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opennotspecifiedFeb 2014View details →

Figure 6 in Abundance variations and life history traits of two sympatric species of Neotropical annual fish (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) in temporary ponds of southern Brazil

Figure 6. Condition factor (K) ± SE of Austrolebias minuano (A) and Cynopoecilus fulgens (B) sampled in temporary ponds of Lagoa do Peixe National Park, southern Brazil, in 2008 and 2009.

opennotspecifiedFeb 2014View details →

Figure 2 in Abundance variations and life history traits of two sympatric species of Neotropical annual fish (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) in temporary ponds of southern Brazil

Figure 2. Mean abundances ± SE of Austrolebias minuano (A) and Cynopoecilus fulgens (B) sampled in temporary ponds of Lagoa do Peixe National Park, southern Brazil, in 2008 and 2009.

opennotspecifiedFeb 2014View details →

Figure 3 in Abundance variations and life history traits of two sympatric species of Neotropical annual fish (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) in temporary ponds of southern Brazil

Figure 3. Mean standard length (LS) ± SE of Austrolebias minuano (A) and Cynopoecilus fulgens (B) sampled in temporary ponds of Lagoa do Peixe National Park, southern Brazil, in 2008 and 2009.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Interactive effects of tree species mixture and climate on foliar and woody trait variation in a widely distributed deciduous tree

Despite increasing reports of severe drought and heat impacts on forest ecosystems, community-level processes, which could potentially modulate tree responses to climatic stress, are rarely accounted for. While numerous studies indicate a positive effect of species diversity on a wide range of ecosystem functions and services, little is known about how species interactions influence tree responses to climatic variability. We quantified the intraspecific variation in 16 leaf and wood physiological, morphological, and anatomical traits in mature beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) at six sites located along a climatic gradient in the French Alps. At each site, we studied pure beech and mixed stands with silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) or downy oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.). We tested how functional traits differed between the two species mixtures (pure vs. mixed stands) within each site and along the climatic gradient. We found significant changes in many traits along the climatic gradient as conditions progressively got drier and warmer. Independent of the mixture, reduced leaf-level CO2 assimilation, stomatal size, and thicker leaf cuticles, consistent with a more conservative resource use strategy, were found. At the drier sites, higher foliar stable carbon isotopic composition (d13C), thicker mesophyll tissues, and lower specific leaf area (SLA) in pure stands suggests that beech had more acquisitive traits there compared to mixed stands. At the wetter sites, trees in beech-silver fir mixtures had higher chlorophyll concentration, lower d13C, larger xylem vessels, and higher SLA, suggesting a more acquisitive resource use strategy in mixed stands than in pure stands. Our work revealed that species interactions are significant modulators of functional traits, and that they can be just as important drivers of intraspecific trait variation as climatic conditions. We show that downy oak mixtures lead to an adaptive drought response by common beech in dry environments. In contrast, in milder climates, interactions with silver fir seem to increase beech' resource acquisition and productivity. These findings highlight a strong context-dependency and imply that incorporating local interspecific interactions in research on climate impacts could improve our understanding and predictions of forest dynamics.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Data from: Coalescence times, life history traits and conservation concerns: an example from four coastal shark species from the Indo-Pacific

Dispersal abilities play a crucial role in shaping the extent of population genetic structure, with more mobile species being panmictic over large geographic ranges and less mobile ones organized in meta-populations exchanging migrants to different degrees. In turn, population structure directly influences the coalescence pattern of the sampled lineages, but the consequences on the estimated variation of the effective population size (Ne) over time obtained by means of unstructureddemographic models remain poorly understood. However, this knowledge is crucial for biologically interpreting the observed Ne trajectory and further devising conservation strategies in endangered species. Here we investigated the demographic history of four shark species (Carharhinus melanopterus, Carharhinus limbatus, Carharhinus amblyrhynchos, Galeocerdo cuvier) with different degrees of endangered status and life history traits related to dispersal distributed in the Indo-Pacific and sampled off New Caledonia. We compared several evolutionary scenarios representing both structured (meta-population) and unstructured models and then inferred the Ne variation through time. By performing extensive coalescent simulations, we provided a general framework relating the underlying population structure and the observed Ne dynamics. On this basis, we concluded that the recent decline observed in three out of the four considered species when assuming unstructured demographic models can be explained by the presence of population structure. Furthermore, we also demonstrated the limits of the inferences based on the sole site frequency spectrum and warn that statistics based on linkage disequilibrium will be needed to exclude recent demographic events affecting meta-populations.

FIGURE 9 in The highly divergent New World Artemia species (Branchiopoda, Anostraca), A. franciscana and A. persimilis, show subtle differences in morphological traits involved in mating

FIGURE 9. Variation in spine-like projections at the base of the penes. A. franciscana (Iquique) (A) and A. persimilis (Cisnes) (B). The "franciscana" (C) and "persimilis" (D) types of individuals found in Pichilemu.

FIGURE 5 in The highly divergent New World Artemia species (Branchiopoda, Anostraca), A. franciscana and A. persimilis, show subtle differences in morphological traits involved in mating

FIGURE 5. Variation in spine-like projections in A. persimilis (Hidalgo). Single tooth-like spines (A–B); single spines ending in a trifid apex (C); multiple spines (D–E).

FIGURE 4 in The highly divergent New World Artemia species (Branchiopoda, Anostraca), A. franciscana and A. persimilis, show subtle differences in morphological traits involved in mating

FIGURE 4. Cuticolar cones in A. persimilis. (Hidalgo) (A) and Cisnes (Chile) (B); A. franciscana from Iquique (C), Los Vilos (D), El Convento (E) Pichilemu (Cahuil) (F).

FIGURE 2 in The highly divergent New World Artemia species (Branchiopoda, Anostraca), A. franciscana and A. persimilis, show subtle differences in morphological traits involved in mating

FIGURE 2. Morphological traits in A. franciscana (San Francisco Bay). A) spine-like projections on the basal parts of the penes; B) shape and ornamentation of the frontal knob; C) ovisac shape; D) overview of penes.

FIGURE 6 in The highly divergent New World Artemia species (Branchiopoda, Anostraca), A. franciscana and A. persimilis, show subtle differences in morphological traits involved in mating

FIGURE 6. Ovisac morphology from different locations in Chile. A. franciscana from (Rinconada) (A), El Convento (B), Pichilemu (C); A. persimilis from Amarga (D) and Cisnes lagoons (E).

FIGURE 3 in The highly divergent New World Artemia species (Branchiopoda, Anostraca), A. franciscana and A. persimilis, show subtle differences in morphological traits involved in mating

FIGURE 3. Morphological traits of the A. persimilis (Hidalgo). A) spine-like projections on the basal parts of the penes; B) shape and ornamentation of the frontal knob; C) ovisac shape; D) overview of penes with spines at the base.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

Species composition and functional trait data for wet pine savannas

Trait differences among plant species can favor species coexistence. The role that such differences play in the assembly of diverse plant communities maintained by frequent fires remains unresolved. This lack of resolution results in part from the possibility that species with similar traits may coexist because none has a significant fitness advantage and in part from the difficulty of experimental manipulation of highly diverse assemblages dominated by perennial species. We examined a 65-year chronosequence of losses of herbaceous species following fire suppression (and subsequent encroachment by Pinus elliottii) in three wet longleaf pine savannas. We used cluster analysis, similarity profile permutation tests and k-R cluster analysis to identify statistically significant functional groups. We then used randomization tests to determine if the absence of functional groups near pines was greater (or less) than expected by chance. We also tested whether tolerant and sensitive species were less (or more) likely to co-occur by chance in areas in savannas away from pines in accordance with predictions of modern coexistence theory. Functional group richness near pines was lower than expected from random species extirpations. Wetland perennials with thick rhizomes and high leaf water content, spring-flowering wetland forbs (including Drosera tracyi), orchids, Polygala spp., and club mosses were more likely to be absent near pines than expected by chance. C3 grasses and sedges with seed banks and tall, fall-flowering C4 grasses were less likely to be absent near pines than expected by chance. Species sensitive to pine encroachment were more likely to co-occur with other such species away from pines at two of the three sites. Results suggest that herb species diversity in frequently-burned wet savannas is maintained in part by a weak fitness (e.g., competitive) hierarchy among herbs, and not as a result of trait differences among co-occurring species.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

Data from: Changes in beta diversity and species functional traits differ between saplings and mature trees in an old growth forest

1. Invasion by generalist tree species can cause biotic homogenization and such community impoverishment is likely more important in rare forest types. We quantified changes in tree diversity within Carolinian (range in Central Hardwoods), northern (range reached Northern hardwood-conifer/Boreal-spruce-fir) and central species (range in Central Hardwood region and Northern hardwood-conifer) in an old forest in southern Canada at points surveyed 24 years apart. 2. We asked: How did mature tree and sapling composition and abundance change for the 3 species' groups? Did those changes lead to biotic homogenization? Can species' changes be explained by community traits? We tested for differences in temporal and spatial tree β-diversity, as well as forest composition and structure, using univariate/multivariate analyses and a community trait-based approach to identify drivers-of-change. 3. Major increases occurred in abundance for mature Acer rubrum (northern), while others decreased (Fraxinus americana, Populus grandidentata); declines were found in A. saccharinum (central) and Cornus florida (Carolinian). Species composition of saplings, but not mature trees, changed due to replacement; no evidence for biotic homogenization existed in either cohort. As a group, northern mature tree species increased significantly, while central species declined; saplings of Carolinian species declined. 4. Shade-tolerance in mature trees increased, reflecting successional changes, while drought-tolerance decreased perhaps due to changing temperatures, altered precipitation or ground water levels. Saplings showed declines in all traits, probably because of compositional change. 5. Our results demonstrated that saplings can more closely reflect change in forest dynamics than mature trees, especially over short time periods. Based on sapling trends, this remnant could ultimately transition to a mesophytic hardwood stand dominated by A. rubrum and other shade-tolerant species, creating a more homogeneous forest. 6. While encouraging regeneration for Carolinian and central tree species could ensure high levels of diversity are conserved in the future, it is important that this is balanced with the primary management goal of maintaining the older-growth characteristics of the forest.

opennotspecifiedApr 2019View details →

FIGURE 2 in Morphological traits and molecular analysis for two new Chrysosporium species from Fujian Province, China

FIGURE 2. Colony and conidiogenous structures of Chrysosporium laterisporum (GZUIFR-G310, holotype). A, B. Conidiogenous structures. C. Conidia. D, E. Colony (top and reverse) on PDA. Bars A–C = 10 μm, D–E = 10 mm.

opennotspecifiedApr 2019View details →

FIGURE 1 in Morphological traits and molecular analysis for two new Chrysosporium species from Fujian Province, China

FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree of Chrysosporium spp. constructed from ITS-5.8S rDNA sequences. Statistical support values (Bayesian posterior probability/ML/MP) are shown at the nodes. The tree was rooted using Myceliophthora thermophila as outgroup.

opennotspecifiedApr 2019View details →

FIGURE 3 in Morphological traits and molecular analysis for two new Chrysosporium species from Fujian Province, China

FIGURE 3. Colony and conidiogenous structures of Chrysosporium ovalisporum (GZUIFR-G446, holotype). A–C. Conidiogenous structures. D. Conidia. E–F. Colonies (reverse and top) on PDA. Bars A–D = 10 µm, E–F. = 10 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Adaptive morpho-traits, taxonomy and biogeography of Metania Gray, 1867 (Porifera: Spongillina: Metaniidae) with the description of a new species from Madagascar

FIGURE 8. Metania madagascariensis sp. nov. Holotype MSNG 57788 from the Matsiatra River. Gemmule architecture (SEM). A-B. Gemmule without gemmular cage; foramen with conical tubule and simple collar surrounded by distal tips of some rows of gemmuloscleres (B detail of A); C-D. Gemmule with gemmular cage of stout, smooth megascleres; foramen with simple collar surrounded by distal tips of gemmuloscleres (D detail of C); E-F. Gemmular surface covered by skeletal microscleres (spiny oxeas); microscleres on gemmular surface (F detail of E); G. gemmular theca with the fibrous pneumatic layer (cross section) and short foraminal tube; H. magnification of the trilayered gemmular theca with outer layer armed by gemmuloscleres distal tips, fibrous pneumatic layer with a monolayer of radially embedded tubelliform gemmuloscleres, and sublayered inner layer of compact spongin.

FIGURE 7 in Adaptive morpho-traits, taxonomy and biogeography of Metania Gray, 1867 (Porifera: Spongillina: Metaniidae) with the description of a new species from Madagascar

FIGURE 7. Metania madagascariensis sp. nov. Holotype MSNG 57788 from the Matsiatra River. A. Tubelliform (trumpetlike) gemmuloscleres; B. acanthoxea (microscleres) entirely ornamented by dense spines (LM). Megascleres are not represented.

FIGURE 3. A in Adaptive morpho-traits, taxonomy and biogeography of Metania Gray, 1867 (Porifera: Spongillina: Metaniidae) with the description of a new species from Madagascar

FIGURE 3. A. Map with first record of the genus Metania from Madagascar with type locality of Metania madagascariensis sp. nov. in the central Madagascan highland indicated by a black/white circle (21°25'36.1092"S, 47°9'23.7054"E); B-C. Different satellite magnifications of the type locality under a bridge of the River Matsiatra (Upper Basin of Mangoky River), crossing the Highway (R.N.) n°7 between Fianarantsoa (7.7 Km) and Ambalakely (1.5 Km) in the Haute-Matsiatra Region.

FIGURE 10 in Adaptive morpho-traits, taxonomy and biogeography of Metania Gray, 1867 (Porifera: Spongillina: Metaniidae) with the description of a new species from Madagascar

FIGURE 10. Schema of relevant morpho-traits divergences of gemmular theca architecture at the genus level in the family Metaniidae. Spatial arrangement of gemmuloscleres (left) and layers of the theca (right): 1) outer layer; 2) pneumatic layer; 3) inner layer. In Corvomeyenia the pneumatic layer is shifted from its usual position i.e. not in contact with the inner layer and overlapping the distal tips of the radially arranged birotules. In Metania and Acalle sharing the same trilayered gemmular architecture the pneumatic layer fill the entire space between radial gemmuloscleres (boletiform in Acalle vs. tubelliform in Metania); moreover the Acalle gemmules are ornate by supplementary pseudobirotules in the outer layer. In Houssayella and Drulia the pneumatic layer is lost. The gemmuloscleres of Houssayella (Trochospongilla-like birotules) are radially embedded in the two resting theca layers. The single-rotule gemmuloscleres (parmuliform) of Drulia are laid directly on the gemmular surface or pluristratified and embedded in the two resting layers of the theca. Not to scale.