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FIGURE 6 in A new, narrowly endemic species of swamp-dwelling dusky salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi and Alabama

FIGURE 6. The northernmost locality, in the floodplain of Cowart Branch (MS: Greene) near the Leaf River. The site contains extensive bottomland blackwater cypress swamps.

Figure 7 in Cranial skeletogenesis of one of the largest amphibians, Andrias japonicus, provides insight into ontogenetic adaptations for feeding in salamanders

Figure 7. Evolutionary allometry of cranial shape based on multivariate regression of shape on log10-transformed centroid size. Each point represents a specimen of Andrias japonicus (pink), Hynobius nebulosus (blue), Pleurodeles waltl (green) or Ambystomamexicanum (orange).Correlation coefficient, r = 0.874; P <0.05. The regression slopes are as follows: An. japonicus = 0.076, H. nebulosus = 0.088, P. waltl = 0.090 and Am. mexicanum = 0.035.

Figure 4 in Cranial skeletogenesis of one of the largest amphibians, Andrias japonicus, provides insight into ontogenetic adaptations for feeding in salamanders

Figure 4. Select phases of cranial skeletogenesis (ventral view) in Andrias japonicus, Hynobius nebulosus, Pleurodeles waltl and Ambystoma mexicanum. Pink elements are bone. Blue elements are cartilage. Scale bars are 1 mm, except for the 10 mm scale bar for phase XIII An. japonicus. Abbreviations: cl, columella; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; ma, maxilla; na, nasal; oc, otic capsule; opi, opisthotic, osph, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pfr, prefrontal; pma, premaxilla; po, prootic; psph, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; seth, sphenothmoid; sq, squamosal; vo, vomer.

Figure 2 in Cranial skeletogenesis of one of the largest amphibians, Andrias japonicus, provides insight into ontogenetic adaptations for feeding in salamanders

Figure 2. Cranial skeletogenesis in the Japanese giant salamander, Andrias japonicus. Cranial bones and cartilages are shown for eight of 12 developmental phases. Scale bars: 1 mm. Abbreviations: cl, columella; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; ma, maxilla; na, nasal; oc, otic capsule; osph, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pfr, prefrontal; pma, premaxilla; psph, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; seth, sphenothmoid; sq, squamosal; vo, vomer.

Figure 5 in Cranial skeletogenesis of one of the largest amphibians, Andrias japonicus, provides insight into ontogenetic adaptations for feeding in salamanders

Figure 5. Osteogenesis of the lower jaw and hyobranchial skeletons (ventral view) at larval (phases I or II) and postmetamorphosis (phases XII or XIII) stages of Andrias japonicus, Hynobius nebulosus, Pleurodeles waltl and Ambystoma mexicanum. Pink elements are bone. Blue elements are cartilage. Scale bars: 1 mm. Abbreviations: ang, angular; ar, anterior radial; art, articular; bb, basibranchial; cb, ceratobranchial; ce, ceratohyal; den, dentary; hb, hypobranchial; hc, hypohyal; pr, posterior radial.

Figure 1 in Cranial skeletogenesis of one of the largest amphibians, Andrias japonicus, provides insight into ontogenetic adaptations for feeding in salamanders

Figure 1. The skull of an adult Japanese giant salamander, Andrias japonicus. Left, dorsal view of the skull, with cartilages stained with Alcian Blue and bones with Alizarin Red. Scale bar: 10 mm. Right, landmarks on the skull. Abbreviations: exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; ma, maxilla; na, nasal; osph, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pfr, prefrontal; pma, premaxilla; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal.

Figure 3 in Cranial skeletogenesis of one of the largest amphibians, Andrias japonicus, provides insight into ontogenetic adaptations for feeding in salamanders

Figure 3. Cranial skeletogenesis (dorsal view) in Andrias japonicus, Hynobius nebulosus, Pleurodeles waltl and Ambystoma mexicanum. Pink elements are bone. Blue elements are cartilage. Scale bars are 1 mm, except those for phase XIII An. japonicus and Am. mexicanum, which are 10 mm. Abbreviations: cl, columella; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; ma, maxilla; na, nasal; oc, otic capsule; opi, opisthotic, osph, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pfr, prefrontal; pma, premaxilla; po, prootic; psph, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; seth, sphenothmoid; sq, squamosal; vo, vomer.

FIGURE 12. A in A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook's North American Herpetology

FIGURE 12. A Holbrook specimen (ANSP 460) of Amphiuma means from "South Carolina" that matches the measurements, proportions, and approximate orientation of Holbrook (1842e)'s illustration by Thomas M. Logan M.D. (Fig. 11). Note the dissection of the lower jaw facilitating Holbrook's description of oral morphology. Ruler closest to specimen is marked in cm.

FIGURE 3 in A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook's North American Herpetology

FIGURE 3. Illustration of a primary syntype of Salamandra auriculata Holbrook, 1838b, and a specimen (MNHN-RA 0.4675) from "Georgie [Woodmanston Plantation near Riceboro, Liberty County, Georgia]," here designated as lectotype, in dorsal (a, c) and ventral (b, d) views. The remaining primary syntypes of unknown number and disposition thereby become paralectotypes. This is a "type by association" (Bell 1996; Pyron and Beamer 2020), as we infer that it is the ANSP specimen from Holbrook described by Hallowell (1858), sent by Hallowell from Philadelphia to the MNHN in Paris in December 1856. Grid is in cm.

FIGURE 8 in A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook's North American Herpetology

FIGURE 8. Lot (USNM 3981) containing the lectotype (larger specimen) of Salamandra granulata De Kay in Holbrook, 1842e, type locality "from the northern districts of New York," in dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views. This specimen was illustrated (Fig. 7) in both Holbrook (1842e) and De Kay (1842). The smaller specimen, part of the original lot and described by De Kay (1842), thereby becomes a paralectotype. Images adapted courtesy of the NMNH. Ruler is marked in cm.

FIGURE 2. A in A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook's North American Herpetology

FIGURE 2. A Holbrook specimen of Plethodon glutinosus sensu lato (MNHN-RA 0.4666), used as a primary syntype of Plethodon variolosum Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril, 1854 in dorsal (a), lateral (b), and ventral (c) views, here designated as the lectotype. The other syntypes thereby become paralectotypes, including MNHN-RA 0.4667 and MNHN-RA 2008.315 from Harlan, and others from Milbert. Images courtesy of A. Ohler, A. Fraysse, and the MNHN. No fixed scale-bar available

FIGURE 10 in A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook's North American Herpetology

FIGURE 10. Holbrook (1842e)'s illustration by J. Queen in (a) dorsal and (b) ventral views, and specimen ANSP 14001 (c; dorsal view) of Triton niger (Green, 1818). This specimen bears an erroneous locality of "Penns." in the ANSP catalog but is likely from the series that Holbrook notes he has collected in Georgia and "Carolina." Ruler is in mm.

FIGURE 1 in A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook's North American Herpetology

FIGURE 1. One of Holbrook's primary syntype specimens (ANSP 716) of Salamandra gutto-lineata Holbrook, 1838a in dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views, here designated as the lectotype. Consequently, ANSP 717 and the two other primary syntypes of unknown location and disposition (one of them a male with cirri) thereby become paralectotypes. Of these two missing paralectotypes, we cannot be certain if MNHN-RA 0.4668 is one of them. We were unable to match the handwriting on the label; it may be Cope, Fowler, Dunn, or another worker. Ruler is in mm.

FIGURE 9 in A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook's North American Herpetology

FIGURE 9. Lectotype (ANSP 490) of Salamandra quadridigitata Holbrook, 1842e, type locality in the vicinity of Charleston, S.C. The remaining primary syntypes, of unknown number and disposition, thereby become paralectotypes. This specimen was erroneously considered the holotype by Mittleman (1967), Malnate (1971), and Wray et al. (2017), who declared it destroyed and designated a neotype (UF 178833), which we reverse here. We were unable to match the handwriting on the label, but it appears modern and may be Malnate. Ruler is in mm.

FIGURE 7 in A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook's North American Herpetology

FIGURE 7. Illustration by (a) J. W. Hill (De Kay 1842e) and J. H. Richard (Holbrook 1842e) in dorsal (b) and ventral (c) views of the lectotype (USNM 3981) of Salamandra granulata De Kay in Holbrook, 1842e, type locality "from the northern districts of New York." This specimen is the larger of the two in the lot, which is still extant at the NMNH (Fig. 8).

FIGURE 4 in A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook's North American Herpetology

FIGURE 4. Illustrations of Salamandra maculo-quadrata Holbrook, 1840 by J. Queen (a, b) and J. H. Richard (c, d) from Holbrook (1842e), in dorsal (a, c) and ventral (b, d) views. Note the misnumbering on the first plate (b).

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

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Clinging ability is related to particular aspects of foot morphology in salamanders

The interaction between morphology, performance, and ecology has long been studied in order to explain variation in the natural world. Within arboreal salamanders, diversification in foot morphology and microhabitat use are thought to be linked by the impact of foot size and shape on clinging and climbing performance, resulting in an ability to access new habitats. We examine whether various foot shape metrics correlate with stationary cling performance and microhabitat to explicitly quantify this performance gradient across 14 species of salamander, including both arboreal and non-arboreal species. Clinging performance did not correlate with foot shape, as quantified by landmark-based geometric morphometrics, nor with microhabitat use. Mass-corrected foot centroid size and foot contact area, on the other hand, correlated positively with clinging performance on a smooth substrate. Interestingly, these foot variables correlated negatively with clinging performance on rough substrates, suggesting the use of multiple clinging mechanisms dependent upon the texture of the surface. These findings demonstrate that centroid size and foot contact area are more functionally relevant for clinging in salamanders than foot shape, suggesting that foot shape need not converge in order to achieve convergent performance. More broadly, our results provide an example of how the quantification of the performance gradient can provide the appropriate lens through which to understand the macroevolution of morphology and ecology.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

Data and code from Wang et al. "An evaluation of sexual dimorphism in head size and shape in Red Salamanders (Pseudotriton ruber)"

Data and code from Wang et al., "An evaluation of sexual dimorphism in head size and shape in Red Salamanders (Pseudotriton ruber)"

opennotspecifiedSep 2022View details →

FIGURE 5 in Allocation of Salamandra auriculata Holbrook, 1838, with a new species of swamp-dwelling dusky salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus) from the Atlantic Coastal Plain

FIGURE 5. Comparative specimen (AMNH A-193891/RAP2303) of Desmognathus valtos. Specimen is a large adult (62.4 mm SVL) showing the same diagnostic features as the holotype, with very prominent reddish or orangish wash or stripe on the dorsal surface and very indistinct margins on the tail.