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Fig. 1. A in Parasitism of Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) by Paratelenomus saccharalis (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) in organic soybean plots in Georgia, USA

Fig. 1. A) Density of Megacopta cribraria egg masses (mean ± SE) in organic soybean in 2013. Means with the same lowercase letter are not significantly different between treatments per week, and means with the same uppercase letter are not significantly different among weeks per treatment (Tukey's HSD test, P> 0.05). B) Percentage of parasitism (mean ± SE) of M. cribraria egg masses by Paratelenomus saccharalis over time in organic soybean in 2013. Means with the same uppercase letter are not significantly different (Tukey's HSD test, P> 0.05).

Fig. 2. Multiplex PCR gel showing the 716 in Molecular diagnostics of the honey bee parasites Lotmaria passim and Crithidia spp. (Trypanosomatidae) using multiplex PCR

Fig. 2. Multiplex PCR gel showing the 716 to 724 bp amplicon for Lotmaria passim and Crithidia species, the L. passim specific 499 bp amplicon, and the Crithidia specific 245 bp amplicon.

Fig. 1 in Molecular diagnostics of the honey bee parasites Lotmaria passim and Crithidia spp. (Trypanosomatidae) using multiplex PCR

Fig. 1. Bayesian molecular phylogenetic tree showing relationship of 2 Hawaiian Lotmaria passim positive samples relative to other trypanosomes from Gen- Bank for a 608 bp region of the rDNA SSU gene.

Fig. 2. Type II in Effect of temperature on functional response of Aphidius gifuensis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitizing Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Fig. 2. Type II functional response curves fitted by Roger's random parasitoid equation (RRPE) of Aphidius gifuensis against Myzus persicae at various temperatures.

Fig. 1. Type II in Effect of temperature on functional response of Aphidius gifuensis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitizing Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Fig. 1. Type II functional response curves fitted by Holling's disc equation (HDE) of Aphidius gifuensis against Myzus persicae at various temperatures.

Fig. 6 in Tracking transparent monogenean parasites on fish from infection to maturity

Fig. 6. Mean parasite counts of Neobenedenia sp. infecting the head (A), body (B) and fins (C) of Lates calcarifer over time. 'a', 'b' and 'c' = differences between pairs of means determined using Tukey's HSD test.

Fig. 4 in Tracking transparent monogenean parasites on fish from infection to maturity

Fig. 4. Neobenedenia sp. mean infection success on Lates calcarifer over time. 'a', 'b' and 'c' = differences between pairs of means determined using Tukey's HSD test, p <0.05.

Fig. 5 in Tracking transparent monogenean parasites on fish from infection to maturity

Fig. 5. Neobenedenia sp. distribution on the body surface of Lates calcarifer over time. A kernel spatial point analysis was used to estimate the number of parasites/unit of measure2. Dhat values show the rank of the data within 99 simulations of randomly distributed points. Complete spatial randomness is rejected with values between 90 and 100.

Fig. 3 in Tracking transparent monogenean parasites on fish from infection to maturity

Fig. 3. Live fluorescent Neobenedenia sp. attached to Lates calcarifer over time. Parasites observed attached to fish following 15 min (A), 30 min (B), 2 h (C), 48 h (D), 96 h (E) and 16 d (F) post-infection. Arrow shows the haptor of Neobenedenia sp. A slightly higher exposure was used when photographing parasites at 16 days post-infection to account for faded fluorescence. Scale bar = 100 Mm.

Fig. 1 in Tracking transparent monogenean parasites on fish from infection to maturity

Fig. 1. Lates calcarifer microhabitat terminology (A) and body surface regions (B) used for statistical analysis. af = anal fin; cf = caudal fin; cp = caudal peduncle; dhf = dorsal hard fin; dsf = dorsal soft fin; e = eye; h = head; m = mandible; mb = middle body; op = operculum; plf = pelvic fin; ptf = pectoral fin; ub = upper body; vb = ventral body. B = body; F = fins; H = head. Terminology is based on Helfman et al. (2009) and Roberts and Ellis (2012).

Fig. 2 in Tracking transparent monogenean parasites on fish from infection to maturity

Fig. 2. Live fluorescent Neobenedenia sp. juveniles attached beneath the scales of Lates calcarifer (A, B) and attached to the surface of the fish scales (C). Parasites are 1 h old (A, B) and 2 h old (C). Scale bar = 100 Mm.

Fig. 10 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 10. Comparisons of inflammatory cells recruited to inflammatory foci in cane toads, Rhinella marina (a) and native frogs, Cyclorana australis (b). Each anuran species was exposed to infective larvae of Rhabdias hylae (white bars) and Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala (grey bars). Graphs show average values ± 1 S.E.M.

Fig. 7 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 7. Histological investigation of lungworm infection in anurans. Graphs show the proportion of (a) metamorph native frogs (Cyclorana australis) and (b) metamorph cane toads (Rhinella marina) infected with lungworms, not infected with lungworms, or with inflammatory 'foci' (probable cases of a lungworm larva penetrating the anuran's body but failing to survive).

Fig. 2 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 2. The distribution of lungworm larvae in cane toad metamorphs. (a) Toad metamorphs infected with Rhabdias hylae (native frog lungworm) and (b) toad metamorphs infected with Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala (cane toad lungworm). Data in panel (b) are from Pizzatto et al. (2010), with permission. LUNG refers to adult lungworms found within the lung, SKIN/MUSCLE refers to larvae found in the skeletal muscle or subcutaneous tissue, HEAD refers to larvae detected in the head or neck region (excluding those found in eye tissue), EYE indicates larvae found in the eye or periocular tissue, and COELOM denotes larvae within the coelom or coelomic membranes.

Fig. 1. Histological image depicting a in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 1. Histological image depicting a transverse section of (a) R. hylae larva in the connective tissue of the head of a cane toad and (b) the inflammatory response composed primarily of macrophages and multinucleated giant cells surrounding the parasite. Haematoxylin and eosin stain, 400× magnification, scale bar equals 30 μm.

Fig. 4 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 4. Effect of time since exposure to Rhabdias hylae larvae on cane toad metamorphs: (a) shows the number of larvae found in toads and (b) shows the number of foci (areas of inflammation with no visible larvae) in toads, as determined by histological methods.

Fig. 9 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 9. Change in the average number of inflammatory foci (probable cases of larval parasites breaking down) observed in all anurans over time. Graph shows average values ± 1 S.E.M.

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Fig. 4 in Occurrence and seasonality of internal parasite infection in elephants, Loxodonta africana, in the Okavango Delta, Botswana

Fig. 4. The prevalence of fluke (= trematode) eggs in wild elephants of different ages, using sedimentation of FP-samples (formalin-preserved faecal samples).

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Fig. 2 in Occurrence and seasonality of internal parasite infection in elephants, Loxodonta africana, in the Okavango Delta, Botswana

Fig. 2. Nematode egg densities found in UP-samples (unpreserved, immediately analysed faecal samples) from wild elephants, categorised into two group types. Group 1 consists of groups with all female elephants and/or male elephants under the age of 15 years, and Group 2 consists of male elephants aged 15 years or more. Error bars show the standard deviation. EPG = eggs per gram of faeces.

Fig. 6 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 6. Effects of Rhabdias hylae infection on cane toad metamorphs: (a) the average percentage of neutrophils and (b) lymphocytes around inflammation sites over time in cane toads infected with Rhabdias hylae. Graphs show average values ±1 S.E.M.