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Fig. 5 in Description of Sarcocystis scandentiborneensis sp. nov. from treeshrews (Tupaia minor, T. tana) in northern Borneo with annotations on the utility of COI and 18S rDNA sequences for species delineation

Fig. 5. Phylogenetic tree based on analysis of mitochondrial COI sequences of the Sarcocystidae including the new Sarcocystis sp. examined in this study (black symbols). Other taxa of the Apicomplexa served as root. Evolutionary history was inferred by the Maximum Likelihood (ML) method based on the TamuraNei model, whereby 619 positions were included in the final data set. All positions with less than 95% site coverage were eliminated; that is, fewer than 5% alignment gaps, missing data, and ambiguous bases were allowed at any position. Bootstrap percentages (1000 iterations) are shown next to branches. COI sequences E357-13 and E120-13 (not shown in the tree) are available at GenBank (MN732561 and MN732562, respectively).

Fig. 2 in Description of Sarcocystis scandentiborneensis sp. nov. from treeshrews (Tupaia minor, T. tana) in northern Borneo with annotations on the utility of COI and 18S rDNA sequences for species delineation

Fig. 2. Ultrastructure of S. scandentiborneensis sp. nov. Note, due to ethanol-fixation some ultrastructural details are poorly resolved (e.g. membranes). A) Longitudinal section through the same sample as in Fig. 1C, showing a gross view of the sarcocyst and its villous protrusions (VP) that are sectioned in different orientations. The inset shows a cross section through various VP that reveals the arrangement of microtubules in their inner core; while in this case 16 microtubules are visible (asterisks), sections through more apical portions of the VP showed lower numbers. B) Longitudinal section through the fingerlike VPs that appear to be anchored in the ground substance (arrow) by microtubules (asterisks) that extend into each protrusion; note the electron-dense, U-shaped structure at each tip of the protrusions (arrowheads) and the apparently serrated surface of the VP (flat arrowheads). The inset shows a higher magnification of the apical part of a single VP with the typical U-shaped apex (asterisk), which appears to be connected with the host cell through an electronlucent contact zone (white arrowheads); interestingly, the protrusion appears fenestrated (also visible in the main image) possessing thorn-like structures (black arrows; the white arrow indicates a crosssectional view) that could be responsible for the serration visible at lower magnification. CZ, cystozoites; HC, host cell; VP, villous protrusion.

Fig. 1 in Description of Sarcocystis scandentiborneensis sp. nov. from treeshrews (Tupaia minor, T. tana) in northern Borneo with annotations on the utility of COI and 18S rDNA sequences for species delineation

Fig. 1. Light microscopy of Sarcocystis scandentiborneensis sp. nov. A and B, Haematoxylin & Eosinstained histological sections of striated musculature; C and D, Richardson's dye-stained 1.0 μm thin sections of sarcocysts. A) Tissue section of laryngeal muscle with various sarcocysts in cross section (asterisks), indicating a relatively high density of cysts in this part of musculature. B) Longitudinal section through a sarcocyst, showing a cigar-shaped appearance; however, isolated native sarcocysts, which were not available, may look different. C) Part of a longitudinal section through the tip of a sarcocyst, note the very thin ground substance (arrows) and the fine septae extending into the interior of the cyst (arrowheads); cystozoites (CZ) were loosely scattered within chambers while metrocytes were rarely seen, indicating maturity of the cyst; bars indicate the variable thickness of the cyst wall: the wall was thinner in regions where the villous protrusions were bent (right bar); note that the intense staining at the interface between host cell (HC) and parasite is part of the host cell. D) Cross-section through a sarcocyst showing cystozoites and the cyst wall (bar) including its thin ground substance (arrows).

Fig. 4 in Description of Sarcocystis scandentiborneensis sp. nov. from treeshrews (Tupaia minor, T. tana) in northern Borneo with annotations on the utility of COI and 18S rDNA sequences for species delineation

Fig. 4. Mapping (to the Toxoplasma gondii reference molecule M97703) of frequencies (%) of base pair changes observed in sequence comparisons of nu clear 18S rDNA within the new Sarcocystis sp. from treeshrews (intraspecific variation: isolates E364–13 versus E357–13) and between the new species and Sarcocystis zuoi and/or S. clethrionomyelaphis (interspecific variation: E364–13 versus S. zuoi/clethrionomyelaphis). Results were combined for the two latter species to simplify the graph. Here, 87.2% of 2118 alignment positions showed moderate to high levels of consistency, while sections of ambiguous alignment did not relate to the species under investigation. Due to gaps in the alignment, not all of the observed nt changes could be mapped to a homologous position of the reference molecule (i.e., 7 out of 24 bp changes in intraspecific comparison; 33 out of 74 bp changes in interspecific comparison), in which case the position of each nt relative to the helix was inferred from neighboring nt for which such position was known. Gaps were mainly due to insertions in helices V2, V4, and V9 rendering E357-13/E364-13 longer than the sequence of T. gondii. The percentage of parsimony-informative (pi) bp changes per helix is shown for helices V1, V2, V4, V7, and V9 above each column. Also shown is the ratio of transitions versus transversions (Ti/Tv) for selected helices.

Figure 2 in Unusual shallow-water boreal gastropod species associations at the Northern part of Arctic archipelago Novaya Zemlya

Figure 2. Relations between gastropod fauna of Novaya Zemlya (green circle) with shallow water boreal (red circles) and Arctic (blue circles) faunas. "S" indicates value of Simpson's index.

Figures 38–40 in Two new species of the Miltochrista modesta (Leech) species group from Northern Vietnam and South China (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae)

Figures 38–40. Miltochrista spp.: female genitalia. Depositories of the specimens dissected: 38 in SCAU; 39 in CKC; 40 in MWM/ZSM.

Figures 27–29 in Two new species of the Miltochrista modesta (Leech) species group from Northern Vietnam and South China (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae)

Figures 27–29. Miltochrista spp.: male genitalia. Depositories of the specimens dissected: 27 in SCAU; 28 and 29 in CKC.

Figures 9–16 in Two new species of the Miltochrista modesta (Leech) species group from Northern Vietnam and South China (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae)

Figures 9–16. Miltochrista spp.: adults. Depositories of the specimens: 9, and 13 in MWM/ZSM; 10, 12, and 14 –16 in CKC; 11 in SCAU.

Figures 1–8 in Two new species of the Miltochrista modesta (Leech) species group from Northern Vietnam and South China (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae)

Figures 1–8. Miltochrista spp.: adults. Depositories of the specimens: 1 –4 and 8 in MWM/ZSM; 5 and 6 in ZFMK; 7 in CKC.

Figures 23–26 in Two new species of the Miltochrista modesta (Leech) species group from Northern Vietnam and South China (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae)

Figures 23–26. Miltochrista spp.: male genitalia. Depositories of the specimens dissected: 23 and 24 in MWM/ZSM; 25 in ZFMK; 26 in CKC.

Figures 17–22 in Two new species of the Miltochrista modesta (Leech) species group from Northern Vietnam and South China (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae)

Figures 17–22. Miltochrista spp.: adults. Depositories of the specimens: 17 and 18 in SCAU; 19, 21 and 22 in MWM/ZSM; 20 in CKC.

Figures 33–37 in Two new species of the Miltochrista modesta (Leech) species group from Northern Vietnam and South China (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae)

Figures 33–37. Miltochrista spp.: female genitalia. Depositories of the specimens dissected: 33, 35, and 36 in MWM/ZSM; 34 in ZFMK; 37 in CKC.

Figures 30–32 in Two new species of the Miltochrista modesta (Leech) species group from Northern Vietnam and South China (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae)

Figures 30–32. Miltochrista spp.: male genitalia. Depositories of the specimens dissected: 30 in SCAU; 31 and 32 in MWM/ZSM.

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Fig. 8. Karyotype from a Northern Site x Central Site L. spenceri unsexed tadpole hybrid. A representative karyotype demonstrates the L. spenceri 2n in The critically endangered species Litoria spenceri demonstrates subpopulation karyotype diversity

Fig. 8. Karyotype from a Northern Site x Central Site L. spenceri unsexed tadpole hybrid. A representative karyotype demonstrates the L. spenceri 2n = 26 karyotype and DAPI negative areas in the long arm of chromosome 9, as well as one matched chromosome of chromosome 11. The chromosome 11 matched chromosome that does not contain the DAPI negative area is submetacentric.

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Fig. 5. Karyotype from a Northern Site L. spenceri unsexed adult. A representative karyotype demonstrates the L. spenceri 2n in The critically endangered species Litoria spenceri demonstrates subpopulation karyotype diversity

Fig. 5. Karyotype from a Northern Site L. spenceri unsexed adult. A representative karyotype demonstrates the L. spenceri 2n = 26 karyotype and a DAPI negative area in the long arm of chromosome 9.

Fig. 1 in Unearthing the species diversity of a cryptozoic snake, Tantilla melanocephala, in its northern distribution with emphasis on the colonization of the Lesser Antilles

Fig. 1. (A) Tantilla melanocephala sample localities for this study (red circles) in the northern region of its distribution. (B) The distribution of Tantilla melanocephala in the Neotropics. Locality data are from VertNet and the GBIF databases, as well as the literature (Nogueira et al. 2019). Within the Lesser Antilles, Union Island and the Mustique islands are not shown. Red circles are T. melanocephala localities included in the phylogenetic analyses. The map suggests this species inhabits several different biomes.

Fig. 4 in Unearthing the species diversity of a cryptozoic snake, Tantilla melanocephala, in its northern distribution with emphasis on the colonization of the Lesser Antilles

Fig. 4. Bayesian time tree as inferred by BEAST for the data set of concatenated 12S and 16S rDNA, cytb, and c-mos sequences from Tantilla specimens (in red). Red values by nodes denote the median time estimates, whereas values in brackets denote 95% Highest Posterior Density ranges. Red and black nodes are posterior probabilities (1.00 and> 95–99%), respectively. Photo by J.C. Murphy.

Fig. 3 in Unearthing the species diversity of a cryptozoic snake, Tantilla melanocephala, in its northern distribution with emphasis on the colonization of the Lesser Antilles

Fig. 3. Best Maximum Likelihood tree based on the data set of concatenated 12S and 16S rDNA, cytb, and c-mos sequences. Red clade depicts the genus Tantilla. Values on the left and right sides of a slash (/), are the values indicated at nodes of Maximum Likelihood bootstraps (>70%) and Bayesian Posterior probability values (>95%), respectively. The Tantilla melanocephala pictured is from the western versant of the Occidental slopes in Ecuador (from the Rio Manduriacu Reserve). Photo by R. Maynard.

Fig. 2 in Unearthing the species diversity of a cryptozoic snake, Tantilla melanocephala, in its northern distribution with emphasis on the colonization of the Lesser Antilles

Fig. 2. Specimens of Tantilla melanocephala from (A) Tobago, Pigeon Point, (B) Trinidad, Bush Bush, Nariva Swamp, and (C) Venezuela, Caracas, Distrito Capital. Photos by J.C. Murphy (A–B) and L.A. Rodríguez (C).