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Data from: Colonization and extinction dynamics among the plant species at tree bases in Paris (France)
1. In cities, trees growing along streets could play an important ecological role for spontaneous plants that grow at their bases. For example, these trees could represent corridors that allow species to move in the urban matrix by potentially connecting large green spaces (e.g., parks, gardens, etc.) We considered sets of urban trees in 15 streets as metapopulations for 15 plant species. Our objective was to determine the factors influencing the dynamics of colonization and extinction of populations based on the distance of the streets from green spaces and the biological traits of each species. 2. The species in 1,324 tree bases of the Bercy district of Paris were surveyed annually from 2009 to 2015. For each species and each street, we used SPOMSIM software to identify the best-fit metapopulation model: the propagule rain model (PRM), Levins model (LM), and the PRM and LM with a fixed extinction or a rescue effect. 3. The results demonstrated that the species more often conformed to the PRM in streets near green spaces, which suggested that green spaces could act as the sources for the populations in those streets. Species with seeds with long-term persistence more often conformed to the PRM, indicating that a soil seed bank helps species invade entire streets. Finally, a higher percentage of species with a short height conformed to models with a rescue effect, which indicated that those species resisted the effects of weeding by the city technical services more often than taller species. 4. Synthesis and applications. This study showed how the biological traits of species and the geography of the district determine the dynamics of the plants in the streets, and the results may provide important information for biodiversity management in cities.
Fig. 1 in New Extinct Carp Fish Species (Teleostei, Cyprinidae) From The Late Neogene Of Southeastern Europe
Fig. 1. Type localities: Odesa Pontian Lectostratotype (Ukraine), Priozernoe (Republic of Moldova).
Figure 4 from: Costa WJEM (2019) Description of a new species of cynopoeciline killifish (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheilidae), possibly extinct, from the Atlantic Forest of south-eastern Brazil. ZooKeys 867: 73-85. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.867.34034
Figure 4 Habitat of L.sanguineus sp. nov. in 1988.
Figure 1 from: Costa WJEM (2019) Description of a new species of cynopoeciline killifish (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheilidae), possibly extinct, from the Atlantic Forest of south-eastern Brazil. ZooKeys 867: 73-85. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.867.34034
Figure 1 Leptopanchaxsanguineus sp. nov., MNRJ 51331, holotype, male, 20.9 mm SL. Scale bar: 5 mm.
Data from: Island biodiversity in peril: anticipating a loss of mammals' functional diversity with future species extinctions
<p>Islands are biodiversity hotspots that host unique assemblages. However, a substantial proportion of island species are threatened and their long-term survival is uncertain. Identifying and preserving vulnerable species has become a priority, but it is also essential to combine this information with other facets of biodiversity like functional diversity, to understand how future extinctions might affect ecosystem stability and functioning. Focusing on mammals, we (i) assessed how much functional space would be lost if threatened species go extinct, (ii) determined the minimum number of extinctions which would cause a significant functional loss, (iii) identified the characteristics (e.g., biotic, climatic, geographic, or orographic) of the islands most vulnerable to future changes in the functional space, and (iv) quantified how much of that potential functional loss would be offset by introduced species. Using trait information for 1,474 mammal species occurring in 318 islands worldwide, we built trait probability density functions to quantify changes in functional richness and functional redundancy in each island if the mammals categorized by IUCN as threatened disappeared. We found that the extinction of threatened mammals would reduce the functional space in 63% of the assessed islands, although these extinctions in general would cause a reduction of less than 15% of their overall functional space. Also, on most islands, the extinction of just a few species would be sufficient to cause a significant loss of functional diversity. The potential functional loss would be higher on small, isolated and/or species rich islands and, in general, the functional space lost would not be offset by introduced species. Our results show that the preservation of native species and their ecological roles remains crucial for maintaining the current functioning of island ecosystems. Therefore, conservation measures considering functional diversity are imperative to safeguard the unique functional roles of threatened mammal species on islands.</p> <p><strong>Datasets and R scripts provided: </strong></p> <p><strong>1. Mammals_occurrence_islands.xlxs</strong> - Matrix of presence/absence of mammals species (columns) per island (rows) and bibliographic sources from which the information has been extracted. Islands are grouped according to the zoogeographical regions proposed by Holt el al. (2013).</p> <p><strong>2. Traits_matrix.csv</strong> – Matrix of species functional traits included in this study and the bibliographic sources of this information. Note that trait values are scaled and centered and that some of them have been imputed (see Methods section of the original manuscript).</p> <p><strong>3.</strong> <strong>Functional_space_analysis.R</strong> – script to:</p> <p>· Build the functional space of islands</p> <p>· Calculate observed functional richness and functional redundancy</p> <p>· Calculate functional richness and functional redundancy after simulating the extinction of threatened species</p> <p>· Calculate the functional space offset by introduced species </p> <p><strong>4. mixed_models_islands.R</strong> - R script to perform the linear mixed models to explore whether islands with higher values of predicted functional diversity loss due to threatened species extinction share some characteristics.</p> <p><strong>5. data_models_islands.csv </strong>- Dataset used to perform the models. For each island the following information is provided:</p> <ul> <ul> <li>Island ID (ID)</li> <li>Number of species (SppRich)</li> <li>Number of threatened species (Thre_sp)</li> <li>Functional richness (Island_FRic)</li> <li>Functional redundancy (Island_Red)</li> <li>Functional richness standard effect size (SES_FRic)</li> <li>Functional redundancy standard effect size (SES_FRed)</li> <li>Island group (Archipielago)</li> <li>Island past connectivity (Type)</li> <li>Percentage of protected area coverage (protected_percentageI_VI)</li> <li>Distance to the nearest continent (dContinent_km)</li> <li>Mean annual temperature (Anntemp_promedio)</li> <li>Mean annual precipitation (Annprec_promedio)</li> <li>Island area (Area_km2)</li> <li>Maximum elevation (Elev_max)</li> <li>Species richness (SR)</li> <li>Mean human footprint (Human_foot)</li> <li>Distance to the nearest larger landmass (distance_biggerLandmass)</li> </ul> </ul> <p>Island area, distance to the nearest continent and distance to the nearest larger landmass were calculated with ArcMap (ESRI, 2019) and the ‘terra 1.7-71’ R package (Hijmans, 2023), using the shapefile of the world’s islands available in Martin et al. (2022). Distance to the nearest mainland and to the nearest larger landmass were calculated as the shortest distance between coastlines (Weigelt & Kreft, 2013). Maximum elevation of each island was extracted from the Global Bathymetry and Elevation Database (Becker et al., 2009). We also used this database to access the bathymetry around the continents and islands and determine whether an island was connected to the mainland during the Last Glacial Maximum (about 20,000 years ago), assuming a sea level of 122 m below the present level (glacial maximum mainland connection; Weigelt, Jetz and Kreft, 2013). Averaged values of annual temperature and annual precipitation for each island were calculated using the climatic variables available in the CHELSA 2.1 database (Karger et al., 2018) at a resolution of 30 arc seconds. To calculate the percentage of protected area on each island, we gathered the protected surface’s shapefile from The World Database on Protected Areas (UNEP-WCMC & IUCN, 2022). Finally, we used the mean human footprint index from Human Footprint maps (see Venter et al., 2018).</p> <p><strong>References</strong></p> <p>Becker, J. J., Sandwell, D. T., Smith, W. H. F., Braud, J., Binder, B., Depner, J., Fabre, D., Factor, J., Ingalls, S., Kim, S.-H., Ladner, R., Marks, K., Nelson, S., Pharaoh, A., Trimmer, R., Von Rosenberg, J., Wallace, G., & Weatherall, P. (2009). Global bathymetry and elevation data at 30 arc seconds resolution: SRTM30_PLUS. <em>Marine Geodesy</em>, 32(4), 355–371. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/01490410903297766">https://doi.org/10.1080/01490410903297766</a></p> <p>ESRI (2019). <em>ArcGis for Desktop</em>. Retrieved from https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/</p> <p>Hijmans, R. (2023). terra: Spatial Data Analysis_. R package version 1.7-3, <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=terra>.</p> <p>Holt, B. G., Lessard, J.-P., Borregaard, M. K., Fritz, S. A., Araújo, M. B., Dimitrov, D., Fabre, P.-H., Graham, C. H., Graves, G. R., Jønsson, K. A., Nogués-Bravo, D., Wang, Z., Whittaker, R. J., Fjeldså, J., & Rahbek, C. (2013). An update of Wallace’s zoogeographic regions of the world. <em>Science</em>, 339(6115), 74–78. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1228282</p> <p>Karger D. N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R. W., Zimmermann, N. E., Linder, H. P., & Kessler, M. (2018). Data from: Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas [Dataset]. <em>Dryad</em>. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.kd1d4</p> <p>Martin, M., Sayre, R., VanGraafeiland, K., McDermott Long, O., Weatherdon, L., Will, D., Spatz, D. R., & Holmes, N. D. (2020). Global Islands (M. I. Goldstein & D. A. B. T.-E. of the W. B. DellaSala (eds.); pp. 47–50). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.12475-3</p> <p>UNEP-WCMC & IUCN (2022). <em>Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA).</em> Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. Retrieved from <a href="http://www.protectedplanet.net">www.protectedplanet.net</a>. [Accessed 12/2022]</p> <p>Venter, O., Sanderson, E. W., Magrach, A., Allan, J. R., Beher, J., Jones, K. R., Possingham, H. P., Laurance, W. F., Wood, P., Fekete, B. M., Levy, M. A., & Watson, J. E. (2018). <em>Last of the Wild Project, Version 3 (LWP-3): 2009 Human Footprint, 2018 Release</em>. Palisades, New York: NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). <a href="https://doi.org/10.7927/H46T0JQ4">https://doi.org/10.7927/H46T0JQ4</a></p> <p>Weigelt, P., & Kreft, H. (2013). Quantifying island isolation – insights from global patterns of insular plant species richness. <em>Ecography,</em> 36(4), 417-429. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.07669.</p> <p>Weigelt, P., Jetz, W., & Kreft, H. (2013). Bioclimatic and physical characterization of the world’s islands. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em>, 110(38), 15307–15312. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1306309110</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Colonization and extinction dynamics among the plant species at tree bases in Paris (France)
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Geographic ranges of genera and their constituent species: structure, evolutionary dynamics, and extinction resistance
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Fig. 1 in New Species Of Extinct Ant Genus Eocenomyrma Dlussky Et Radchenko (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae) From The Baltic Amber
Fig. 1. Eocenomyrma groehni sp. nov., holotype worker, photos of the details of structure: (A) body, dorsal view; (B) – head, dorsal view.
FIGURES 7–12 in A new species of the extinct mid-Cretaceous genus Scydmobisetia Jałoszyński & Yamamoto (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae)
FIGURES 7–12. Scydmobisetia dentipes sp. n., holotype male. Artistic reconstruction (7); habitus in dorsal (8), right lateral (9), and left lateral (10) views; mandibles in anterodorsal view (11); and profemoral projections (arrows) in lateral view (12; one parallel to the plane of illustration, the other directed obliquely toward observer and therefore appearing shorter). Abbreviation: amvp, anterior metaventral process.
FIGURES 1–6 in A new species of the extinct mid-Cretaceous genus Scydmobisetia Jałoszyński & Yamamoto (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae)
FIGURES 1–6. Scydmobisetia dentipes sp. n., holotype male. Left lateral (1), dorsal (2), and right lateral (3) habitus; head, pronotum and elytral bases in dorsal view (4); head in lateral view (5); and profemoral projection (arrow) in lateral view (6).
Fig. 38 in Taxonomic revision of the genus Schildia Aldrich, 1923 (Diptera: Asilidae: Leptogastrinae) with the description of new extant and extinct species
Fig. 38. Map of the Neotropical region with biodiversity hotspots and wilderness areas, shaded in grey, showing distribution of Schildia alphus (square), S. caliginosa sp.n. (star), S. fragilis (circle) and S. gracillima (triangle). Open symbols, type localities.
Fig. 37 in Taxonomic revision of the genus Schildia Aldrich, 1923 (Diptera: Asilidae: Leptogastrinae) with the description of new extant and extinct species
Fig. 37. Map of the Neotropical region with biodiversity hotspots and wilderness areas, shaded in grey, showing distribution of Schildia guatemalae (triangle), S. jamaicensis (square), †S. martini sp.n. (star) and S. microthorax (circle). Open symbols, type localities.
Figs 9–12 in Taxonomic revision of the genus Schildia Aldrich, 1923 (Diptera: Asilidae: Leptogastrinae) with the description of new extant and extinct species
Figs 9–12. Photographs of extinct and extant species of Schildia. (9) †Schildia martini sp.n. (holotype, AMNH Luzzi); (10) †Schildia martini sp.n. (paratype, AMNH DR-V-7); (11) Schildia adina sp.n. preserved in Malagasy copal (Coll. Stuke). (12) Schildia fragilis (USNM, Peru). Scale bars = 1 mm. This figure is published in colour in the online edition that can be accessed via http://www.brill.nl/ise
Figs 13–24 in Taxonomic revision of the genus Schildia Aldrich, 1923 (Diptera: Asilidae: Leptogastrinae) with the description of new extant and extinct species
Figs 13–24. Male terminalia of Schildia species with gonostyli (dark grey) and lateral processes of gonostyli (light grey) shaded in lateral views. (13–15) S. adina sp.n.: 13, lateral; 14, dorsal; 15, ventral. (16–18) S. gracillima: 16, lateral; 17, dorsal; 18, ventral. (19–21) S. guatemalae: 19, lateral; 20, dorsal; 21, ventral. (22–24) S. jamaicensis: 22, lateral; 23, dorsal; 24, ventral. Scale bar = 1 mm.
PLATE 1 in A new species of capuchin monkey, genus Cebus Erxleben (Cebidae, Primates): found at the very brink of extinction in the Pernambuco Endemism Centre
PLATE 1. The blond capuchin, Cebus queirozi sp. nov. (Mendes Pontes and Malta, 2006) from the Pernambuco Endemism Center, the Atlantic forest of Northeastern Brazil the holotype—dorsal (a) and ventral (b) view.
FIGURE 1 in Spatial richness analysis and an evaluation of extinction risk for the genus Pachyphytum (Crassulaceae), with the description of a new species from Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico
FIGURE 1. Diversity and distribution of the genus Pachyphytum in Mexico. Biogeographic provinces according to Morrone et al. (2017).
FIGURE 2 in Ceropegia strophanthiflora (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae)-a magnificent and rare new species from South Africa at the brink of extinction
FIGURE 2. Floral details of Ceropegia strophanthiflora. A, Full view of flowers illustrating the long and spirally reflexed corolla lobes. B, Floral bud in the process of opening. C,D, Flower with visiting fly (Chrysomyia sp., Calliphoridae). E, Close-up view of gynostegium and purple vibratile trichomes fringing the corolla lobe bases. F, Floral bract indicated by white arrow-head. Scale bars: 5 mm (A–C,E), 2 mm (D,F). Photographs: David Styles.
Fig. 5 in Three new extinct species from the endemic Philippine cloud rat radiation (Rodentia, Muridae, Phloeomyini)
Fig. 5.—Occlusal view of mandibular molars of (A) Carpomys dakal n. sp. (PNM II-1977-J11A-16301, holotype), leftside; (B) Carpomys phaeurus (FMNH 62291), leftside; (C) Musseromysinopinatus (FMNH 193840), left side; (D) Crateromys ballik n. sp. (PNM II-1977-I8-402, holotype), right side (mirrored); (E) Crateromys schadenbergi (FMNH 62291), left side; (F) Crateromys heaneyi (CMC M626), left side; (G) Batomys cagayanensis n. sp. (PNM II-1977-J3-7554, holotype), right side (mirrored); (H) Batomys granti (FMNH 214412), left side.
Fig. 1 in Three new extinct species from the endemic Philippine cloud rat radiation (Rodentia, Muridae, Phloeomyini)
Fig. 1.—Map of the Callao Cave Complex, showing location of cave sites: Callao (1), Eme (2), Dalan Serkot (3), Minori (4), and Musang (5). Inset shows the location within Luzon Island.
Fig. 10.—Crateromys ballik n in Three new extinct species from the endemic Philippine cloud rat radiation (Rodentia, Muridae, Phloeomyini)
Fig. 10.—Crateromys ballik n. sp. partial maxillary (PNM II-1977-J3-10389) with palate and all molar teeth, showing the incisive foramina (if), base of zygomatic arch (za), and palatal grooves (pg).
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