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Data from: Speciation with gene flow in whiptail lizards from a Neotropical xeric biome
Two main hypotheses have been proposed to explain the diversification of the Caatinga biota. The riverine barrier hypothesis (RBH) claims that the São Francisco River (SFR) is a major biogeographic barrier to gene flow. The Pleistocene climatic fluctuation hypothesis (PCH) states that gene flow, geographic genetic structure, and demographic signatures on endemic Caatinga taxa were influenced by Quaternary climate fluctuation cycles. Herein we analyze genetic diversity and structure, phylogeographic history, and diversification of a widespread Caatinga lizard (Cnemidophorus ocellifer) based on large geographical sampling for multiple loci to test the predictions derived from the RBH and PCH. We inferred two well-delimited lineages (Northeast and Southwest) that have diverged along the Cerrado-Caatinga border during the Mid-Late Miocene (6–14 Ma) despite the presence of gene flow. We reject both major hypotheses proposed to explain diversification in the Caatinga. Surprisingly, our results revealed a striking complex diversification pattern where the Northeast lineage originated as a founder effect from a few individuals located along the edge of the Southwest lineage that eventually expanded throughout the Caatinga. The Southwest lineage is more diverse, older, and associated to the Cerrado-Caatinga boundaries. Finally, we suggest that C. ocellifer from the Caatinga is composed of two distinct species. Our data support speciation in the presence of gene flow and highlight the role of environmental gradients in the diversification process.
Distribution. NE & SE Brazil, cerrado biome of Bahia and Minas Geraisstates. in Phyllostomidae
Distribution. NE & SE Brazil, cerrado biome of Bahia and Minas Geraisstates.
Distribution. Upper and Lower Karoo of the Nama Karoo biome, South Africa. in Macroscelididae
Distribution. Upper and Lower Karoo of the Nama Karoo biome, South Africa.
Text-fig. 9. a–e: Carya aff. minor. a: Terminal leaflet, Oriolo MSF 755. b: Oriolo MSF 755. c: Oriolo MSF 766. d: Oriolo MSF 768. e: Oriolo MSF 635. f, g: Pterocarya aff. fraxinifolia. f: Fruit, Oriolo MSF 632. g: Leaflet, Oriolo MSF 632a. h–j: Alnus aff. glutinosa subsp. barbata. h: Oriolo MSF 852. i: Oriolo MSF 850. j: Seed cone, Oriolo MSF 987. k–o: Corylus aff. avellana. k: Leaf, Oriolo MSF 841. l: Fruit, Oriolo MSF 1001. m: Fruit, Oriolo MSF 1022. n: Fruit, Oriolo MSF 1003. o: Fruit, Oriolo MSF 1022. Scale bars 50 mm (a–e, g–i), 10 mm (f, j–o). in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome
Text-fig. 9. a–e: Carya aff. minor. a: Terminal leaflet, Oriolo MSF 755. b: Oriolo MSF 755. c: Oriolo MSF 766. d: Oriolo MSF 768. e: Oriolo MSF 635. f, g: Pterocarya aff. fraxinifolia. f: Fruit, Oriolo MSF 632. g: Leaflet, Oriolo MSF 632a. h–j: Alnus aff. glutinosa subsp. barbata. h: Oriolo MSF 852. i: Oriolo MSF 850. j: Seed cone, Oriolo MSF 987. k–o: Corylus aff. avellana. k: Leaf, Oriolo MSF 841. l: Fruit, Oriolo MSF 1001. m: Fruit, Oriolo MSF 1022. n: Fruit, Oriolo MSF 1003. o: Fruit, Oriolo MSF 1022. Scale bars 50 mm (a–e, g–i), 10 mm (f, j–o).
Figures 4-5 from: Gomez-Mesa L, Pereira-Ribeiro J, Colombo Ferreguetti Á, Almeida-Santos M, Bergallo HG, Rocha CFD (2017) Ecological and reproductive aspects of Aparasphenodon brunoi (Anura: Hylidae) in an ombrophilous forest area of the Atlantic Rainforest Biome, Brazil. Zoologia 34: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e20477
Figures 4-5 - Activity and microhabitat use of Aparasphenodon brunoi: (4) Number of individuals of A. brunoi (N = 77) recorded between 11:00 am and 11:00 pm in transects in the Vale Natural Reserve (VNR), municipality of Linhares, Espírito Santo, Southeastern Brazil). (5) Use of natural microhabitats by individuals of A. brunoi (N = 51) in the VNR. (H) On herbaceous plant, (TF) on a fallen tree trunk, (L) on liana, (TT) on a tree trunk, (TR) on a tree root, (PL) on a palm leaf, or in a (HTT) hollow in a tree trunk.
Figures 2-3 from: Gomez-Mesa L, Pereira-Ribeiro J, Colombo Ferreguetti Á, Almeida-Santos M, Bergallo HG, Rocha CFD (2017) Ecological and reproductive aspects of Aparasphenodon brunoi (Anura: Hylidae) in an ombrophilous forest area of the Atlantic Rainforest Biome, Brazil. Zoologia 34: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e20477
Figures 2-3 - Results of Multiple Regression Analysis between (2) the accumulated rainfall of the sampling period in each month (June 2015 – July 2016) and (3) temperature with corresponding density of active individuals of Aparasphenodon brunoi in the Vale Natural Reserve, municipality of Linhares, Espírito Santo, Southeastern Brazil (Density = -15.156+0.115*Rainfall+0.636*Temperature).
Figure 1 from: Gomez-Mesa L, Pereira-Ribeiro J, Colombo Ferreguetti Á, Almeida-Santos M, Bergallo HG, Rocha CFD (2017) Ecological and reproductive aspects of Aparasphenodon brunoi (Anura: Hylidae) in an ombrophilous forest area of the Atlantic Rainforest Biome, Brazil. Zoologia 34: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e20477
Figure 1 - Location of the Vale Natural Reserve, north of Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil, showing the vegetation types present in the reserve and the location of the plots (black squares) and collection sites of individuals for diet analysis and reproductive aspects (stars).
Fig. 2 in Repellency and bioactivity of Caatinga biome plant powders against Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae)
Fig. 2. Percentage of Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) that moved toward bean seeds untreated and treated with leaf (A) and stem (B) powders. An asterisk by a bar indicates a significant difference in repellency between leaf powder–treated and untreated bean seeds (binomial test, P <0.01). The following plant species were tested:Amburana cearensis ("cumaru"), Croton sonderianus ("marmeleiro"), Cleome spinosa ("mussambê"), Mimosa tenuiflora ("jurema-preta"), Anadenanthera macrocarpa ("angico-vermelho"), Aspidosperma pyrifolium ("pereiro"), Senna occidentalis ("manjerioba"), Hyptis suaveolens ("alfazema-brava"), and Ziziphus joazeiro ("juazeiro").
Figure 1 from: Knapp S, Särkinen T (2018) A new black nightshade (Morelloid clade, Solanum, Solanaceae) from the caatinga biome of north-eastern Brazil with a key to Brazilian morelloids. PhytoKeys 108: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.108.27254
Figure 1 Photograph of the holotype of Solanumcaatingae (Harley et al. 19125, RB). Image courtesy of the Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro (JBRJ).
Figure 2 from: Knapp S, Särkinen T (2018) A new black nightshade (Morelloid clade, Solanum, Solanaceae) from the caatinga biome of north-eastern Brazil with a key to Brazilian morelloids. PhytoKeys 108: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.108.27254
Figure 2 Distribution of Solanumcaatingae. Hatched area indicates the Caatinga Biogeographic Domain (sensu IBGE 2004).
Figure 3. Bayesian dating tree inference performed with cytochrome b in PhylOgeOgraphy and pOtential distributiOn OF Sturnira lilium and S. giannae (ChirOptera: PhyllOstOmidae) With range eXtensiOn FOr S. giannae in the CerradO and Pantanal biOmes
Figure 3. Bayesian dating tree inference performed with cytochrome b gene for Sturnira. Numbers are the nodes ages and values of posterior probability are represented by circles in black (pp ≥ 0.9) and white (pp ≥ 0.8 <0.9). See the list of haplotypes in Table S1 and Fig. S1.
Figure 5 in PhylOgeOgraphy and pOtential distributiOn OF Sturnira lilium and S. giannae (ChirOptera: PhyllOstOmidae) With range eXtensiOn FOr S. giannae in the CerradO and Pantanal biOmes
Figure 5. Maps of South America with the potential distribution (between years 1970–2000) of S. giannae and S. lilium. Unsuitable (0 – MTP value), moderate suitability (MTP value – 0.50), high suitability (0.50–0.75), and very high suitability (0.75–1.00).
Figure 1 in PhylOgeOgraphy and pOtential distributiOn OF Sturnira lilium and S. giannae (ChirOptera: PhyllOstOmidae) With range eXtensiOn FOr S. giannae in the CerradO and Pantanal biOmes
Figure 1. Skull of Sturnira lilium (MN 82216) showing the (A) dorsal view, (B) ventral view, (C) lateral view, and (D) the mandible in lateral view, with the measurements used in this study.
Fig. 1 in Population analysis of white grubs (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) throughout the Brazilian Pampa biome
Fig. 1. Population density of white grubs (mean ± SE) in natural grassland and cultivated areas in the Brazilian Pampa. Pairs of columns with the same letters do not differ significantly by bootstrap t-test (p ≤ 0.05).
Fig. 5 in Houseflies speaking for the conservation of natural areas: a broad sampling of Muscidae (Diptera) on coastal plains of the Pampa biome, Southern Brazil
Fig. 5. Graphical representation of proportional richness (a) and abundance (b) by the guild in the five regions of Coastal Plain of Pampa Biome (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). SS, saprophagous larvae and saprophagic/hematophagous adults; SPS, facultative predators/parasitic larvae and saprophagous adults; OS, predatory larvae and saprophagous adults; PP, predatory larvae and adults.
Fig. 3. Nhambikuara mima comb. nov. A in Before it is too late: description of a new genus and species of butterfly from a highly threatened Brazilian biome
Fig. 3. Nhambikuara mima comb. nov. A – male, dorsal (DZ 35.877); B – male, ventral; C – female, dorsal (DZ 34.823); D – female, ventral.
Fig. 1 in Before it is too late: description of a new genus and species of butterfly from a highly threatened Brazilian biome
Fig. 1. Nhambikuara cerradensis gen. et sp. nov. A – holotype male, dorsal; B – holotype male, ventral; C – allotype female, dorsal; D – allotype female, ventral.
Fig. 7 in Before it is too late: description of a new genus and species of butterfly from a highly threatened Brazilian biome
Fig. 7. Maximum likelihood consensus tree showing the phylogenetic relationships among species of Nhambikuara gen. nov. and exemplar species of Splendeuptychia. Numbers above branches are bootstrap values.
Fig. 3 in Distribution, habitat use and plant associations of Moluchia brevipennis (Saussure, 1864) (Blattodea: Ectobiidae): an endemic cockroach from Chilean Mediterranean Matorral biome
Fig. 3. (A) Diagram of male M. brevipennis without left forewing, dorsal view. Abbreviations: PrN, Pronotum; MsN, Mesonotum; MtN, Metanotum; HW, Hind Wing; FW, Fore Wing; TeS, Tergal specialization; PtP, Proximal tergal pubescence; T2–T9, Tergites; SaP, Supra-anal plate; Cr, Cercus; SgP, Subgenital plate; St, Style. (B) Nymphs photographs; Blatta orientalis (left side) and Moluchia brevipennis (right side), scale bar correspond 1 cm. (C) Schematic drawing of nymphs tenth tergite left side drawing correspond to B. orientalis meanwhile right side to M. brevipennis.
Fig. 4 in Distribution, habitat use and plant associations of Moluchia brevipennis (Saussure, 1864) (Blattodea: Ectobiidae): an endemic cockroach from Chilean Mediterranean Matorral biome
Fig. 4. Maximum likelihood genera phylogenetic reconstruction within Blattodea family, excluding Termitidae, based on the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI). Numbers indicate branch support based on 1000 bootstrap replicates.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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