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Figure 5 in Distribution, natural history, and conservation of Cambarus dubius in Pennsylvania

Figure 5. Map of the study area in south-western Pennsylvania showing Cambarus dubius collection sites (blue circles) and sites with active crayfish burrows (orange circles). Four large green spaces and all state game lands are highlighted. Other green spaces include natural areas (n = 3), wild areas (n = 1), public recreational areas (n = 5), state parks (n = 6), easements (n = 2) and a historical site (n = 1). Both Forbes and Gallitzin state forests are non-contiguous. Five major streams and the Quemahoning Reservoir are also highlighted.

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Figure 4 in Distribution, natural history, and conservation of Cambarus dubius in Pennsylvania

Figure 4. (a.) Cambarus dubius. (b.) Cambarus dubius burrow with a distinct mud chimney. (c.) Skunk cabbage wetland with Cambarus dubius burrows. (d.) Juvenile Cambarus dubius aggressively attacking baited line used to lure crayfish out of the burrow as described by Loughman et al. (2013).

FIGURE. Aristolochia rethyae—A. Habit; B. A branch; C. Adaxial leaf surface; D. Abaxial leaf surface; E. Cymose inflorescence; F & G. Immature capsules; All photographed by Soyala Kashung; H. Isotype image of Aristolochia griffithii (GH00353571); I. Holotype image of Aristolochia tanzawana (KPM-NA1000103) provided by Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History, Japan; J. Holotype image of Aristolochia rethyae S. Kashung, Rimi Barman et P. R. Gajurel. in Aristolochia rethyae, a new species from Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India

FIGURE. Aristolochia rethyae—A. Habit; B. A branch; C. Adaxial leaf surface; D. Abaxial leaf surface; E. Cymose inflorescence; F & G. Immature capsules; All photographed by Soyala Kashung; H. Isotype image of Aristolochia griffithii (GH00353571); I. Holotype image of Aristolochia tanzawana (KPM-NA1000103) provided by Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History, Japan; J. Holotype image of Aristolochia rethyae S. Kashung, Rimi Barman et P. R. Gajurel.

FIGURE. Trichia munda (syntype): a–i: specimen from box B.M. 2942. a–b. Label, sporocarps and substratum, [box: BM001089762]. c. Detail of ornamentation of capillitium by SEM. d–f. Details of free ends of capillitium by SEM. g–i. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. Bars: c–f = 5 µm, g–h = 2 μm, i = 1 µm. in Critical revision of Trichiales (Myxomycetes) at the Natural History Museum London (BM)

FIGURE. Trichia munda (syntype): a–i: specimen from box B.M. 2942. a–b. Label, sporocarps and substratum, [box: BM001089762]. c. Detail of ornamentation of capillitium by SEM. d–f. Details of free ends of capillitium by SEM. g–i. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. Bars: c–f = 5 µm, g–h = 2 μm, i = 1 µm.

FIGURE. Hemitrichia intorta: a–g: specimen from box B.M. 1483 (syntype). a. Sporocarps and substratum [box: BM001088829]. b–d. Details of capillitium by SEM. e–g. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. Bars: b–c= 5 μm, d = 2 μm, e–f = 2 μm, g = 1 µm. in Critical revision of Trichiales (Myxomycetes) at the Natural History Museum London (BM)

FIGURE. Hemitrichia intorta: a–g: specimen from box B.M. 1483 (syntype). a. Sporocarps and substratum [box: BM001088829]. b–d. Details of capillitium by SEM. e–g. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. Bars: b–c= 5 μm, d = 2 μm, e–f = 2 μm, g = 1 µm.

FIGURE. Perichaena cornuvioides: a–e. specimen from box B.M. 3004 (type). a. Sporocarps and substratum [box: BM001247521]. b–e. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. Bars: b–d = 2 μm, e = 1 µm. in Critical revision of Trichiales (Myxomycetes) at the Natural History Museum London (BM)

FIGURE. Perichaena cornuvioides: a–e. specimen from box B.M. 3004 (type). a. Sporocarps and substratum [box: BM001247521]. b–e. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. Bars: b–d = 2 μm, e = 1 µm.

FIGURE. Trichia affinis: a–g: specimen from box B.M. 4147. a. Label, sporocarps and substratum, [box: BM001247524]. b–c. Details of ornamentation of capillitium by SEM. d–e. Details of free ends of capillitium by SEM. f–g. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. Bars: b–c = 2 μm, d–e = 5 µm, f–g = 2 μm. in Critical revision of Trichiales (Myxomycetes) at the Natural History Museum London (BM)

FIGURE. Trichia affinis: a–g: specimen from box B.M. 4147. a. Label, sporocarps and substratum, [box: BM001247524]. b–c. Details of ornamentation of capillitium by SEM. d–e. Details of free ends of capillitium by SEM. f–g. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. Bars: b–c = 2 μm, d–e = 5 µm, f–g = 2 μm.

FIGURE. Trichia scabra: a–g: specimen from box BM001247525 (leg. anon., Hertfortshire. s.n.). a–b Details of ornamentation of capillitium by SEM. c–d. Details of free ends of capillitium by SEM. e–g. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. Bars: a–b = 2 µm, c–d = 5 μm, e–f = 2 μm, g = 1 µm. in Critical revision of Trichiales (Myxomycetes) at the Natural History Museum London (BM)

FIGURE. Trichia scabra: a–g: specimen from box BM001247525 (leg. anon., Hertfortshire. s.n.). a–b Details of ornamentation of capillitium by SEM. c–d. Details of free ends of capillitium by SEM. e–g. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. Bars: a–b = 2 µm, c–d = 5 μm, e–f = 2 μm, g = 1 µm.

FIGURE 0 in Critical revision of Trichiales (Myxomycetes) at the Natural History Museum London (BM)

FIGURE 0. Trichia intermedia (isotype): a–h: specimen from box B.M. 2907. a–c. Label, sporocarps and substratum, [box: BM001247525]. d. Detail of ornamentation of capillitium by SEM. e. Detail of free ends of capillitium by SEM. f–h. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. Bars: d–e = 5 µm, f–g = 2 μm, h = 1 µm.

FIGURE. Prototrichia metallica: a–i: specimen from box B.M. 1542. a. Label [box: BM001247523]. b. Sporocarps and substratum. c–e. Details of ornamentation of capillitium by SEM. f. Details of free ends of capillitium by SEM. g–i. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. Bars: c–e = 5 μm, f = 10 µm, g–h = 2 μm, i = 1 μm. in Critical revision of Trichiales (Myxomycetes) at the Natural History Museum London (BM)

FIGURE. Prototrichia metallica: a–i: specimen from box B.M. 1542. a. Label [box: BM001247523]. b. Sporocarps and substratum. c–e. Details of ornamentation of capillitium by SEM. f. Details of free ends of capillitium by SEM. g–i. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. Bars: c–e = 5 μm, f = 10 µm, g–h = 2 μm, i = 1 μm.

FIGURE. Prototrichia metallica: a–h: specimen from box B.M. 3174. a. Sporocarps and substratum [box: [BM001247522]. b–c. Details of ornamentation of capillitium by SEM. d–e. Details of free ends of capillitium by SEM. f–h. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. Bars: b–e = 5 μm, f–g = 2 μm, h = 1 μm. in Critical revision of Trichiales (Myxomycetes) at the Natural History Museum London (BM)

FIGURE. Prototrichia metallica: a–h: specimen from box B.M. 3174. a. Sporocarps and substratum [box: [BM001247522]. b–c. Details of ornamentation of capillitium by SEM. d–e. Details of free ends of capillitium by SEM. f–h. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. Bars: b–e = 5 μm, f–g = 2 μm, h = 1 μm.

FIGURE. Arcyria imperialis. a–c. Specimen from box B.M. 4067 in Critical revision of Trichiales (Myxomycetes) at the Natural History Museum London (BM)

FIGURE. Arcyria imperialis. a–c. Specimen from box B.M. 4067 (lectotype). a. Sporocarps and substratum [box: BM001085195]. b. Capillitium by SEM. c–d. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. e–f: Specimen from box B.M. 4068 [BM001085196]) (syntypus). e. Sporocarps and substratum [box: BM001085196]. f. Capillitium by SEM. Bars: b = 2 μm, c–d = 1 μm, f = 2 μm.

FIGURE. Hemitrichia chrysospora. a–g. Specimen from box B.M. 1491 in Critical revision of Trichiales (Myxomycetes) at the Natural History Museum London (BM)

FIGURE. Hemitrichia chrysospora. a–g. Specimen from box B.M. 1491 (lectotype). a. Sporocarps and substratum [box: BM001089119]. b. Details of inner side of peridium ornamentation by SEM. c–d. Details of capillitium by SEM. e–f. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. g. Detail of reticulum of muri. Bars: b = 2 μm, c–d = 5 μm, e–f = 2 μm, g = 1 µm.

FIGURE. Hemitrichia karstenii: a and d: specimen from box B.M. 1489. a. Sporocarps and substratum [box: BM001247518]. d. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. b–c, e–i: specimen from box B.M. 2008. e. Label [box: BM001247519]. b–c. Capillitium by SEM. f–i. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. Bars: b–c = 5 μm, d and f–h = 2 μm, i = 1 μm. in Critical revision of Trichiales (Myxomycetes) at the Natural History Museum London (BM)

FIGURE. Hemitrichia karstenii: a and d: specimen from box B.M. 1489. a. Sporocarps and substratum [box: BM001247518]. d. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. b–c, e–i: specimen from box B.M. 2008. e. Label [box: BM001247519]. b–c. Capillitium by SEM. f–i. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. Bars: b–c = 5 μm, d and f–h = 2 μm, i = 1 μm.

Fig. 8 in The Last Piece of the Puzzle? Phylogenetic Position and Natural History of the Monotypic Fungus-Farming Ant Genus Paramycetophylax (Formicidae: Attini)

Fig. 8. Time-calibrated phylogeny of the tribe Attini inferred from an MCMCTREE analysis (Yang and Rannala 1997). Red star indicates the origin of fungusfarming ants. Blue dots indicate fossil calibrations (see text). Colored boxes indicate the five agricultural systems: (i) lower agriculture (yellow); (ii) coral-fungus (Pterulaceae) agriculture (red); (iii) yeast agriculture (green); (iv) higher agriculture (blue); and (v) leaf-cutter agriculture (orange).Taxa in red correspond to anthead images on right:Cyphomyrmex costatus (top),Paramycetophylax bruchi (middle), and C. rimosus (bottom). Light blue bars indicate 95% highest probability density (HPD). K-Pg Event = Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary; EECO = Early Eocence Climatic Optimum;TEE = Terminal Eocene Event; MMCO = Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum.

Fig. 9 in The Last Piece of the Puzzle? Phylogenetic Position and Natural History of the Monotypic Fungus-Farming Ant Genus Paramycetophylax (Formicidae: Attini)

Fig. 9. Phylogeny of fungal cultivars and free-living fungi based on Bayesian analysis of the ITS 'fungal barcoding' region conducted in MrBayes (Ronquist et al. 2012). Ant-cultivated fungi are divided into two clades, Clade 2 (red branches) and Clade 1 (blue branches); free-living fungi are represented by black branches. The cultivar of Paramycetophylax bruchi is represented with a blue font and a red star. Nodes with posterior probability of 1 are represented by a blue circle, whereas nodes with posterior probabilities between 0.90 and 0.99 are represented by an orange circle. Nodes without circles indicate posterior probabilities lower than 0.90. Green box indicates the clade of fungi cultivated by the yeast-growing ants in the genus Cyphomyrmex and the blue box indicates the clade of fungi cultivated by the leaf-cutting ants and Apterostigma megacephala.

Fig. 7 in The Last Piece of the Puzzle? Phylogenetic Position and Natural History of the Monotypic Fungus-Farming Ant Genus Paramycetophylax (Formicidae: Attini)

Fig. 7. Phylogeny of the Myrmicinae based on a SWSC-EN partitioned maximum-likelihood analysis in IQTREE (Chernomor et al. 2016, Minh et al. 2020). Support values on branches indicate the SH-like approximation likelihood-ratio test (alrt) and ultrafast bootstrap (UFBoots) proportions, respectively. Red branches indicate the position of Paramycetophylax bruchi. Inset: Automontage image of the head of a P. bruchi worker.

Fig. 6 in The Last Piece of the Puzzle? Phylogenetic Position and Natural History of the Monotypic Fungus-Farming Ant Genus Paramycetophylax (Formicidae: Attini)

Fig. 6. Fungus gardens. (A) Subterranean garden chamber at Reserva Biósfera Ñacuñan (RBÑ), Mendoza, Argentina; (B) fungus garden and ants in field nest boxes at Parque Nacional Sierra de las Quijadas, San Luis, Argentina; (C–D) fungus garden and ants in field nest boxes at RBÑ.

Fig. 4 in The Last Piece of the Puzzle? Phylogenetic Position and Natural History of the Monotypic Fungus-Farming Ant Genus Paramycetophylax (Formicidae: Attini)

Fig. 4. Nest entrances of Paramycetophylax bruchi at (A) El Borbollón, Mendoza,Argentina; (B) Parque Nacional Sierra de las Quijadas, San Luis, Argentina; and (C) Reserva Biósfera Ñacuñan, Mendoza, Argentina. (D and inset) Nest entrance from Reserva Nacional Pizarro (Salta) of Kalathomyrmex emeryi shown here for comparison.

Fig. 5 in The Last Piece of the Puzzle? Phylogenetic Position and Natural History of the Monotypic Fungus-Farming Ant Genus Paramycetophylax (Formicidae: Attini)

Fig. 5. Illustration of Paramycetophylax bruchi nests at (A) Parque Nacional Sierra de las Quijadas, San Luis, Argentina; and (B) Reserva Biósfera Ñacuñan, Mendoza, Argentina.