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2,358 results for “wing”
Dependence of the azure-winged magpie on nest spatial cues in offspring recognition decreases with nestling growth
<p>Various cues have been identified as the basis for animals' discrimination between kin and non-kin. In altricial birds, these cues show temporal and spatial variations, implying that kin recognition might be condition-dependent. In this study, we hypothesize that parents might be sensitive to the changes in nest spatial position, and that their dependence on the nest spatial cue in offspring recognition decreases with offspring growth. We tested this hypothesis in a Tibetan population of the azure-winged magpie, <i>Cyanopica cyanus</i>, by designing a nest translocation experiment. We found that adults could return to their nest and continue caring for their offspring even if the nest had been moved to a new position. Their sensitivity to the spatial change in nest position not only varied with distance but also relied on the offspring life-history stage. Breeders were more likely to recognize their nest and offspring during the nestling period than during the incubation period, indicating that the dependence of parents on the spatial cue of the nest is higher when offspring are in the form of eggs than in the form of nestlings. Our findings suggest that azure-winged magpies mainly depend on the spatial position of the nest to recognize their nest and offspring. After nestlings establish communication with their parents, their phenotypic characteristics may replace the nests' spatial cue to play a greater role in the offspring recognition of parents.</p>
Flapping Wing Aerodynamics with PRSSM
<p>Flying animals resort to fast, large-degree-of-freedom motion of flapping wings, a key feature that distinguishes them from rotary or fixed-winged robotic fliers with limited motion of aerodynamic surfaces. However, flapping-wing aerodynamics are characterised by highly unsteady and three-dimensional flows difficult to model or control, and accurate aerodynamic force predictions often rely on expensive computational or experimental methods. Here, we developed a computationally efficient and data-driven state-space model to dynamically map wing kinematics to aerodynamic forces/moments. This model was trained and tested with a total of 548 different flapping-wing motions and surpassed the accuracy and generality of the existing quasi-steady models. This model used 12 states to capture the unsteady and nonlinear fluid effects pertinent to force generation without explicit information of fluid flows. We also provided a comprehensive assessment of the control authority of key wing kinematic variables and found that instantaneous aerodynamic forces/moments were largely predictable by the wing motion history within a half-stroke cycle. Furthermore, the angle of attack, normal acceleration, and pitching motion had the strongest effects on the aerodynamic force/moment generation. Our results show that flapping flight inherently offers high force control authority and predictability, which can be key to developing agile and stable aerial fliers.</p>
Data from: Investigating cat predation as the cause of bat wing tears using forensic DNA analysis
<p>Cat predation upon bat<i> </i>species has been reported to have significant effects on bat populations in both rural and urban areas. The majority of research in this area has focussed on observational data from bat rehabilitators documenting injuries, and cat owners, when domestic cats present prey. However, this has the potential to underestimate the number of bats killed or injured by cats. Here, we use forensic DNA analysis techniques to analyse swabs taken from injured bats in the United Kingdom, mainly including <i>Pipistrellus pipistrellus </i>(40 out of 72 specimens)<i>. </i>Using quantitative PCR, cat DNA was found in two-thirds of samples submitted by bat rehabilitators. Of these samples, short tandem repeat analysis produced partial DNA profiles for approximately one-third of samples, which could be used to link predation events to individual cats. The use of genetic analysis can complement observational data, and potentially provide additional information to give a more accurate estimation of cat predation. </p>
A new target capture phylogeny elucidates the systematics and evolution of wing coupling in sack‐bearer moths
<p>The frenulum is a wing coupling structure that is found on the wings of most families of Lepidoptera. It is a single bristle or set of bristles that originate from the base of the hindwing that often interlocks with the forewing during flight. This wing coupling mechanism is thought to have been a major evolutionary innovation that allowed for enhanced flight in Lepidoptera. The sack-bearer moths (Mimallonidae) are unusual among Lepidoptera in that not all species within the family have a frenulum. We test the hypothesis that the frenulum is not necessary and is therefore lost in mimallonids that have longer male forewings because such wings are perhaps better suited to be coupled by other means. To understand the evolution of the frenulum, we inferred the most taxonomically and genetically sampled anchored hybrid enrichment-based phylogeny of Mimallonidae, including 604 loci from all 41 genera and from 120 species, covering about 40% of the described species in the family. The maximum likelihood tree robustly supports major relationships within the family, and ancestral state reconstruction clearly recovers the frenulum as the plesiomorphic condition in Mimallonidae. Our results show that the frenulum is more often observed in species that have shorter, rather than longer, male forewings. The frenulum has historically been used as an important character for intrafamilial classification in Mimallonidae, but our results conclusively show that this character system is more variable than previously thought. Based on our results, we erect two new subfamilies, Roelofinae St Laurent & Kawahara, <b>subfam. n.</b> and Meneviinae St Laurent, Herbin, & Kawahara, <b>subfam. n.</b>, for four genera previously considered <i>incertae sedis.</i> In the predominantly frenulum-lacking clade Cicinninae, we describe a new genus, <i>Cerradocinnus </i>St Laurent, Mielke, & Kawahara, <b>gen. n.</b>, and the genus <i>Gonogramma </i><b>stat. rev.</b> is revalidated to include many species previously placed in <i>Cicinnus sensu lato</i>. With these changes, <i>Cicinnus </i>can now be considered monophyletic. Thirty-three species are transferred to <i>Gonogramma </i>from <i>Cicinnus sensu lato</i>.</p>
Fig. 32 in A review of the genus Satonius (Coleoptera: Myxophaga: Torridincolidae): taxonomic revision, larval morphology, notes on wing polymorphism, and phylogenetic implications
Fig. 32. Known distribution of the genus Satonius Endrödy-Younga, 1997.
Fig. 4 in A review of the genus Satonius (Coleoptera: Myxophaga: Torridincolidae): taxonomic revision, larval morphology, notes on wing polymorphism, and phylogenetic implications
Fig. 4. Jan Růžička collecting Satonius stysi sp. nov. at the Jade Dragon waterfall.
Figure 1. Landmarks and curves selection. A. Fore wing. B. Hind wing. C in Geometric morphometric analysis of Eysarcoris guttiger, E. annamita and E. ventralis (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
Figure 1. Landmarks and curves selection. A. Fore wing. B. Hind wing. C. Pygophore.
Figure 3. PCA analysis. A. Fore wing. B. Hind wing. C in Geometric morphometric analysis of Eysarcoris guttiger, E. annamita and E. ventralis (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
Figure 3. PCA analysis. A. Fore wing. B. Hind wing. C. Pygophore.
Text-fig. 4. Reconstruction of Quinquala obovata fruits; artwork by K. K. Pham. in Winged Fruits Of Rutaceous Affinity From The Eocene Of Western North America
Text-fig. 4. Reconstruction of Quinquala obovata fruits; artwork by K. K. Pham.
Data from: Distinct genetic architectures underlie divergent thorax, leg, and wing pigmentation between Drosophila elegans and D. gunungcola
<p>Understanding the genetic basis of species differences is a major goal in evolutionary biology. Pigmentation divergence between <i>Drosophila </i>species often involves genetic changes in pigmentation candidate genes that pattern the body and wings, but it remains unclear how these changes affect pigmentation evolution in multiple body parts between the same diverging species. <i>Drosophila elegans </i>and <i>D. gunungcola</i> show pigmentation differences in the thorax, legs, and wings, with <i>D. elegans </i>exhibiting male-specific wing spots and <i>D. gunungcola </i>lacking wing spots with intensely dark thoraces and legs. Here, we performed QTL mapping to identify the genetic architecture of these differences. We find a large effect QTL on the X chromosome for all three body parts. QTL on Muller Element E were found for thorax pigmentation in both backcrosses but were only marginally significant in one backcross for the legs and wings. Consistent with this observation, we isolated the effects of the Muller Element E QTL by introgressing <i>D. gunungcola </i>alleles into a <i>D. elegans </i>genetic background and found that <i>D. gunungcola </i>alleles linked near the pigmentation candidate gene <i>ebony </i>caused intense darkening of the thorax, minimal darkening of legs, and minimal shrinking of wing spots. <i>D. elegans</i> <i>ebony</i> mutants showed changes in pigmentation consistent with Ebony having different effects on pigmentation in different tissues. Our results suggest that multiple genes have evolved differential effects on pigmentation levels in different body regions.</p>
Heightened condition dependent expression of structural colouration in the faces, but not wings, of male and female flies
<p>Data from White et al. (2021): Heightened condition dependent expression of structural colouration in the faces, but not wings, of male and female flies</p>
Data set for bionic simulation of double clap-and-fling wing mechanism with SPH FSI method
<p>Data set containing the rigid-body based flapping wing models coupled with smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), by means of <a href="https://github.com/DualSPHysics/DualSPHysics/wiki/9.-New-in-DualSPHysics#new-in-dualsphysics-v50">DualSPHysics version 5.0 </a>and <a href="https://projectchrono.org/download/">Project Chrono</a>.</p><p>These models are part of the paper:</p><blockquote><p>Yanwei Zhang, Zhonglai Wang, Saullo G. P. Castro. Bionic simulation of double clap-and-fling wing mechanism with SPH FSI method. EngXriv Preprint, 2022. <a href="https://doi.org/10.31224/2652">DOI: 10.31224/2652</a></p></blockquote><p>File "simulations.zip" contains the simulation files.</p><p>File "DualSPHysics_v5.0.zip" contains the compiled DualSPHysics software.</p><p>Procedure to run the simulations on a Windows machine:</p><ul><li>Working directory: .\simulations\flappingwing\case01</li><li>Step 1: Obtain rigid bodies by modeling of SOLIDWORKS and Macro command of FreeCAD (e.g. external_wing111.stl)</li><li>Step 2: Run ".bat" file (e.g. flapping01.bat) to start simulation and force acquisition</li><li>Step 3: Revise ".bat" and ".xml" (e.g. flapping01.bat and flapping01_Def.xml)to adapt to the next case. If required, change the model and Macro command of step 1. Common modification items:</li></ul><p><geometry>-<definition> <floatings>- <floating><angularvel> <floatings>- <floating><property> <properties>-<propertyfile> <initials> <execution>-<special>-<chrono> <execution>-<special>-<inout> <parameters> </p><ul><li>Step 4: Run "Filter.m" to handle force data by filters. Step 5: Compare forces of all cases. PS: Other files are revised function files derived from DualSPHysics 5.0.</li></ul><p> </p><p>Abstract: Three-dimensional numerical simulations of flexible flapping wings based<br>on the fluid-structure interaction in biological and bioinspired flow have become a<br>vibrant and challenging research topic. The present paper focuses on a parametric<br>study of the aerodynamic performance of a bionic flexible clapping wing. The proposed<br>model deforms the wing in spanwise and chordwise directions based on the six rigid<br>bodies connected along the wing veins using ball links and springs. Unsteady effects of<br>flapping wing micro air vehicles with a double clap-fling configuration are investigated<br>using an air-solid interaction model based on smoothed particle hydrodynamics and<br>rigid multi-body dynamics. A validation experiment determined the convergence<br>conditions and computational model accuracy. The proposed numerical model is<br>evaluated in terms of flexible variation law and aerodynamic performance. The results<br>indicate that the flapping frequency, angle of attack, and wind velocity significantly<br>influence the lift. Furthermore, increasing the frequency will monotonically expand<br>the maximum and time-averaged lift curve values. When the angle of attack is less<br>than 30 ◦, the influence on the time-averaged and maximum lift is proportional to the<br>angle of attack. When the angle of attack is larger than 45 ◦, a stall-like condition<br>is detected. To broaden the applicability of the present findings, a dimensionless<br>parameter, reduced frequency, is defined, and its influence on the maximum and time-<br>averaged lift is investigated. This parametric study shows that as the reduced frequency<br>increases, the maximum and time-averaged lift increases and then decreases. The<br>present study could reach a modeling framework that better explains the clapping<br>wing aerodynamics.<br> </p>
Selection results of two native parasitoids on the invasive spotted wing drosophila
<p>Co-evolved natural enemies provide sustainable and long-term control of numerous invasive insect pests, but the introduction of such enemies has declined sharply due to increasing regulations. In the absence of co-evolved natural enemies, native species may attack exotic invasive pests; however, they usually lack adaptations to control novel hosts effectively. We investigated the potential of two native pupal parasitoids, <em>Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae</em>, and <em>Trichopria drosophilae</em>, to increase their developmental success on the invasive <em>Drosophila suzukii</em>. Replicated populations of the two parasitoids were subjected to 10 generations of laboratory selection on <em>D. suzukii</em> with <em>D. melanogaster</em> serving as the co-evolved host. We assessed the developmental success of selected and control lines in generations 0, 3, and 10. Changes in host preference, sex ratio, development time, and body size were measured to evaluate correlated responses with adaptation. Both parasitoid species responded rapidly to selection by significantly increasing their developmental success on the novel host within three generations, which remained constant for seven additional generations without further improvement. The generalist parasitoid species <em>P. vindemmiae</em> was able to reach similar developmental success as the control populations, while the performance of the more specialized parasitoid <em>T. drosophilae</em> remained lower on the novel than on the co-evolved host. There was no increase in preference towards the novel host over ten generations of selection; nor were there changes in development time or body size associated with adaptation in either parasitoid species. The sex ratio became less female-biased for both parasitoids after three generations of selection but rebounded in <em>P. vindemmiae</em> by generation 10. These results suggest that a few generations of selection may be sufficient to improve the performance of native parasitoids on invasive hosts, but with limits to the degree of improvement for managing invasive pests when exotic co-evolved natural enemies are unavailable.</p>
Data for: Evaluating Golden-winged Warbler use of alder and aspen communities managed with shearing in the western Great Lakes
<p>Best management practices are often written by researchers to guide land managers and landowners in the creation of habitat for wildlife species of interest. These documents are based on research evaluating the habitat needs of a species, but also describe tools and strategies managers can implement to create or restore desired conditions. Shrub and sapling shearing is a management practice often used to improve habitat for early-successional species, yet little monitoring or research has focused on wildlife response to shearing. The goal of this research was to formally evaluate the effect of shrub and sapling shearing as a best management strategy for Golden-winged Warbler (<em>Vermivora</em> <em>chrysoptera</em>) conservation at a regional scale. Specifically, we surveyed for male Golden-winged Warblers during the breeding season in sheared sites and untreated reference sites across portions of the western Great Lakes to assess the effects of 1) management status (i.e., sheared aspen or alder vs un-treated sites), and 2) the patch-level vegetation characteristics on male abundance. We found that male Golden-winged Warbler abundance was twice as high in sheared sites than in mature reference sites and peaked when sapling cover was ~40%. Male abundance was also negatively associated with percent cover of forbs and non-vegetated ground. These findings highlight the importance of patch-level heterogeneity when implementing shearing treatments for Golden-winged Warblers, and demonstrate the potential need for pre-treatment site assessments to help focus conservation efforts for this species. Ultimately, our results support the use of a site-specific, nuanced approach to shearing implementation to maximize cost efficiency and desired species outcomes.</p>
Experimental gust response and flutter test of a wing with a fixed and a hinged wingtip
<p>Gust responses and flutter test of a wing with a hinged and a fixed wingtip. The experiments were performed at the Swansea University wind tunnel by Davide Balatti as part of his research. Additional information in:</p> <p>[1] D. Balatti, H.H. Khodaparast, M.I. Friswell, & M. Manolesos (2022). Aeroelastic model validation through wind tunnel testing of a wing with hinged wingtip. In International Forum on Aeroelasticity and Structural Dynamics (IFASD), Madrid (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361418631_AEROELASTIC_MODEL_VALIDATION_THROUGH_WIND_TUNNEL_TESTING_OF_A_WING_WITH_HINGED_WINGTIP)</p> <p>[2] Balatti, D., Khodaparast, H. H., Friswell, M. I., Manolesos, M., & Castrichini, A. Improving gust load alleviation performance of hinge wingtip using validated aeroelastic models. <em>Available at SSRN 4258795</em>.(https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4258795)</p>
A polar insect's tale: observations on the life cycle of Parochlus steinenii, the only winged midge native to Antarctica
<p><span>Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic islands are considered natural laboratories to study and understand the influence of environmental variable and patterns of variation therein on the biota, including the influences of climate change. The Antarctic terrestrial fauna consists only of small invertebrates, with just two native species of holometabolous insects, Parochlus steinenii and Belgica antarctica, and two established non-native species, Eretmoptera murphyi and Trichocera maculipennis. Studies of the life history, phenology and stress tolerances of insects are critical to better understand adaptations to natural environmental stress and the ecological consequences of recent and ongoing climate change. In this context, we characterized the habitat preferences, life cycle and phenology of P. steinenii, the winged Antarctic midge, in a lake on King George Island, South Shetland Islands, maritime Antarctic. Based on the data obtained, we hypothesize that P. steinenii has a multi-year life cycle that may span as much as four years. The species is very restricted in terms of its preferred microhabitat distribution, being highly abundant only at shallow depths close to the edge of the lakes in which it is found. A combination of further field and laboratory studies are now required to assess how the length of P. steinenii life cycle is influenced by the scale of temperature variation typically experienced in its natural habitat, and as predicted under different climate change scenarios, as well investigating the ability and timing of larval movement to take advantage of the conditions of specific microhabitats at different times of year.</span></p>
Data for: Beyond simple habituation: Anthropogenic habitats influence the escape behavior of spur-winged lapwings in response to both human and non-human threats
<p>Habitat development may affect wildlife behavior, favoring individuals or behaviors that cope better with perceived threats (predators). Bolder behaviors in human-dominated habitats (HDH; e.g., urban and rural settlements) may represent habituation specifically to humans, or a general reduction in predator-avoidance response. However, such carry-over effects across threat types (i.e., beyond humans) and phases of the escape sequence have not been well studied to date. Here we investigated escape behaviors of a locally common wader species, the spur-winged lapwing (Vanellus spinosus). We assayed their flight initiation distance (FID) and subsequent escape behaviors in agricultural areas and in HDH. We found that lapwings in HDH were bolder, and that the difference was manifested in several phases of the predator-avoidance sequence (shorter FIDs, shorter distances fled, and a higher probability of escape by running vs. flying). When re-approached (by an observer) after landing, lapwings in HDH were also more repetitive in their FID than those in other habitats. To determine whether this apparent bolder behavior in HDH areas is merely a consequence of habituation to humans or represents a broader behavioral change, we introduced an additional threat type – a remotely-operated taxidermic jackal ("Jack-Truck"). Finding bolder responses in the HDH to the human threat alone (and not to the Jack-Truck) could have supported the habituation hypothesis. In contrast, however, we found a bolder response in the HDH to both threat types, as well as a correlation between their FIDs across different sites. These bolder behaviors suggest that HDH impose a broader behavioral change on lapwings, rather than just simple habituation. Overall, our findings demonstrate how FID trials can reveal strong behavioral carry-over effects of HDH following human and non-human threats, including effects on the subsequent phases of escaping the predator. Further, FID assays may reveal consistent behavioral types when assessed under field conditions, and offer a direct way to differentiate among the various poorly understood and non-mutually exclusive mechanisms that lead to behavioral differences among organisms in HDH. The mechanistic perspective is essential for understanding how rapid urbanization impacts wildlife behavior, populations, and the range of behaviors within them, even in species apparently resilient to such environmental changes.</p>
Data from: Kinematic and hydrodynamic analyses of turning manoeuvres in penguins: Body banking and wing upstroke generate the centripetal force
<p>Penguins perform lift-based swimming by flapping their wings. Previous kinematic and hydrodynamic studies have revealed the basics of wing motion and force generation in penguins. Although these studies have focused on steady forward swimming, the mechanism of turning manoeuvres is not well understood. In this study, we examined the horizontal turning of penguins via 3D motion analysis and quasi-steady hydrodynamic analysis. Free swimming of gentoo penguins (<em>Pygoscelis papua</em>) at an aquarium was recorded, and body and wing kinematics were analysed. In addition, quasi-steady calculations of the forces generated by the wings were performed. Among the selected horizontal swimming manoeuvres, turning was distinguished from straight swimming by the body trajectory for each wingbeat. During the turns, the penguins maintained outward banking through a wingbeat cycle and utilized a ventral force during the upstroke as a centripetal force to turn. Within a single wingbeat during the turns, changes in the body heading and bearing also mainly occurred during the upstroke, while the subsequent downstroke accelerated the body forward. We also found contralateral differences in the wing motion; i.e., the inside wing of the turn became more elevated and pronated. Quasi-steady calculations of the wing force confirmed that the asymmetry of the wing motion contributes to the generation of the centripetal force during the upstroke and the forward force during the downstroke. The results of this study demonstrate that the hydrodynamic force of flapping wings, in conjunction with body banking, is actively involved in the mechanism of turning manoeuvres in penguins.</p>
Multi-gene phylogeny of North American clear-winged moths (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae): A foundation for future evolutionary study of a speciose mimicry complex
<p>Sesiids are a diverse group of predominantly diurnal moths, many of which are Batesian mimics of Hymenoptera. However, their diversity and relationships are poorly understood. A multi-gene phylogenetic analysis of 48 North American sesiid species confirmed the traditional taxonomic tribal ranks, demonstrated the paraphyly of <em>Carmenta</em> and <em>Synanthedon</em> with respect to several other genera, and ultimately provided minimal phylogenetic resolution within and between North American and European groups. Character support from each gene suggested inconsistency between the phylogenetic signal of the <em>CAD</em> gene and that of the other four genes. However, removal of <em>CAD</em> from subsequent phylogenetic analyses did not substantially change the initial phylogenetic results or return <em>Carmenta</em> and <em>Synanthedon</em> as reciprocally monophyletic, suggesting it was not impacting the overall phylogenetic signal. The lack of resolution using genes that are typically informative at the species level for other lepidopterans suggests a surprisingly rapid radiation of species in <em>Carmenta</em>/<em>Synanthedon</em>. This group also exhibits a wide range of mimicry strategies and hostplant usage, which could be fertile ground for future study.</p>
Supplementary data for "Flat does not mean 2D: Using X-ray microtomography to study insect wings in 3D"
<p>Supplementary data for "Flat does not mean 2D: Using X-ray microtomography to study insect wings in 3D". Contain all 3D CT-scans used for figures and analyses</p>
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