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FIGURE 3 in Molecular phylogeny, morphology and taxonomy of Moroccan Triops granarius (Lucas, 1864) (Crustacea: Notostraca), with the description of two new species
FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic relationships of A, Triops samples obtained in a combined analysis of three molecular markers (12S, 16S, 28S) and B, western Moroccan Triops granarius samples as inferred from 12S sequences (best scoring trees obtained in RAxML are shown). ML bootstrap support/ Bayesian posterior probabilities are given for selected nodes. Provisional taxon labels of previously discovered lineages correspond to those used in Korn et al. (2013). Symbols correspond to those used in Fig. 1.
FIGURE 7 in Molecular phylogeny, morphology and taxonomy of Moroccan Triops granarius (Lucas, 1864) (Crustacea: Notostraca), with the description of two new species
FIGURE 7. Triops maximus sp. nov. A, carapace of the holotype (male), right lateral view. B, second maxilla of the holotype, anterior view. C, detail of the 1st trunk limb of the holotype, anterior view.
FIGURE 9 in Molecular phylogeny, morphology and taxonomy of Moroccan Triops granarius (Lucas, 1864) (Crustacea: Notostraca), with the description of two new species
FIGURE 9. Triops multifidus sp. nov. A, carapace of the holotype (male), right lateral view. B, second maxilla of the holotype, anterior view. C, detail of the 1st trunk limb of the holotype, anterior view (note that the epipodite is missing in this sample, possibly due to injury).
FIGURE 6 in Molecular phylogeny, morphology and taxonomy of Moroccan Triops granarius (Lucas, 1864) (Crustacea: Notostraca), with the description of two new species
FIGURE 6. Triops maximus sp. nov. A, second antenna of a second instar larva (from the type locality) as seen in a shed exuvium, ventral view. B, general aspect of adult male (showing a specimen of population 7). C, variation in the shape of the nuchal organ: examples from specimen of 3.0 (above, left: population 2) 2.3 (below, left: population 18) and 2.2 mm telson width (center, right: holotype). D, endopodite of 6th trunk limb of a male of 2.3 mm telson width (from the type locality), anterior view. E, endopodite and 5th endite of 2nd trunk limb of the holotype (male), anterior view. F, telson of the holotype, dorsal view. G, telson of a male of 2.3 mm telson width (population 18), lateral view.
FIGURE 2 in Molecular phylogeny, morphology and taxonomy of Moroccan Triops granarius (Lucas, 1864) (Crustacea: Notostraca), with the description of two new species
FIGURE 2. Schematic drawing of A, a detail of the right lateral margin of the telson of a Triops granarius specimen in dorsal view, showing how the length of the largest furcal spine was measured (dotted line), and B, the endopodite of the second trunk limb in anterior view, demonstrating how the length of the endopodite was measured (dotted line). C, a detail of the row of digging spines positioned at the margin of the endopodite showing three examples of length measurements (dotted lines; note that in the present example the largest spine cannot be identified easily so that several rather large spines have to be measured in order to obtain a value for the length of the largest spine) and the position of subsidiary lines used for measurements of spine lengths (dashed lines). D, the distal part of the endopodite showing the distal claw and three of the digging spines. The point where the dashed line (drawn from the base of the distal claw) meets the dotted line (median line of the distal claw) was used as the starting point for length measurements of the endopodite (in the present study the base of the distal claw was defined as the point where the distalmost digging spine diverges from the endopodite). Grey bars (directed approx. in a right angle to measured lines) indicate where measured lines start and end. Abbreviations: C, distal claw; DS, digging spines; SP, largest furcal spine; SPL, length of largest furcal spine; TE, telson; F, furcal ramus.
FIGURE 1. A in Molecular phylogeny, morphology and taxonomy of Moroccan Triops granarius (Lucas, 1864) (Crustacea: Notostraca), with the description of two new species
FIGURE 1. A, map indicating the geographical position of the study area (marked in black). B, map showing the geographical distribution of studied populations of Triops granarius. Symbols used to mark study sites refer to phylogenetic lineages (see Table 1, Fig. 3; population no. 6 was determined morphologically by DFA in this study). Open square: 'Triops granarius 8'; filled asterisk: 'Triops granarius 10'.
FIGURE 2 in VARSEDIG: an algorithm for morphometric characters selection and statistical validation in morphological taxonomy
FIGURE 2. Discriminant analysis performed on Moenkhausia dichroura and M. oligolepis using all morphometric variables. A longer arrow in the discriminant analysis means a higher contribution of the variable to discriminating the two species.
FIGURE 1 in VARSEDIG: an algorithm for morphometric characters selection and statistical validation in morphological taxonomy
FIGURE 1. Application of VARSEDIG to compare Moenkhausia dichroura and M. oligolepis with the overlap method and the argument minimum=TRUE, as default options of VARSEDIG. (A) Density plot with the overlap of the variable that best discriminates the two species, in this case variable M26. (B) Scatterplot of the polar coordinates obtained for both species using variables M26 and M11. The ellipses show the levels of significance to the 0.5 (inner ellipse) and 0.95 (outer ellipse) of each of the regions. (C) Bivariate randomisation test. The x-axis corresponds to the X polar coordinates and the y-axis corresponds to Y polar coordinates. Kernel density is estimated to indicate the contours of the distribution of randomized values (blue line). The two marginal histograms correspond to the univariate tests on each axis for which the p-values (one-sided tests) are computed. The figure shows the individual (red point) with a higher probability of belonging to Moenkhausia oligolepis among all included individuals identified as M. dichroura. (D) As in figure C, this shows the individual (red point) with a higher probability of belonging to M. dichroura among all individuals identified as M. oligolepis.
FIGURE 18 in Morphology and taxonomy of Isognomon spathulatus (Reeve, 1858), a cryptic bivalve from the mangroves of Thailand
FIGURE 18. Diagrammatic exterior views of the stomach of Isognomon spathulatus (A, B) and Isognomon ephippium (C, D). A, C—Right lateral view; B, D—Anterior (frontal) view. Abbreviations: e, esophagus; st, gastric chamber ("stomach"); vd, ventral diverticulum.
FIGURE 17 in Morphology and taxonomy of Isognomon spathulatus (Reeve, 1858), a cryptic bivalve from the mangroves of Thailand
FIGURE 17. Major features of the shell of Isognomon ephippium (ZMKU Bil 800082; 65 mm). A, C—Exterior of the right valve; B, D—Interior of the left valve. Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; ccs, commarginal calcitic scale; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; lga, ligamental area; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pa, posterior auricle; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pas, posterior auricle sinus; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; rs, radial ray (stripe); u, umbo; vem, ventral margin. Scale bar: 10 mm.
FIGURE 11 in Morphology and taxonomy of Isognomon spathulatus (Reeve, 1858), a cryptic bivalve from the mangroves of Thailand
FIGURE 11. Diagrammatic representation of generalized morphology of ctenidia of Isognomon spathulatus. Abbreviations: abv, afferent blood vessel; cdr, row of ciliated disks; crm, ctenidial longitudinal retractor muscle; cta, ctenidial axis; ds, dorsal septum; ebv, efferent blood vessel; fg, food groove; id, inner demibranch; idb, interdemibranchial buttress; od, outer demibranch; ogf, ordinary gill filament; sm, suspensory membrane; tf, tissue fusion.
FIGURE 16 in Morphology and taxonomy of Isognomon spathulatus (Reeve, 1858), a cryptic bivalve from the mangroves of Thailand
FIGURE 16. Habitat of Isognomon spathulatus at Kungkrabaen Bay, Gulf of Thailand, at low tide. A—Mangrove forest dominated by Rhizophoraceae; B—Individuals of Isognomon spathulatus byssally attached to and wedged into the crevices formed by prop roots of mangrove trees.
FIGURE 15 in Morphology and taxonomy of Isognomon spathulatus (Reeve, 1858), a cryptic bivalve from the mangroves of Thailand
FIGURE 15. Diagrammatic representation of the excretory system and its relation to the pericardium of Isognomon spathulatus in posterior view; dorsal part of adductor muscle and intestine removed (above dotted line). Inset: abnormal bifurcated anal funnel (AMNH 319257; 62 mm). Abbreviations: af, anal funnel; an, anus; aso, abdominal sense organ; au, auricle; in, intestine; k, kidney; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pc, pericardial cavity; ty/tym, fused major and minor typhlosoles; v, ventricle. Scale bar: 150 mm.
FIGURE 7 in Morphology and taxonomy of Isognomon spathulatus (Reeve, 1858), a cryptic bivalve from the mangroves of Thailand
FIGURE 7. Isognomon spathulatus shell microstructure (SEM; AMNH 319258; 55 mm). A—Oval tablets of the outer surface of the nacreous layer; B—Prismatic-nacreous layer boundary at the interior surface of ventral shell margin; C—Exterior surface of the outer shell layer showing polygonal cross-sectional shape of prisms. Scale bars: A: 15 Μm; B: 50 Μm; C: 25 Μm.
FIGURE 3 in Morphology and taxonomy of Isognomon spathulatus (Reeve, 1858), a cryptic bivalve from the mangroves of Thailand
FIGURE 3. Growth series of Isognomon spathulatus. Specimens from the same population; AMNH 319254; 319256; 319257). Abbreviations: cl, calcitic lamella; rr, radial rib. Scale bar: 10 mm.
FIGURE 10 in Morphology and taxonomy of Isognomon spathulatus (Reeve, 1858), a cryptic bivalve from the mangroves of Thailand
FIGURE 10. Labial palps morphology of Isognomon spathulatus (SEM; AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Inner surface of the right outer labial palp showing the parallel arrangement of ridges; B—Cross-section of the same palp showing the ridged inner surface (top), smooth outer surface (bottom), and its internal organization. Abbreviations: le, ledge; ri, ridge. Scale bars: 150 Μm.
FIGURE 14 in Morphology and taxonomy of Isognomon spathulatus (Reeve, 1858), a cryptic bivalve from the mangroves of Thailand
FIGURE 14. Diagrammatic views of the gastric chamber of Isognomon spathulatus. A—Left interior view; B—Right interior view. Dotted area indicates extent of the cuticle. Abbreviations: ant, antechamber; cr, cuticular ridge; ddd, duct of digestive diverticula; df, dorsal fold; dgr, dorsal groove; dh, dorsal hood; e, esophagus; ff, fleshy fold; fsc, food-sorting caecum; gs, gastric shield; ig, intestinal groove; lpo, left pouch; mst, main stomach chamber; sh, stirring hollow; sta, striated area; stys/in, merged intestine and style sac; tgr, typhlosolar guard ridge; trf, transverse folds; ty, major typhlosole; tym, minor typhlosole; vd, ventral diverticulum; vf, ventral fold. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURE 9 in Morphology and taxonomy of Isognomon spathulatus (Reeve, 1858), a cryptic bivalve from the mangroves of Thailand
FIGURE 9. Mantle morphology of Isognomon spathulatus (A, B: Histology, 5-µm, PAS stain; AMNH 319258; 52 mm; D: SEM; AMNH 319258; 55 mm). A—Cross-section of the mantle margin; B—Cross-section of the mantle margin at the centralto-contractile zone transition region; C—Fragment from the ventral part of mantle showing the inner surface with distinct central, contractile, and marginal zones; D—Laterodorsal view of the mantle edge with a fragment of OF-2 removed to reveal OF-1 (SEM). Abbreviations: ce, columnar epithelium; cpa, circumpallial artery; cpn, circumpallial nerve; ec, eosinophilic cell; if-n, inner mantle fold; mfb, muscle fiber; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; of-n, outer mantle fold; p, periostracum; pgr, periostracal groove; pm, pallial muscle; t, tentacle. Scale bars: A, B: 200 Μm; C: 2 mm; D: 500 Μm.
FIGURE 2 in Morphology and taxonomy of Isognomon spathulatus (Reeve, 1858), a cryptic bivalve from the mangroves of Thailand
FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of major features of the shell of Isognomon spathulatus, showing methods of shell measurements and extent of shape variation. A— Exterior of the right valve; B—Interior of the left valve; C—Consensus of shell and nacre margin outlines (dotted lines) with superimposed profiles of individual specimens based on the analysis of 50 individuals from the same population (see text for details). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; cl, calcitic lamella; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; HS, shell height; lga, ligamental area; LS, shell length; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; u, umbo; vem, ventral margin.
FIGURE 13 in Morphology and taxonomy of Isognomon spathulatus (Reeve, 1858), a cryptic bivalve from the mangroves of Thailand
FIGURE 13. Morphology of ctenidia of Isognomon spathulatus (SEM; AMNH 319257; 63 mm). A—Right lateroventral view of ventral part of right ctenidium; B—Abfrontal surface of descending lamella of right demibranch in region of its fusion to ctenidial axis; close-up view of ciliated disks (inset); C—Right lateral view of middle part of right ctenidium; D—Abfrontal surface of lamella showing interfilamentar connections mediated by rows of ciliated disks. Abbreviations: cdr, row of ciliated disks; fg, food groove; id, inner demibranch; od, outer demibranch; ogf, ordinary gill filament; tf, tissue fusion. Scale bars: A: 200 Μm; B, C: 100 Μm; D: 500 Μm.
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