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Figure 5 in Stygobiont polychaetes: notes on the morphology and the origins of groundwater Namanereis (Annelida: Nereididae: Namanereidinae), with a description of two new species

Figure 5. Namanereis socotrensis sp. nov. Holotype (SMF 22368). Scanning electron micrograph. A, anterior end, right side, lateral view. B, anterior end, left side, lateral view. C, 25–18 posterior-most chaetigers, left side, lateral view. D, chaetae, chaetiger 7, right side. E, chaetae, chaetiger 10, left side. F, posterior end, posterior view. Scale bars: A−C = 300 μm; D, E = 30 μm; F = 100 μm.

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Figure 8 in Stygobiont polychaetes: notes on the morphology and the origins of groundwater Namanereis (Annelida: Nereididae: Namanereidinae), with a description of two new species

Figure 8. Global distribution of Namanereis species. Black flag, bifid-jawed stygobionts; black triangles, single terminal tooth-jawed stygobionts; grey triangles, single terminal tooth-jawed littoral species.

Figure 9 in Systematic revision of Sabellariidae (Polychaeta) and their relationships with other polychaetes using morphological and DNA sequence data

Figure 9. Photographs of preserved specimens: A, nuchal spines (hooks), I. australiensis; B, thoracic segments with lateral lobes, I. australiensis; C, thoracic segments with lateral lobes, L. giardi; D, abdominal segments with 'proventricle', dorsal view, Sabellaria sp. nov. 2; E, abdominal segments with 'proventricle', ventral view, Sabellaria sp. nov. 2; F, posterior abdominal segments and cauda, Idanthyrsus australiensis. Abbreviations: b, branchia; ca, cauda; ll, lateral lobes; nh, nuchal spines (hooks); pv, proventricle.

Figure 8 in Systematic revision of Sabellariidae (Polychaeta) and their relationships with other polychaetes using morphological and DNA sequence data

Figure 8. Photographs of preserved specimens: A, operculum and anterior segments, lateral view, Sabellaria sp. nov. 2; B, operculum and anterior segments, lateral view, Lygdamis giardi; C, detail of opercular papillae, Lygdamis indicus; D, head and thoracic appendices, Idanthyrsus australiensis; E, head and thoracic appendices, Sabellaria sp. nov. 2; F, operculum and anterior segments, ventral view, Phalacrostemma sp. nov.; G, head and thoracic appendices, L. giardi; H, head and thoracic appendices, L. giardi; I, median organ with lateral ocelli, I. australiensis; J, head and thoracic appendices, Bathysabellaria spinifera; K, operculum and paleae, dorsal view, Tetreres robustus; L, operculum and thoracic segments, lateral view, B. spinifera; M, operculum and anterior segments, lateral view, T. robustus. Abbreviations: b, branchia; b2, branchia segment 2; bo, building organ; cn 1, cirrus neuropodia segment 1; chn1, chaetae neuropodium segment 1; dap, dorsal papilla; es, eyespots; ip; inner paleae; li, lips; mo, mouth; mor; median organ; mr, median ridge; ns, nuchal spines (hooks); op, outer paleae; opa, opercular papillae; p, paleae; pa, palp; pl, oral plates; tf, tentacular filaments.

Figure 4 in Systematic revision of Sabellariidae (Polychaeta) and their relationships with other polychaetes using morphological and DNA sequence data

Figure 4. Schematic representation of sabellariid relationships based on maximum-parsimony analyses of the morphological data (constant of concavity k = 4–6) and stylized drawing of opercula from top view, modified from Kirtley (1994). See text for further details.

Figure 6 in Systematic revision of Sabellariidae (Polychaeta) and their relationships with other polychaetes using morphological and DNA sequence data

Figure 6. Photographs of Idathyrsus australiensis alive: A, complete specimen, dorsal view; B, anterior end, dorsal view; C, anterior end, central view. Abbreviations: ab, abdomen; b, branchia; ca, cauda; g, gut; ip, inner paleae; nh, nuchal hooks; p, paleae; o, operculum; op, outer paleae; tf, tentacular filaments; pa, parathorax.

Figure 5 in Systematic revision of Sabellariidae (Polychaeta) and their relationships with other polychaetes using morphological and DNA sequence data

Figure 5. Stylized drawing of a sabellariid indicating the body regions and some of the morphological features described in Appendix 2: A, dorsal view; B, ventral view.

Figure 3 in Systematic revision of Sabellariidae (Polychaeta) and their relationships with other polychaetes using morphological and DNA sequence data

Figure 3. Trees resulting from parsimony analyses of morphological data of members of Sabellariidae and rooted with Spionidae, implementing implied weighting. Unambiguous changes are marked on the topology; black dots: synapomorphies, white dots: homoplastic character states. A, strict consensus of three most-parsimonious trees (constant of concavity k = 3); B, most-parsimonious tree (constant of concavity k = 4–6).

Figure 10 in Systematic revision of Sabellariidae (Polychaeta) and their relationships with other polychaetes using morphological and DNA sequence data

Figure 10. Scanning electron micrographs: A, arrangement of paleae in two rows, Idanthyrsus australiensis; B, paleae giving the appearance of being arranged in three rows with the mid and inner row directed in opposite directions, Sabellaria sp. nov. 2; C, paleae with cylindrical and straight blades, Phalacrostemma sp. nov.; D, paleae with flat, straight and smooth edges blades, Lygdamis giardi; E, paleae with flat, straight blades and denticulated margins, Idanthyrsus sp. nov. 1; F, paleae with flat, straight blades and denticulated margins, Idanthyrsus australiensis; G, paleae with flat, straight blades with smooth lateral margings but denticulated distal margins, Sabellaria sp. nov. 2; H, geniculate and concave paleae, Sabellaria sp. nov. 2; I, bent nuchal spines (hooks) without limbation I. australiensis; J, bent nuchal spines (hooks) without limbation Phalacrostemma sp.; K, parathoracic notopodia with lanceolate and capillary chaetae, I. australiensis; L, parathoracic neuropodia with lanceolate chaetae, of two sizes, I. australiensis; M, mid abdominal neurochaetae, I. australiensis; N, abdominal uncini with double rows of teeth, I. australiensis.

Figure 1 in Systematic revision of Sabellariidae (Polychaeta) and their relationships with other polychaetes using morphological and DNA sequence data

Figure 1. Trees resulting from parsimony analyses of Sabellariidae and previously related taxa (including members of Sabellida, Terebellida and Spionida). A, strict consensus after analyses based on 99 morphological features with jackknife support values. B, first of 25 most-parsimonious trees (TL 177, CI 0.58, RI 0.74) after analyses of morphological data with unambiguous changes marked on the topology. Numbers under nodes indicate jackknife values; black dots: synapomorphies, white dots: homoplastic character states. C, shortest tree (TL 9215, CI 0.54, RI 0.36) resulting from analysis of partial 18S, 28S and EF-1a sequences with jackknife support values. D, strict consensus of two most-parsimonious trees (TL 9434, CI 0.54 RI 0.37) of the combined dataset, with jackknife support values.

Figure 2 in Systematic revision of Sabellariidae (Polychaeta) and their relationships with other polychaetes using morphological and DNA sequence data

Figure 2. Strict consensus of 429 most-parsimonious trees after maximum-parsimony analysis of morphological data of members of Sabellariidae rooted with Spionidae (TL 73, CI 0.55, RI 0.86). Numbers under nodes indicate jackknife support values.

Figure 1. Spionidae larval morphology. A, 16 in Origin of the pointed snout in Scolelepis and the mouth region in spionid polychaetes (Annelida: Spionidae)

Figure 1. Spionidae larval morphology. A, 16-chaetiger larva, leħ lateral view. B, 26-chaetiger larva, ventral view. C, 32-chaetiger larva, leħ lateral view. D, 29-chaetiger larva, leħ lateral view. Scale bars: A, 50 µm; B–D, 100 µm. A–C, Scolelepsis goodbodyi. D, Spionidae sp. A–D, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil.

Figure 8. Spionidae head composition. A in Origin of the pointed snout in Scolelepis and the mouth region in spionid polychaetes (Annelida: Spionidae)

Figure 8. Spionidae head composition. A, Dispio sp., anterior end, ventral view. B, same, leħ lateral view, palps missing. C, Malacoceros vulgaris (Johnston 1827), anterior end, ventral view. D, same, leħ lateral view, palps missing. E, Laonice sp., anterior end, ventral view. F, same, leħ lateral view, palps missing. Abbreviations: lp, lateral peristomial lip; pr, prostomium; s1, segment 1; vp, ventral peristomial lip. Scale bars: A, B, 200 µm; C–F, 100 µm. A, B, Andros Is., Bahamas (USNM 42735). C, D, Sandgerđi, Iceland (USNM 1014839). E, F, Carrie Bow Cay, Caribbean Sea, Belize (USNM 1459258).

Figure 5. Scolelepis juvenile and adult morphology. A, complete 40 in Origin of the pointed snout in Scolelepis and the mouth region in spionid polychaetes (Annelida: Spionidae)

Figure 5. Scolelepis juvenile and adult morphology. A, complete 40-chaetiger juvenile, leħ lateral view. B, anterior end of a 60-chaetiger adult, frontal view. C, D, F, anterior ends, dorsal view. E, palps of the specimen shown on B. G, anterior end, leħ lateral view, leħ palp missing. Abbreviations: la, ciliated lateral organ; lp, lateral peristomial lip; nt, nototroch; nu, nuchal organ; pa, palp scar; pp, pointed peristomial process; sh, basal sheath on palp; s1, s2, segments 1, 2; arrow shows boundary between the pointed peristomial process and the prostomium. Scale bars: A, 200 µm; B–D, F, G, 100 µm; E, 50 µm. A, B, E, S. goodbodyi, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil (MZUSP 251). C, Scolelepis sp. A, Paranaguá Bay, Paraná, Brazil. D, Scolelepis sp. B, Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan, Russia (MIMB). F, G, Scolelepis sp. C, Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan, Russia (MIMB).

Figure 4. Scolelepis juvenile and adult morphology. A, S in Origin of the pointed snout in Scolelepis and the mouth region in spionid polychaetes (Annelida: Spionidae)

Figure 4. Scolelepis juvenile and adult morphology. A, S. goodbodyi, anterior end of a 40-chaetiger juvenile, leħ lateral view, showing pointed peristomial process basally enveloped by prostomium in a tube-like manner; arrow ring indicates directions of encasement that occurred during individual seưlement and metamorphosis. B, S. goodbodyi, anterior end of a 60-chaetiger adult, leħ frontolateral view. C, S. aff. squamata, anterior end, dorsal view, both palps regenerating. D, same, leħ lateral view. E, S. cf. texana, anterior end, ventral view, showing small mouth bordered laterally by two lateral peristomial lips and ventrally by anterior extensions of segments 1 and 2. F, same, leħ lateral view, palps missing. Abbreviations: la, ciliated lateral organ; lp, lateral peristomial lip; nt, nototroch; nu, nuchal organ; pp, pointed peristomial process; pr, prostomium; sh, basal sheath on palp; s1, segment 1; s2, segment 2; arrows show boundary between the pointed peristomial process and the prostomium. Scale bars: A, B, D, 50 µm; C, E, F, 100 µm. A, B, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil (MZUSP 251). C–F, Carrie Bow Cay, Caribbean Sea, Belize.

Figure 3. Scolelepis metamorphosis. A in Origin of the pointed snout in Scolelepis and the mouth region in spionid polychaetes (Annelida: Spionidae)

Figure 3. Scolelepis metamorphosis. A, anterior end of a 25-chaetiger larva, pressed dorso-ventrally, showing two median peristomial processes situated in line below the conical prostomium, ventrolateral view. B, same, showing cilia tuħ retracted by fibres inside the medioventral peristomial process. C, anterior end of a 26-chaetiger larva, ventral view, showing cilia tuħ protruding outside the medioventral peristomial process. D, anterior end of a 32-chaetiger larva, ventral view, showing solid medioventral peristomial process without fibres inside. E, same, leħ lateral view. F, anterior end of a 38-chaetiger male, dorsal view. Abbreviations: bo, boss with non-motile cilia within the patch of motile nuchal cilia; ci, cilia tuħ; fi, internal fibres; lp, lateral peristomial lip; pa, palp; ph, palpophore; pp, medioventral peristomial process; pr, prostomium; pt, prototroch; vp, ventral peristomial lip; arrows show boundary between the pointed peristomial rostrum and the prostomium. Scale bars: A, C–F, 20 µm; B, 10 µm. A–F, S. goodbodyi, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil.

Figure 2. Scolelepis larval morphology. A, 25 in Origin of the pointed snout in Scolelepis and the mouth region in spionid polychaetes (Annelida: Spionidae)

Figure 2. Scolelepis larval morphology. A, 25-chaetiger larva of Scolelepis sp., leħ lateral view. B, anterior end, leħ lateral view. C, D, same, dorsal view. E, same, ventral view. F, same, fronto-ventral view. Abbreviations: br, provisional serrated bristles; ca, caruncle; cp, ciliated pit; ga, gastrotrochs; lp, lateral peristomial lip; mo, mouth; ne, neurotroch; nu, nuchal organ; pa, palp; pp, medioventral peristomial process; pr, prostomium; pt, prototroch, py, pygidium; te, telotroch. Scale bars: A, C, E, F, 100 µm; B, D, 50 µm. A–F, Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, Caribbean Sea (USNM 1459502).

Figure 7 in Origin of the pointed snout in Scolelepis and the mouth region in spionid polychaetes (Annelida: Spionidae)

Figure 7. Schematic presentation of head composition in Spionidae. A–E, Scolelepis sp.: A, 2-chaetiger larva; B, 3-chaetiger larva; C; developed 25-chaetiger larva; D, newly seưled juvenile; E, adult. F, Polydora sp. 3-chaetiger larva. G, Polydora sp. developed larva. H, Spio sp. adult. I, Polydora sp. adult. J, Aonides sp. adult. All objects in ventral view. Lateral peristomial lips of larvae and derivatives of these larval lips in adults are marked with grey.

Figure 10. Spionidae head composition. A, B in Origin of the pointed snout in Scolelepis and the mouth region in spionid polychaetes (Annelida: Spionidae)

Figure 10. Spionidae head composition. A, B, Paraprionospio sp., anterior ends, leħ lateral view. C, Aonides mayaguezensis Foster 1969, anterior end, ventral view. D, same, leħ lateral view, palps missing. E, F, Poecilochaetus trilobatus Imajima 1989, anterior end, fronto-ventral view, palps missing. Abbreviations: do, dorsal ciliated fold; lp, lateral peristomial lip; pa, palp; pr, prostomium; sh, basal sheath on palp; s1, s2, segments 1, 2; tu, prostomial tubercle; vp, ventral peristomial lip. Scale bars: A, B, E, F, 100 µm; C, D, 50 µm. A, B, North Carolina, USA (USNM 64109). C, D, Carrie Bow Cay, Caribbean Sea, Belize (USNM 1459211). E, F, Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan, Russia (USNM 1022171).

Figure 6. Scolelepis larval morphology. A, B, 25 in Origin of the pointed snout in Scolelepis and the mouth region in spionid polychaetes (Annelida: Spionidae)

Figure 6. Scolelepis larval morphology. A, B, 25-chaetiger larva of Scolelepis sp., anterior chaetigers, leħ ventrolateral view. Abbreviations: br, provisional serrated bristles; ca, caruncle; la, ciliated lateral organ; ne, neuropodial postchaetal lamella; no, notopodial postchaetal lamella; nu, nuchal organ; pa, palp; ph, palpophore; pt, prototroch; s1, s2, segments 1, 2. Scale bars: A, B, 50 µm. A, B, Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, Caribbean Sea (USNM 1459502).