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FIGURES 14–22 in Redescription of the marine scuticociliate Glauconema trihymene Thompson, 1966 (Protozoa: Ciliophora): life cycle and stomatogenesis

FIGURES 14–22. Stomatogenesis in trophont of Glauconema trihymene. (1415) Proliferation and irregular rearrangement of kinetosomes in the scutica which forms the first primordial field (PF). (16) Splitting of paroral membrane, the right line of kinetosomes forms the second primordial field (SF). (17) Proliferation and division of SF into anterior (SFa) and posterior (SFp) parts. (18) Migration of SFa and SFp. (19) Proliferation of the remnant of PM (arrow). (20–21) Proliferation in SFa and rearrangement of SFp and PF, arrow indicates the anterior kinetosomes of PF which join the formation of M2 in opisthe. (22) Cytokinesis, arrow shows the small gap between M1 and M2. Scale bar = 20 m.

FIGURES 32–44 in Redescription of the marine scuticociliate Glauconema trihymene Thompson, 1966 (Protozoa: Ciliophora): life cycle and stomatogenesis

FIGURES 32–44. Morphology and stomatogenesis of Glauconema trihymene, in vivo (35–37) and after protargol impregnation (32–34, 38–44). (32) Trophont, arrowhead indicates the closely spaced M1 and M2. (33–34) Tomite, arrowhead shows the anterior end of M1 located at the apical plate. (35–36) Typical form of trophont in vivo. (37) Cyst. (38) Proliferation of scutica (arrowhead). (39–40) Proliferation of first (arrowhead) and second (arrows) primordial fields. (41) Migration to anterior of SF (SFa) and the aggregation of PF (arrowhead). (42) Proliferation of kinetosomes in proter and opisthe, arrowhead shows the major portion of PF, arrow indicates the three kinetosomes originating from the PF which will join M2. (43) Rearrangement of PF (arrowhead) and SFp (arrows). (44) Cytokinesis, arrow indicates conspicuous gap between M1 and M2. Scale bars = 30

FIGURES 1–13 in Redescription of the marine scuticociliate Glauconema trihymene Thompson, 1966 (Protozoa: Ciliophora): life cycle and stomatogenesis

FIGURES 1–13. Glauconema trihymene (Qingdao population) from live cells (1–3, 8), after protargol (4a, 5a, 6–7, 12–13), silver nitrate (9–11) impregnations, and the oral apparatus of Urocryptum tortum (4b, 5b). (12) Trophont, side view, arrow indicates the apical plate. (3) Tomite, ventral view. (4a, 5a) Buccal apparatus of tomite and trophont, respectively. (4b, 5b) Buccal apparatus of tomite and trophont of Urocryptum tortum, respectively (after PérezUz & Guinea 2001). (6, 7) Infraciliature of ventral (6) and dorsal (7) sides in trophont, arrowhead indicates the closely spaced M1 and M2. (8) Transformation between trophont and cyst stages. (9) Trophont, ventral view, arrow marks the inconspicuous gap (arrow) between M1 and M2 (after Thompson 1966). (10) Portion of buccal area showing silverline system, arrowhead indicating the closely arranged M1 and M2. (11) Caudal view of silverline system. (12–13) Tomite, infraciliature of ventral (12) and dorsal (13) sides, arrow indicates the large distance between M1 and M2. CCo = caudal cilium complex; Cs = cytostome; CVP = contractile vacuole pore; CyP = cytopyge; M1–3 = membranelle 1–3; PM = paroral membrane; Sc = scutica. Scale bars = 20 m.

FIGURES 45–52 in Redescription of the marine scuticociliate Glauconema trihymene Thompson, 1966 (Protozoa: Ciliophora): life cycle and stomatogenesis

FIGURES 45–52. Transformation of Glauconema trihymene from trophont to tomite. (45) Proliferated parental paroral membrane to form an anarchic field (arrows). (46) Proliferation of anarchic field and partial resorption of M2 (arrows). (47) Proliferation of anarchic field (arrows). (48) Emergence of primordia of paroral membrane (priPM, arrowheads) and of membranelles (pri M), and the partial resorption of parental M2 (arrow). (49–50) Proliferation of priPM (arrowheads) and the rearrangement of priM. (51–52) Formation of three membranelles in tomite, arrow showing the anterior end of the paroral membrane.

FIGURE 2 in Description of a new marine cyrtophorid ciliate, Brooklynella sinensis n. sp. from the China Sea with a new definition of the genus Brooklynella (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Cyrtophorida)

FIGURE 2. Photomicrographs of Brooklynella sinensis n. sp. from live cells (A–C), after protargol (D–J, M–P) and ChattonLwoff impregnation (K–L). (A) Ventral view of a typical individual, arrow indicates the podite. (B) Dorsal view. (C) Ventral view, showing the two contractile vacuoles (arrows). (D, M) Infraciliature, arrows mark posterior ends of right kineties. (E) Showing the equatorial fragment (arrow) and postoral kineties (arrowheads). (F) Rightventral side view, arrows mark the three kineties extending apically. (G) Dorsal views, arrow refers to the terminal fragment. (H) An individual in early morphogenetic stage, to note the three thickened primordium (arrow). (I) Showing the two contractile vacuole pores (arrows). (J) To note the cytostome (arrow) encircled by kinetosomelike dots. (K, L) Silverline system. (N) Dorsal view, showing the terminal fragment (arrow) and cyrtos (arrowhead). (O) Showing the two adjacent contractile vacuole pores (arrow) and kinetosomelike dots (arrowhead) at the base of podite. (P) Focus on the cytostome (arrow) and kinetosomelike dots (arrowhead) near the posterior contractile vacuole pore. Cy = cyrtos; Ma = macronucleus. Scale bars = 20 m.

FIGURE 1 in Morphology and infraciliature of the oligotrich ciliate Strombidium rapulum (Yagiu, 1933) Kahl, 1934 (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) from the intestine of sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus Agassiz

FIGURE 1. Strombidium rapulum from live cells (A, B, D, E–G) and after protargol impregnation (C, E, H, I). (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads mark the cilia of ventral kinety. (B) To show the creeping state, note the cell attached to the substrate with its adoral membranelles. (C) To demonstrate variations in macronucleus shape. (D) Swimming trace. (E) Apical view of the buccal apparatus, arrowheads note argentophilic fibres. (F, G) Ventral view of specimens (from Yagiu 1933 and Poljansky 1951, respectively). (H,I) Ventral and dorsal view of same specimen, to show the infraciliature, arrowhead in H marks the pharyngeal fibres. AM = anterior membranelles; AP = apical protrusion; EM = endoral membrane; GK = girdle kinety; Ma = macronucleus; VK = ventral kinety; VM = ventral membranelles. Scale bars in (A, G–I) = 40 µm, in (F) = 50 µm.

FIGURE 1. Brooklynella sinensis n in Description of a new marine cyrtophorid ciliate, Brooklynella sinensis n. sp. from the China Sea with a new definition of the genus Brooklynella (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Cyrtophorida)

FIGURE 1. Brooklynella sinensis n. sp. (A–H) and B. hostilis (I, from Lom & Nigrelli, 1970) from live cells (A), after protargol (B–G, I) and ChattonLwoff impregnation (H). (A) Ventral view of a typical individual. (B, C) Ventral (B) and dorsal views (C) of infraciliature, arrow indicates posterior ends of postoral kineties. (D, E, F) Ventral views of individuals in early (D), middle (E) and later (F) stages of morphogenesis; arrow in (D) marks the three postoral kineties in multiplication; arrow in (E) notes the basal bodies that will involve the formation of nematodesmal rods; in (F) arrow indicates the three dikinetidal rows which will form the new oral kineties and doublearrowheads mark cytostome in the opisthe. (G) Right side view of a specimen. (H) Silverline system on dorsal side. (I) Infraciliature. CVP = contractile vacuole pore; Cy = cyrtos; EF = equatorial fragment; Ma = macronucleus; P = podite; TF = terminal fragment. Scale bar = 20

FIGURE 2 in Morphology and infraciliature of the oligotrich ciliate Strombidium rapulum (Yagiu, 1933) Kahl, 1934 (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) from the intestine of sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus Agassiz

FIGURE 2. Microphotographs of Strombidium rapulum from live cells (A–D, F), after Methylgreen Pyronine staining and protargol impregnation (G–K). (A) A typical individual, arrowheads indicate lightreflecting granules in the cytoplasm while arrow marks the tail. (B) A slightly pressed specimens, to show lightreflecting granules in the cytoplasm (arrowheads). (C) Dorsal view, to show the protrusion between anterior membranelles (arrowheads). (D) To show details of the tail (arrow). (E) Ventral view, arrowhead marks the macronucleus. (F) Apical view, to show the apical protrusion (arrow). (G) Ventral view, to show the buccal apparatus. (H) Details of the anterior membranelles, arrowheads demonstrate the argentophilic fibres. (I) Ventral view, arrowheads indicate the girdle kinety, which is composed of monokinetids. (J) To show the ventral kinety (arrowheads). (K) Lateral view, to show the macronucleus. Scale bars = 60 µm.

FIGURES 22–37. Pseudepistylis songi n in Establishment of a new peritrich ciliate genus, Pseudepistylis n. gen. (Ciliophora: Peritrichia: Epistylididae), with a description of a new freshwater species, Pseudepistylis songi n. sp. from Wenzhou, China

FIGURES 22–37. Pseudepistylis songi n. sp. protargol (22–29, 31–37) and silver nitrate (30) impregnation. 22, 25. Typical zooid. 23, 24. Peristomial disc and myonemal fibers. 26, 27. Infraciliature of oral apparatus. 28, 29. Myoneme system. 30. Pellicular striae. 31. Haplokinety and polykinety. 32, 34. Aboral ciliary wreath of telotroch. 33. Zooid showing macronucleus and micronucleus (arrow). 35. Aboral ciliary wreath of typical zooid. 36. Oral fiber. 37. Scopula. Arrows in 30, 32, 34, 35 indicate aboral ciliary wreath. Abbreviations: CRF, central ring fibers; F, filamentous reticulum; G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; LLF, long longitudinal fibers; P1–P3, infundibular polykineties 1–3; PDF, peristomial disc fibers; PLF, peristomial longitudinal fibers; Po, polykinety (peristomial continuation of P1); PRF, peristomial ring fibers; SLF, short longitudinal fibers. Scale bars: 50 μm (Fig. 25).

FIGURES 11–21. Pseudepistylis songi n in Establishment of a new peritrich ciliate genus, Pseudepistylis n. gen. (Ciliophora: Peritrichia: Epistylididae), with a description of a new freshwater species, Pseudepistylis songi n. sp. from Wenzhou, China

FIGURES 11–21. Pseudepistylis songi n. sp. in vivo. 11. Typical zooid. 12, 15, 18. Contracted zooid. 13, 14, 16, 17. Detached zooid. 19. Telotroch. 20. Stalk. 21. Newly divided zooids and stalk. Arrow in 11 indicates contractile vacuole; arrowheads in 12 and 14 indicate pellicular folds; arrows in 12 and 15 indicate food vacuoles; arrow in 13 indicates peristomial disc; arrow in 18 indicates macronucleus; arrow in 19 indicates aboral ciliary wreath. Scale bars: 100 μm (Fig. 11), 300 μm (Fig. 20).

FIGURES 1–7. Pseudepistylis songi n in Establishment of a new peritrich ciliate genus, Pseudepistylis n. gen. (Ciliophora: Peritrichia: Epistylididae), with a description of a new freshwater species, Pseudepistylis songi n. sp. from Wenzhou, China

FIGURES 1–7. Pseudepistylis songi n. sp. in vivo (1–4, 6), protargol impregnation (7), silver nitrate impregnation (5). 1. Typical zooid; arrow indicates micronucleus. 2. Telotroch. 3. Colony of eight zooids showing both extended and contracted states as well as structure of stalk. 4. Detached zooid; arrowheads mark pellicular folds. 5. General silverline system; arrows indicate aboral ciliary wreath. 6. Zooids at low magnification, showing varieties of body shape when contracted; arrowheads mark pellicular folds. 7. Myoneme system; arrows indicate aboral ciliary wreath. Abbreviations: CRF, central ring fibers; LLF, long longitudinal fibers; PDF, peristomial disc fibers; PLF, peristomial longitudinal fibers; PRF, peristomial ring fibers; SLF, short longitudinal fibers. Scale bars: 100μm (Fig. 1), 600 μm (Fig. 3).

FIGURES 8–10 in Establishment of a new peritrich ciliate genus, Pseudepistylis n. gen. (Ciliophora: Peritrichia: Epistylididae), with a description of a new freshwater species, Pseudepistylis songi n. sp. from Wenzhou, China

FIGURES 8–10. Infraciliature of oral apparatus of Pseudepistylis songi n. sp. following protargol impregnation. 8. Typical arrangement of three infundibular polykineties showing the short outer row of P3 (arrowhead) and the inner row of P3 (double-arrowhead). 9. An alternative arrangement of the three infundibular polykineties showing the short outer row of P3 (arrowhead), the shorter inner row of P3 (double-arrowhead) and the short additional branch of P2 (arrow). 10. General infraciliature of the oral apparatus. Abbreviations: F, filamentous reticulum; G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; P1–P3, infundibular polykineties 1–3; Po, polykinety (peristomial continuation of P1).

FIGURE 7. Acineta sulcata Dons, 1927 in An overview of Suctorian ciliates (Ciliophora, Suctorea) as epibionts of halacarid mites (Acari, Halacaridae)

FIGURE 7. Acineta sulcata Dons, 1927 from Barents Sea halacarid mites (after Jankowski 1981). FIGURE 8. Acineta sulcata Dons, 1927 from freshwater halacarid mite found in Unava river (orig.). Scale bar 10 µm.

FIGURE 10 in An overview of Suctorian ciliates (Ciliophora, Suctorea) as epibionts of halacarid mites (Acari, Halacaridae)

FIGURE 10. Budding of Praethecacineta halacari (Schulz 1933) (orig.). Scale bar 10 µm. FIGURE 11. The settlement of Praethecacineta halacari on the halacarid mite from India (orig.). FIGURE 12. Thecacineta calix (Schroder 1907) found in the Black Sea (orig.). Scale bar 20 µm.

FIGURE 10 in Taxonomic studies on three marine species of Frontonia from northern China: F. didieri n. sp., F. multinucleata n. sp. and F. tchibisovae Burkovsky, 1970 (Ciliophora: Peniculida)

FIGURE 10. Frontonia species from living cells (C, D, G, I, K, O, Q) and after silver nitrate impregnations (B, E, F, H, J, L, N, P). (A, B) F. azerbaijanica Alekperov, 2005 (after Alekperov 2005). (C) F. bullingtoni Dragesco, 1960 (after Dragesco 1960). (D) F. c a n e t i Dragesco, 1960 (after Dragesco 1960). (E, F) F. elongata Burkovsky, 1970 (after Burkovsky 1970b). (G, H) F. frigida Petz et al., 1995 (after Petz et al. 1995). (I, J) F. l y n n i Long et al. 2005 (after Long et al. 2005). (K, L) F. m a r i n a Fabre-Domergue, 1891 (K after Dragesco 1960; L after Roque 1961). (M, N) F. m a r i s a l b i Burkovsky, 1970 (after Burkovsky 1970a). (O, P) F. s a l m a s t r a Dragesco and Dragesco-Kernéis, 1986 (after Dragesco & Dragesco-Kernéis 1986). (Q) F. vacuolata Dragesco, 1960 (after Dragesco 1960). (R) F. vernalis Bullington, 1939 (after Bullington 1939). (S) F. canadensis Roque and Puytorac, 1972 (after Roque & Puytorac 1972). Scale bars in (C) = 25 µm; in (M) = 30µm; in(S) =50 µm; in (E) =60 µm; in (G) =90 µm; in (D,K, Q, R)= 100 µm; in (A)= 150 µm.

FIGURE 11 in Taxonomic studies on three marine species of Frontonia from northern China: F. didieri n. sp., F. multinucleata n. sp. and F. tchibisovae Burkovsky, 1970 (Ciliophora: Peniculida)

FIGURE 11. Small subunit rRNA gene sequence of Frontonia lynni (F. l y n n i) aligned with the sequence of F. d i d i e r i (F. didieri) and F. tchibisovae (F. t c h i b i s o.). Numbers at the end of lines indicate the number of nucleotides. The differences in sequence length were compensated for by introducing alignment gaps (-) in the sequences. Matched sites are marked with dots.

FIGURE 7 in Taxonomic studies on three marine species of Frontonia from northern China: F. didieri n. sp., F. multinucleata n. sp. and F. tchibisovae Burkovsky, 1970 (Ciliophora: Peniculida)

FIGURE 7. The Chinese population (except D and E) of Frontonia tchibisovae from living cells (A), after silver nitrate

FIGURE 9 in Taxonomic studies on three marine species of Frontonia from northern China: F. didieri n. sp., F. multinucleata n. sp. and F. tchibisovae Burkovsky, 1970 (Ciliophora: Peniculida)

FIGURE 9. The population of Frontonia tchibisovae in China after silver carbonate (A, E) and silver nitrate (B–D, F–J) impregnations. (A, F, G) Dorsal views, to show the CVP (arrowheads). (B, C) Buccal area, to show the oral apparatus, arrowheads in B mark the vestibular kineties. (D) Ventral view of a cell ingesting food. (E, J) Pellicle and silverline system structure. (H) Ventral view of a whole cell. (I) To show the paroral membrane (arrow) and the argentophilic line (arrowhead). Scale bars in (A) = 60 µm; in (H) = 80 µm.

FIGURE 8 in Taxonomic studies on three marine species of Frontonia from northern China: F. didieri n. sp., F. multinucleata n. sp. and F. tchibisovae Burkovsky, 1970 (Ciliophora: Peniculida)

FIGURE 8. The Chinese population of Frontonia tchibisovae from life (A–H). (A, B) Ventral views of two typical specimens. (C–E, G, H) To show the densely-arranged extrusomes (arrowheads). Arrows in C, G mark the buccal field. (F) Arrow indicates an ingested large alga in the cytoplasm. Scale bars in (A) = 65 µm; in (B) = 80 µm.

FIGURE 4. Frontonia multinucleata n in Taxonomic studies on three marine species of Frontonia from northern China: F. didieri n. sp., F. multinucleata n. sp. and F. tchibisovae Burkovsky, 1970 (Ciliophora: Peniculida)

FIGURE 4. Frontonia multinucleata n. sp. from living cells (A, B), after silver nitrate (C, F, H, K), silver carbonate (I, J) and protargol (D, E, G) impregnations. (A, B) Ventral views of typical specimens. (C) Dorsal view, to show the contractile vacuole pore (arrowhead). (D, E) Side views, to show the fibers connected with the buccal and postoral suture area. Note the contractile vacuole is near the dorsal side. (F) Detailed structure of the peniculus 3. (G) To show the different situation of the macronuclear nodules. (H) The oral apparatus, note the two-rowed paroral membrane (PM) and the vestibular kineties (VK), in which the anterior part consists of monokinetids. (I, J) The infraciliature of ventral and dorsal (ventral-to-dorsal) side of the same specimen, to show the postoral suture (arrows in I and J), and the contractile vacuole. (K) Ventral view, note the long cytopyge (arrowheads). SL = silver line. Scale bars = 30 µm.