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Figure 4 from: Kutschera U, Elliott J (2014) The European medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis L.: Morphology and occurrence of an endangered species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(2): 271-280. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.8715

Figure 4 - Lateral view of an adult, alcohol-preserved Hirudo medicinalis (A) and position of the male (♂) and female (♀) gonopores on the ventral side (B), with the tube-like male copulatory organ outside of the body.

Figure 2 from: Kutschera U, Elliott J (2014) The European medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis L.: Morphology and occurrence of an endangered species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(2): 271-280. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.8715

Figure 2 - Dorsal and ventral views of a representative, alcohol-preserved specimen of Hirudo medicinalis collected in eastern Germany. The species-specific pigment patterns are visible.

Figure 7 from: Kutschera U, Elliott J (2014) The European medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis L.: Morphology and occurrence of an endangered species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(2): 271-280. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.8715

Figure 7 - Two adult, free-living Hirudo medicinalis in the process of sucking blood from an edible frog (Rana esculenta L.). The amphibians usually survive these attacks (adapted from Manzke and Winkler 2012).

Figure 1 from: Kutschera U, Elliott J (2014) The European medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis L.: Morphology and occurrence of an endangered species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(2): 271-280. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.8715

Figure 1 - Photograph of living adult specimens of the European medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis Linnaeus 1758) and the Mediterranean medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana Carena 1820). The leeches, maintained in pond water, are depicted in dorsal view, with their disk-shaped posterior sucker attached to a petri dish.

Figure 7 from: Wayland MT, Vainio JK, Gibson DI, Herniou EA, Littlewood TDJ, Väinölä R (2015) The systematics of Echinorhynchus Zoega in Müller, 1776 (Acanthocephala, Echinorhynchidae) elucidated by nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data from eight European taxa. ZooKeys 484: 25-52. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.484.9132

Figure 7 - Aquatic environment (freshwater/marine) mapped on to the fully resolved phylogeny inferred from the concatenated 28S and COI sequences. Bold letter indicates genus according to Petrochenko's (1956) scheme: E, Echinorhynchus; M, Metechinorhynchus; P, Pseudoechinorhynchus. The bar chart shows the mean number of paired cement glands in each taxon. Data for Echinorhynchus spp. are from Table 2. Since the particular cement gland pattern exhibited by each of the species of the Echinorhynchus gadi group is not known, data from a collection of worms determined as Echinorhynchus gadi have been used for Echinorhynchus gadi spp. I & III (the bars for these species are shaded grey rather than black, to indicate a lower level of confidence in the data). Since Acanthocephalus lucii typically displays paired cement glands (Petrochenko 1956), the mean number of paired cement glands in this taxon was assumed to be approximately three (bar shaded grey to indicate approximation).

Figure 6 from: Wayland MT, Vainio JK, Gibson DI, Herniou EA, Littlewood TDJ, Väinölä R (2015) The systematics of Echinorhynchus Zoega in Müller, 1776 (Acanthocephala, Echinorhynchidae) elucidated by nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data from eight European taxa. ZooKeys 484: 25-52. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.484.9132

Figure 6 - Phylogram estimated using Bayesian inference analysis of concatenated 28S rDNA and COI sequence data. Numbers at nodes are clade support values (%) for each method of phylogeny reconstruction (BI/ML/MP). Tree is rooted on the outgroup Acanthocephalus lucii.

Figure 4 from: Wayland MT, Vainio JK, Gibson DI, Herniou EA, Littlewood TDJ, Väinölä R (2015) The systematics of Echinorhynchus Zoega in Müller, 1776 (Acanthocephala, Echinorhynchidae) elucidated by nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data from eight European taxa. ZooKeys 484: 25-52. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.484.9132

Figure 4 - Phylogram estimated using Bayesian inference analysis of COI sequence data. Numbers at nodes are clade credibility values (%) for each method of phylogeny reconstruction (BI/ML/MP). Tree is rooted on the outgroup Acanthocephalus lucii.

Figure 8 from: Wayland MT, Vainio JK, Gibson DI, Herniou EA, Littlewood TDJ, Väinölä R (2015) The systematics of Echinorhynchus Zoega in Müller, 1776 (Acanthocephala, Echinorhynchidae) elucidated by nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data from eight European taxa. ZooKeys 484: 25-52. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.484.9132

Figure 8 - Structure of the vagina in Echinorhynchus spp. A Echinorhynchus brayi, a species with a single vaginal sphincter B Echinorhynchus salmonis, a species with two vaginal sphincters.

Figure 5 from: Wayland MT, Vainio JK, Gibson DI, Herniou EA, Littlewood TDJ, Väinölä R (2015) The systematics of Echinorhynchus Zoega in Müller, 1776 (Acanthocephala, Echinorhynchidae) elucidated by nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data from eight European taxa. ZooKeys 484: 25-52. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.484.9132

Figure 5 - Phylogenetic relationships of Echinorhynchus spp. inferred from maximum parsimony analysis of COI data-set. Trees are rooted on the outgroup Acanthocephalus lucii. A Phylogram estimated using maximum parsimony analysis of COI sequence data. Numbers at nodes indicate bootstrap support (n = 10,000) B Consensus cladogram from maximum parsimony analysis of COI sequence data excluding third codon positions. Numbers at nodes indicate bootstrap support (n = 10,000).

Figure 2 from: Wayland MT, Vainio JK, Gibson DI, Herniou EA, Littlewood TDJ, Väinölä R (2015) The systematics of Echinorhynchus Zoega in Müller, 1776 (Acanthocephala, Echinorhynchidae) elucidated by nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data from eight European taxa. ZooKeys 484: 25-52. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.484.9132

Figure 2 - Cement gland arrangements of the genera recognised by Petrochenko (1956). E. Echinorhynchus. M. Metechinorhynchus. P. Pseudoechinorhynchus.

Figure 1 from: Wayland MT, Vainio JK, Gibson DI, Herniou EA, Littlewood TDJ, Väinölä R (2015) The systematics of Echinorhynchus Zoega in Müller, 1776 (Acanthocephala, Echinorhynchidae) elucidated by nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data from eight European taxa. ZooKeys 484: 25-52. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.484.9132

Figure 1 - Historical record of species discovery in Echinorhynchus. Recognised diversity, as measured by the cumulative number of described taxa, plotted against time. Only species recognised by Amin (2013) are included.

Figure 3 from: Wayland MT, Vainio JK, Gibson DI, Herniou EA, Littlewood TDJ, Väinölä R (2015) The systematics of Echinorhynchus Zoega in Müller, 1776 (Acanthocephala, Echinorhynchidae) elucidated by nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data from eight European taxa. ZooKeys 484: 25-52. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.484.9132

Figure 3 - Phylogram estimated using Bayesian inference analysis of 28S rDNA sequence data. Numbers at nodes are clade support values (%) for each method of phylogeny reconstruction (BI/ML/MP). Tree is rooted on the outgroup Acanthocephalus lucii.

Figures 7-9 from: Barták M, Kubík Š (2015) Three new species of European Platypalpus (Diptera, Hybotidae). ZooKeys 470: 145-155. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.470.8967

Figures 7-9 - Antennae: 7 Platypalpus graecoides sp. n., 8 Platypalpus pyreneensis sp. n. 9 Platypalpus silvahumidus sp. n. Scale = 0.10 mm.

Figures 1-3 from: Barták M, Kubík Š (2015) Three new species of European Platypalpus (Diptera, Hybotidae). ZooKeys 470: 145-155. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.470.8967

Figures 1-3 - Platypalpus graecoides sp. n.: 1 right epandrial lamella 2 cerci 3 left epandrial lamella. Scales = 0.10 mm.

Figures 4-6 from: Barták M, Kubík Š (2015) Three new species of European Platypalpus (Diptera, Hybotidae). ZooKeys 470: 145-155. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.470.8967

Figures 4-6 - Platypalpus pyreneensis sp. n.: 4 right epandrial lamella 5 cerci 6 left epandrial lamella. Scales = 0.10 mm.

Figure 11 from: Csiki-Sava Z, Buffetaut E, Ősi A, Pereda-Suberbiola X, Brusatte SL (2015) Island life in the Cretaceous - faunal composition, biogeography, evolution, and extinction of land-living vertebrates on the Late Cretaceous European archipelago. ZooKeys 469: 1-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.469.8439

Figure 11 - Continental paleogeography of the Late Cretaceous, highlighting the position of the European paleobioprovince (yellow dotted line). A Global paleogeography during the relative sea-level highstand period of the Turonian, showing maximum geographical fragmentation of Europe B Global paleogeography during the relative sea-level lowstand period of the latest Maastrichtian, showing significant extension of emergent areas. Abbreviations: AFR Africa; ANT Antarctica; APP Appalachia; AUS Australia; CAS Central (or Middle) Asia; EAS Eastern Asia; EUR Europe; IN India; IN-M Indo-Malagasy Landmass; LAR Laramidia; MA Madagascar; NAM North America; SAM South America; WAF western Africa. Base maps courtesy of R. Blakey.

Figure 12 from: Csiki-Sava Z, Buffetaut E, Ősi A, Pereda-Suberbiola X, Brusatte SL (2015) Island life in the Cretaceous - faunal composition, biogeography, evolution, and extinction of land-living vertebrates on the Late Cretaceous European archipelago. ZooKeys 469: 1-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.469.8439

Figure 12 - Diversity of Late Cretaceous European titanosaurs, as illustrated by posterior dorsal vertebral size and morphology (all specimens figured in right lateral view, unless specified otherwise). A Atsinganosaurus velauciensis (VBN 93.01), late Campanian, Velaux-La Bastide Neuve, Bouches-de-Rhône, southern France B Ampelosaurus atacis (MDE C3-247), late Campanian–early Maastrichtian, Bellevue, Aude, southern France C Lirainosaurus astibiae (MCNA 7443), late Campanian–early Maastrichtian, Laño, Basque Country, northern Spain D Magyarosaurus dacus (NHMUK R.4896, reversed), Maastrichtian, Sânpetru, Haţeg Basin, Romania E Paludititan nalatzensis (UBB NVM1-43), Maastrichtian, Haţeg Basin, Romania. Scale bars equal 10 cm in A–C and E and 5 cm in D. Photographs A–D courtesy by Verónica Díez Díaz.

Figure 7 from: Csiki-Sava Z, Buffetaut E, Ősi A, Pereda-Suberbiola X, Brusatte SL (2015) Island life in the Cretaceous - faunal composition, biogeography, evolution, and extinction of land-living vertebrates on the Late Cretaceous European archipelago. ZooKeys 469: 1-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.469.8439

Figure 7 - Representative taxa from the late Campanian–early Maastrichtian faunas from southern France. A Arcovenator escotae (Theropoda, Abelisauridae), braincase (MHNAix-PV 2011-12) in dorsal view (Lower Argiles Rutilantes Formation, Jas Neuf Sud, Var) B Rhabdodon priscus (Ornithopoda, Rhabdodontidae), left dentary (MC Mn 227) in lingual view (Grès à Reptiles Formation, Montplo Nord, Hérault) C Variraptor mechinorum (Theropoda, Dromaeosauridae), sacrum (MC PSP 6) in right lateral view (Grès à Reptiles Formation, Plo Saint-Pons, Hérault) D Martinavis cruzyensis (Aves, Enantiornithes), right humerus (MC M 1957) in caudal view (Grès à Reptiles Formation, Massecaps, Hérault) E Indeterminate titanosaur (Sauropoda, Titanosauria), caudal vertebra (MC M 0001) in left lateral view (Grès à Reptiles Formation, Massecaps, Hérault) F Struthiosaurus sp. (Ankylosauria, Nodosauridae), right scapulocoracoid (MC Mn 393) in lateral view (Grès à Reptiles Formation, Montplo Nord, Hérault) G Gargantuavis philoinos (Aves incertae sedis), synsacrum and part of ilia (MDE C3-525) in ventral view (Marnes de la Maurine Formation, Bellevue, Aude). All scale bars equal 50 mm.

Figure 3 from: Csiki-Sava Z, Buffetaut E, Ősi A, Pereda-Suberbiola X, Brusatte SL (2015) Island life in the Cretaceous - faunal composition, biogeography, evolution, and extinction of land-living vertebrates on the Late Cretaceous European archipelago. ZooKeys 469: 1-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.469.8439

Figure 3 - Paleogeographic distribution of the late Late Cretaceous (Santonian–Maastrichtian) European continental vertebrate assemblages (base map for late Campanian, ~ 75 Mya, courtesy of R. Blakey). Abbreviations: 1 Scania (southern Sweden) 2 Belgium-The Netherlands 3 western France 4 western Iberia (Portugal) 5 Cantabrian-southern Pyrenean region (northern Spain) 6 central Iberian region (central Spain) 7 eastern Iberian region (eastern Spain) 8 Languedoc (western southern France) 9 Provence (eastern southern France) 10 Apulia (southern Italy) 11 Adriatic-Dinaric Carbonate Platform (eastern Italy, Slovenia) 12 Austroalpine region (eastern Austria, western Hungary) 13 Transylvania (northwestern Romania) 14 northern Bulgaria 15 southeastern Poland 16 Crimea 17 southern Russia (for details, see also Figs 1, 4 and text); AA Austroalpine Domain; APP Appalachia; ARM Armorican Massif; BA-RHO Balkans-Rhodope Orogen; BAL Baltic Landmass; GRO Greenland; IB Iberian Landmass; MOE Moesian Platform; PEL Pelagonian Domain; PON Pontides Orogen; PY-PRO L Pyrenean-Provencal Landmass; RH-BH H Rhenish-Bohemian High; TAU Taurus Block; TI-DA Tisia-Dacia Block; UM-VH Ukrainian Massif-Voronezh High. Note that emergent land was more extensive during Maastrichtian times than represented in the map, with most Spanish-French localities situated in purely continental setting (compare with Fig. 11).

Figure 10 from: Csiki-Sava Z, Buffetaut E, Ősi A, Pereda-Suberbiola X, Brusatte SL (2015) Island life in the Cretaceous - faunal composition, biogeography, evolution, and extinction of land-living vertebrates on the Late Cretaceous European archipelago. ZooKeys 469: 1-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.469.8439

Figure 10 - Representative taxa from the latest Campanian–Maastrichtian faunas from Transylvania, western Romania. A–B Nidophis insularis (Serpentes, Madtsoiidae), articulated vertebrae (LPB (FGGUB) v.547/2) in left lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views (Densuş-Ciula Formation, Tuştea, Haţeg Basin; photo by Ştefan Vasile) C Allodaposuchus precedens (Eusuchia, ?Hylaeochampsidae), skull (PSMUBB V 438) in dorsal view (Sebeş = Şard Formation, Oarda de Jos, southwestern Transylvanian Basin; photo by Vlad Codrea/Massimo Delfino) D Theriosuchus sympiestodon (Mesoeucrocodylia, Atoposauridae), right maxilla (MCDRD 793) in lateral view (Sînpetru Formation, Sînpetru, Haţeg Basin) E–F Indeterminate titanosaur (?Magyarosaurus dacus) (Sauropoda, Titanosauria), isolated osteoderm (LPB (FGGUB) R.1410) in dorsal (E) and lateral (F) views (Sînpetru Formation, Sînpetru, Haţeg Basin) G Indeterminate ornithuran bird (Aves, Ornithurae), incomplete left tibiotarsus (LPB (FGGUB) R.1902) in anterior view (Densuş-Ciula Formation, Vălioara, Haţeg Basin) H Balaur bondoc (Theropoda, Dromaeosauridae), articulated left distal hindlimb (EME PV.313) in lateral view (Sebeş = Şard Formation, Sebeş-Glod, southewestern Transylvanian Basin; photo by Mick Ellison) I Zalmoxes robustus (Ornithopoda, Rhabdodontidae), right dentary (NHMUK R.3407) in medial view (Sînpetru Formation, Sînpetru, Haţeg Basin) J Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus (Hadrosauria), right maxilla (MFGI unnumbered) in lateral view (Sînpetru Formation, Sînpetru, Haţeg Basin) K Indeterminate nodosaurid – Struthiosaurus transylvanicus or new taxon – (Ankylosauria, Nodosauridae), isolated tooth (LPB (FGGUB) R.2182) in medial view (Sînpetru Formation, Sînpetru, Haţeg Basin) L Barbatodon transylvanicus (Multituberculata, Kogaionidae), right maxilla (LPB (FGGUB) M.1635) in medial view (Sînpetru Formation, Pui, Haţeg Basin). Scale bars equal 1 mm in A, B; 5 mm in K; 1 cm in G, L; 2 cm in D; and 5 cm in C, E, F, H, I, J.