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Fig. 5 in The ammonoids from the Gattendorfia Limestone of Oberrödinghausen (Early Carboniferous; Rhenish Mountains, Germany)
Fig. 5. Correlation of the ammonoid stratigraphy schemes of the Hangenberg Limestone and correlation to the conodont stratigraphy.
Fig. 3 in The ammonoids from the Gattendorfia Limestone of Oberrödinghausen (Early Carboniferous; Rhenish Mountains, Germany)
Fig. 3. The lithological succession of the Hangenberg Limestone in the Oberrödinghausen railway cutting section with the occurrence of the ammonoid species of the family Prionoceratidae Hyatt, 1884 and the ammonoid zonation.
Fig. 27 in The ammonoids from the Gattendorfia Limestone of Oberrödinghausen (Early Carboniferous; Rhenish Mountains, Germany)
Fig. 27. Kornia acia sp. nov. from the Oberrödinghausen railway cutting; holotype MB.C.31073.1 (Weyer 1993–1994 Coll.) from bed 5a2. Scale bar units = 1 mm.
Fig. 30 in The ammonoids from the Gattendorfia Limestone of Oberrödinghausen (Early Carboniferous; Rhenish Mountains, Germany)
Fig. 30. Stockumites kleinerae (Korn, 1984) from the Oberrödinghausen railway cutting. A. Cross section of specimen GPIT-PV-63879 from bed 5. B. Cross section of specimen MB.C.31075.1 from bed 5. C. Suture line of specimen GPIT-PV-64016 from bed 5, at ww = 10.5 mm. D. Growth line course of specimen GPIT-PV-64004 from bed 6, at dm = 23.0 mm, ww = 19.4 mm, wh = 12.8 mm.E –G. Ontogenetic development of the conch width index (ww/dm), umbilical width index (uw/dm), whorl width index (ww/wh) and whorl expansion rate (WER) of selected specimens. Scale bar units = 1 mm.
Fig. 42 in The ammonoids from the Gattendorfia Limestone of Oberrödinghausen (Early Carboniferous; Rhenish Mountains, Germany)
Fig. 42. Stockumites voehringeri sp. nov. from the Oberrödinghausen railway cutting; all Vöhringer Coll. A. Holotype GPIT-PV-63995 from unknown bed. B. Paratype GPIT-PV-63885 from bed 3b. C. Paratype GPIT-PV-64005 from bed 2. D. Paratype GPIT-PV-63850 from bed 3e. Scale bar units = 1 mm.
Fig. 35 in The ammonoids from the Gattendorfia Limestone of Oberrödinghausen (Early Carboniferous; Rhenish Mountains, Germany)
Fig. 35. Stockumites parallelus sp. nov. from the Oberrödinghausen railway cutting and the Oese section. A. Paratype MB.C.31087 (Weyer 1993–1994 Coll.) from bed 6b of Oberrödinghausen; dorsal reconstruction and lateral view. B. Cross section of paratype GPIT-PV-63890 from bed 5 of Oberrödinghausen. C. Cross section of paratype SMF 43081 (Korn 1982 Coll.) from the Stockum Limestone at Stockum (from Korn 1984). D. Cross section of paratype MB.C.5292 from the lower part of the Hangenberg Limestone at Oese (from Korn & Weyer 2003). E–G. Ontogenetic development of the conch width index (ww/dm), umbilical width index (uw/dm), whorl width index (ww/wh) and whorl expansion rate (WER) of selected specimens (grey = specimens from the type locality Stockum). Scale bar units = 1 mm.
Fig. 22. Paragattendorfia sphaeroides Weyer, 1972 in The ammonoids from the Gattendorfia Limestone of Oberrödinghausen (Early Carboniferous; Rhenish Mountains, Germany)
Fig. 22. Paragattendorfia sphaeroides Weyer, 1972, from the Oberrödinghausen railway cutting, (Vöhringer Coll.), holotype GPIT-PV-63909 from bed 3c. Scale bar units = 1 mm.
Fig. 14 in The ammonoids from the Gattendorfia Limestone of Oberrödinghausen (Early Carboniferous; Rhenish Mountains, Germany)
Fig. 14. Mimimitoceras perditum sp. nov. from the Oberrödinghausen railway cutting, all Vöhringer Coll. A. Cross section of paratype MB.C.31054.1 from an unknown bed. B. Cross section of paratype MB.C.31052.1 from bed 2. C. Cross section of paratype MB.C.31052.2 from bed 2. D. Cross section of paratype MB.C.31054.2 from an unknown bed. E. Cross section of paratype MB.C.31052.3 from bed 2. F. Suture line of paratype GPIT-PV-64013 from bed 1, at dm = 25.0 mm, ww = 16.5 mm, wh = 13.0 mm. G. Growth line course of paratype GPIT-PV-63862 from bed 5, at ww = 26.0 mm, wh = 25.5 mm. H–J. Ontogenetic development of the conch width index (ww/dm), umbilical width index (uw/dm), whorl width index (ww/wh) and whorl expansion rate (WER) of selected specimens. Scale bar units = 1 mm.
Fig. 17. Mimimitoceras hoennense Korn, 1994 in The ammonoids from the Gattendorfia Limestone of Oberrödinghausen (Early Carboniferous; Rhenish Mountains, Germany)
Fig. 17. Mimimitoceras hoennense Korn, 1994 from the Oberrödinghausen railway cutting, all Vöhringer Coll. A. Cross section of paratype GPIT-PV-63867 from bed 3d. B. Suture line of paratype GPIT-PV-63866 from bed 4, at ww = 13.5 mm, wh = 12.0 mm. C. Growth line course of specimen GPIT- PV-63884 from bed 5, at dm = 28.5 mm, ww ~ 15.0 mm, wh = 14.6 mm. D–F. Ontogenetic development of the conch width index (ww/dm), umbilical width index (uw/dm), whorl width index (ww/wh) and whorl expansion rate (WER) of selected specimens. Scale bar units= 1 mm.
Fig. 29 in The ammonoids from the Gattendorfia Limestone of Oberrödinghausen (Early Carboniferous; Rhenish Mountains, Germany)
Fig. 29. Stockumites kleinerae (Korn, 1984) from the Oberrödinghausen railway cutting, both Vöhringer Coll. A. Specimen GPIT-PV-63880 from bed 5. B. Specimen GPIT-PV-64004 from bed 6. Scale bar units = 1 mm.
Fig. 16. Mimimitoceras hoennense Korn, 1993 in The ammonoids from the Gattendorfia Limestone of Oberrödinghausen (Early Carboniferous; Rhenish Mountains, Germany)
Fig. 16. Mimimitoceras hoennense Korn, 1993 from the Oberrödinghausen railway cutting, both Vöhringer Coll. A. Holotype GPIT-PV-63884 from bed 2. B. Paratype GPIT-PV-63866 from bed 2. Scale bar units = 1 mm.
Fig. 34 in The ammonoids from the Gattendorfia Limestone of Oberrödinghausen (Early Carboniferous; Rhenish Mountains, Germany)
Fig. 34. Stockumites intermedius (Schindewolf, 1923) from bed 5 of the Oberrödinghausen railway cutting. A. Cross section of specimen MB.C.31078.3 (Vöhringer Coll.). B. Cross section of specimen MB.C.31080.1 (Weyer 1993–1994 Coll.) from bed 5a2. C. Cross section of specimen GPIT-PV-64000 (Vöhringer Coll.). D. Cross section of specimen MB.C.31078.4 (Vöhringer Coll.) from bed 5. E. Cross section of specimen GPIT-PV-63860 (Vöhringer Coll.). Scale bar units = 1 mm.
Fig. 20 in The ammonoids from the Gattendorfia Limestone of Oberrödinghausen (Early Carboniferous; Rhenish Mountains, Germany)
Fig. 20. Paragattendorfia patens (Vöhringer, 1960) from the Oberrödinghausen railway cutting. A. Holotype GPIT-PV-63912 (Vöhringer Coll.) from bed 2. B. Paratype GPIT-PV-63914 (Vöhringer Coll.) from bed 2. C. Specimen MB.C.31067 (Weyer 1993–1994 Coll.) from bed 3d2. Scale bar units = 1 mm.
Fig. 1 in The ammonoids from the Gattendorfia Limestone of Oberrödinghausen (Early Carboniferous; Rhenish Mountains, Germany)
Fig. 1. The geographic position of the Oberrödinghausen railway cutting section and other Devonian–Carboniferous boundary sections at the northern margin of the Rhenish Mountains east of the Rhine. Abbreviations: APR = Apricke; DRE = Drewer; EFF = Effenberg; HAS = Hasselbachtal; KAT = Kattensiepen; MÜS = Müssenberg; OES = Oese; O-R = Oberrödinghausen; STO = Stockum; WOC = Wocklum.
Fig. 19 in The ammonoids from the Gattendorfia Limestone of Oberrödinghausen (Early Carboniferous; Rhenish Mountains, Germany)
Fig. 19. Globimitoceras globiforme (Vöhringer, 1960) from the Oberrödinghausen railway cutting. A. Cross section of paratype GPIT-PV-63923 from bed 2. B. Cross section of paratype GPIT-PV-63934 from bed 3e. C. Suture line of holotype GPIT-PV-63925 from bed 2, at ww = 20.5 mm, wh = 9.4 mm. D. Constriction course of specimen MB.C.31061, at dm = 32.5 mm, ww = 30.0 mm, wh =18.5 mm. E–G. Ontogenetic development of the conch width index (ww/dm), umbilical width index (uw/ dm), whorl width index (ww/wh) and whorl expansion rate (WER) of selected specimens. Scale bar units = 1 mm.
Fig. 5 in The origin of ammonoid locomotion
Fig. 5. Changes in the orientation of the aperture of the adult conchs of ten representative Early and Middle Devonian ammonoids and Recent Nautilus through phylogeny (Erbenoceras, Mimosphinctes, Convoluticeras, Mimagoniatites, Agoniatites, Ponticeras, Cabrieroceras, Holzapfeloceras, Pharciceras). The two graphs on the left are based on diagrams figured by Saunders and Shapiro (1985) and Okamoto (1996). Comments on the modifications of these graphs are given in Klug (2001) and Korn and Klug (2003). Shell thickness is impossible to determine in most Early and Middle Devonian ammonoids and thus the lines of correlation between WER, BCL, and OA are printed as broad lines in the graphs. Note the shift of the orientation of the aperture from oblique to more or less horizontal in the agoniatitid, anarcestid, and tornoceratid lineages. In the agoniatitid lineage (E, F), the horizontal position was achieved by an increase in whorl expansion rate (relatively short body chambers) compared to A and B. In the anarcestid lineage (G, I, K), the body chamber lengths first increased in the progress of evolution and subsequently decreased again, leading to moderate body chamber lengths (K, H) and consequently more or less horizontal apertures. The positions of Erbenoceras (A) and Mimosphinctes (B) are shown in grey because in their cases, the orientation of the aperture does not correlate with the body chamber length and thus whorl expansion rate, as it is the case for advolute, evolute, and involute species.
Fig. 2 in The origin of ammonoid locomotion
Fig. 2. Phylogenetic change in orientation of the conchs and swimming velocity of Bactritida and primitive Ammonoidea. Outlines of the conchs of one bactritid and nine ammonoids from the Early and Middle Devonian with body chamber lengths (BCL), orientation of the aperture (OA), and relative swimming speed. Centre of gravity is indicated by a cross and the centre of buoyancy by a circle (for further explanations see Fig. 1).
Fig. 1 in The origin of ammonoid locomotion
Fig. 1. Forces operating on ammonoids during swimming, parameters, and terminology. A. Forces operating on ammonoids during swimming (modified from Jacobs and Chamberlain 1996). The thrust force produced by the jet which is expelled by the hyponome acts on the centre of gravity. This causes an oblique downward momentum which is opposed by the restorative moment (resulting from buoyancy and gravity) and the drag. At relatively high velocities, this might result in a fairly stable horizontal movement in some derived ammonoids. B. Angles of the body chamber length and of the orientation of the aperture. C. Terminology.
Geographic and temporal morphological stasis in the latest Cretaceous ammonoid Discoscaphites iris from the U.S. Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plains
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Did shell-crushing predators drive the evolution of ammonoid septal shape?
<p class="AbstractSummary">For centuries, paleontologists have sought functional explanations for the uniquely complex internal walls (septa) of ammonoids, extinct shelled cephalopods. Ammonoid septa developed increasingly complex fractal margins, unlike any modern shell morphologies, throughout more than 300 million years of evolution. Some have suggested these morphologies provided increased resistance to shell-crushing predators. We perform the first physical compression experiments on model ammonoid septa using controlled, theoretical morphologies generated by computer-aided design and 3D printing. These biomechanical experiments reveal that increasing complexity of septal margins does not increase compression resistance. Our results raise the question of whether the evolution of septal shape may be tied closely to the placement of the siphuncle foramen (anatomic septal hole). Our tests demonstrate weakness in the centers of uniformly thick septa, supporting work suggesting reinforcement by shell-thickening at the center of septa. These experiments highlight the importance of 3D reconstruction using idealized theoretical morphologies that permit the testing of long-held hypotheses of functional evolutionary drivers by recreating extinct morphologies once rendered physically untestable by the fossil record.</p>
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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