90-II-5-1638, fragment of left maxilla with broken M1 and M2. G. MLP-90-II-5-1635, isolated left M1. H. MLP-79-I-5-47, isolated right M3. A, B, C, and H were horizontaly mirrored.

Fig. 3 in Early steps in the radiation of notoungulate mammals in southern South America: A new henricosborniid from the Eocene of Patagonia

Fig. 3. Holotype of notoungulate mammal Orome deepi gen. et sp. nov. (MLP-90-II-5-1631) from the early Eocene of Las Violetas Farm, Argentina. Left dP4 and M1 in occlusal view.

Fig. 1 in A new mammal from the Turonian-Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) Galula Formation, southwestern Tanzania

Fig. 1. Digital surface reconstructions from μCT scans of the?gondwanatherian mammal Galulatherium jenkinsi sp. nov. (holotype, RRBP 02067) from the Turonian–Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) Galula Formation, southwestern Tanzania; left dentary in lateral (A1), medial (A2), anterior (A3), posterior (A4), dorsal (A5), and ventral (A6) views. Dashed line estimates the anterior margin of the masseteric fossa. Abbreviations: ch, lower cheek teeth; inc, lower incisor.

Fig. 5 in A new mammal from the Turonian-Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) Galula Formation, southwestern Tanzania

Fig. 5. Lower jaw reconstruction of the?gondwanatherian mammal Galulatherium jenkinsi sp. nov. (holotype, RRBP 02067, A) from the Turonian– Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) Galula Formation, southwestern Tanzania and gondwanatherian mammal Sudamerica ameghinoi Scillato-Yané and Pascual, 1984 (holotype, MPEFCH 534, B) from the Paleocene Salamanca Formation, Punta Peligro, Chubut Province, Argentina; in dorsal (A1, B1), left lateral (A2, B2), posterior (A3, B3), and anterior (A4, B4) views. The preserved left dentaries of both Galulatherium and Sudamerica have been digitally mirrored to approximate the conformation of the anatomy from the contralateral side. The displaced apical ends of ch2–ch4 in Galulatherium have been digitally repositioned (see SOM 4 for details regarding repositioning).

Fig. 3 in A new mammal from the Turonian-Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) Galula Formation, southwestern Tanzania

Fig. 3. Digital semi-transparent reconstructions from μCT scans of the ? gondwanatherian mammal Galulatherium jenkinsi sp. nov. (holotype, RRBP 02067) from the Turonian–Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) Galula Formation, southwestern Tanzania; lower left dental series in buccal (A3) and lingual (A4) views to illustrate the extent of the pulp cavity within individual teeth. Ghosted left dentary (medium gray) with teeth in-situ (light gray crowns, dark gray roots) to highlight hypselodonty and relative positions of teeth within the dentary (A1). Digital semi-transparent reconstruction of left dentary with teeth in-situ to highlight path of mandibular canal ( dark gray) (A2). Abbreviations: ch, lower cheek teeth; inc, lower incisor.

Fig. 2 in A new mammal from the Turonian-Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) Galula Formation, southwestern Tanzania

Fig. 2. Digital surface reconstructions from μCT scans of the?gondwanatherian mammal Galulatherium jenkinsi sp. nov. (holotype, RRBP 02067) from the Turonian–Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) Galula Formation, southwestern Tanzania; lower left dental series in buccal (A1), apical/occlusal (A2), abapical/ventral (A3), and lingual (A4) views. Abbreviations: ch, lower cheek teeth; d, distal edge of incisor; inc, lower incisor; ics1, incisor cross-section near alveolar margin; ics2, incisor cross-section near root tip; ln, lingual edge of incisor; dashed lines indicate the approximate locations from which incisor metrics were collected.

Fig. 4 in A new mammal from the Turonian-Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) Galula Formation, southwestern Tanzania

Fig. 4. Selected μCT slice images highlighting internal anatomy of the left dentary of the?gondwanatherian mammal Galulatherium jenkinsi sp. nov. (holotype, RRBP 02067) from the Turonian–Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) Galula Formation, southwestern Tanzania. Sagittal slices with top image corresponding to locations of slices through dataset. YZ150 (A1), YZ200 (A2), YZ225 (A3), YZ245 (A4), YZ253 (A5), YZ285 (A6). Abbreviations: ch, lower cheek teeth; inc, lower incisor.

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Fig. 3 in A new eutherian mammal from the Late Cretaceous of Kazakhstan

Fig. 3. Strict consensus of the two most parsimonious trees (CI = 0.25, RI = 0.55) based on the dataset of Wible et al. (2009), as modified by Archibald and Averianov (2012), and including Zhalmouzia Averianov and Archibald gen. nov. The tree has been pruned to focus on the relationships of Zhalmouzia Averianov and Archibald gen. nov. and closely related taxa Numbers above and below nodes represent characters and character states, respectively. Only unambiguous synapomorphies are shown. Note that all of the characters are homoplastic, i.e., parallelisms or reversals. For further details see SOM: Sup- plementary Online Material available at http://app.pan.pl/SOM/app59-Averianov_etal_SOM.pdf.

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Fig. 1 in A new eutherian mammal from the Late Cretaceous of Kazakhstan

Fig. 1. Maps of the Late Cretaceous locality of Shakh Shakh in Kazakhstan. A. Northeast Aral Sea area with the position of the Shakh Shakh locality marked by an asterisk (modified from Averianov 2007b). B. Locality map (I, Shakh Shakh 1; II, Shakh Shakh 2) from Rozhdestvensky (1964: fig. 1) and Suslov (1982: fig. 1), superimposed on a Google Earth image of the area; the red beds of the Bostobe Formation are clearly visible on the photograph. C. Vertebrate localities in this area based on Malakhov et al. 2009: fig. 5); 1, Shakh-Shakh 2; 2, Shakh-Shakh 1; 3, Bird Site; 4, Turtle Site; 5, Forest; 6, Forest 2; 7, Shakh Shakh 3.

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Fig. 2 in A new eutherian mammal from the Late Cretaceous of Kazakhstan

Fig. 2. Eutherian mammals from Shakh Shakh, Kazakhstan, Late Cretaceous. A. Zhalmouzia bazhanovi Averianov and Archibald gen. et sp. nov., ZIN 100639, holotype, left dentary fragment with m2–3 in situ and alveoli for c, p1–5 and m1, in labial (A1), occlusal (A2, stereopair), and lingual (A3) views. B. Beleutinus orlovi Bazhanov, 1972, IZK I-751/III-1962, holotype, heavily abraded right m1–3 in labial view (modified from Nesov et al. 2004: pl. 1: 1a).

Fig. 14 in The gomphotheriid mammal Platybelodon from the Middle Miocene of Linxia Basin, Gansu, China

Fig. 14. Strict consensus of the nine most parsimonious trees recovered in the cladistic analysis of the genus Platybelodon, based on the data matrix provided in Appendix 1.

Fig. 12 in The gomphotheriid mammal Platybelodon from the Middle Miocene of Linxia Basin, Gansu, China

Fig. 12. Cheek teeth of the gomphotheriid mammal Platybelodon grangeri (Osborn, 1929) from Tunggur II, Middle Miocene, occlusal view. A. Left M2 (AM26479). B. Left m2 (AM26574). C. Right M3 (AM26473), horizontally reversed. D. Left m3 (AM26475).

Fig. 11. Gomphotheriid mammal Platybelodon danovi Borissiak, 1928 from the Tongxin area, Middle Miocene. A in The gomphotheriid mammal Platybelodon from the Middle Miocene of Linxia Basin, Gansu, China

Fig. 11. Gomphotheriid mammal Platybelodon danovi Borissiak, 1928 from the Tongxin area, Middle Miocene. A. Adult male skull and associated mandible (BPV2000), lateral view. B. Left m2 (IVPP V8039), occlusal view (horizontally reversed). C. Right m3 (IVPP V5572), occlusal view.

Fig. 8. Gomphotheriid mammal Platybelodon danovi Borissiak, 1928 from localities LX200802 in The gomphotheriid mammal Platybelodon from the Middle Miocene of Linxia Basin, Gansu, China

Fig. 8. Gomphotheriid mammal Platybelodon danovi Borissiak, 1928 from localities LX200802 (A, B) and LX200210 (C, D), the Linxia Basin, Middle Miocene. A. Posterior portion of mandibular symphysis (IVPP V18015), dorsal (A1) and anterior (A2) views. B. Fragmentary right lower tusk (IVPP V18015), dorsal view. C. Fragmentary left lower tusk (HMV1829), dorsal view. D. Fragmentary mandible (HMV1829), dorsal view.

Fig. 5 in The gomphotheriid mammal Platybelodon from the Middle Miocene of Linxia Basin, Gansu, China

Fig. 5. Mandible of the gomphotheriid mammal Platybelodon grangeri (Osborn, 1929) from locality LX200002 of the Linxia Basin, Middle Miocene. A. Adult male (HMV0031), dorsal view. B. Juvenile (HMV1813), dorsal (B1) and lateral (B2) views. C. Adult male (HMV0940), lateral view (horizontally reversed). D. Adult female (HMV0042), dorsal view.

Fig. 7 in The gomphotheriid mammal Platybelodon from the Middle Miocene of Linxia Basin, Gansu, China

Fig. 7. Lower cheek teeth of the gomphotheriid mammal Platybelodon grangeri (Osborn, 1929) fromf localities LX200002 (A–C, E) and LX200003 (D, F), the Linxia Basin, Middle Miocene, occlusal view. A. Left dp3 and dp4 (HMV1813). B. Right p4 (not fully erupted) and m1 (HMV0044). C. Right m2 (HMV1798). D. Right m2 (HMV1784). E. Right m3 (HMV1799). F. Left m3 (HMV1787), horizontally reversed.