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4,362 results for “subspecies”
Figs 31-32. Delias callista ssp. 31 in A new subspecies of Delias clathrata Rothschild,1904 and records of other Delias species occurring on Mount Hagen, Papua New Guinea (Lepidoptera: Pieridae, Pierinae)
Figs 31-32. Delias callista ssp. 31. ♂, PNG, Mt Hagen, Murmur Pass (NG), dorso; 32. Idem, verso.
Figs 29-30. Delias hapalina ssp. 29 in A new subspecies of Delias clathrata Rothschild,1904 and records of other Delias species occurring on Mount Hagen, Papua New Guinea (Lepidoptera: Pieridae, Pierinae)
Figs 29-30. Delias hapalina ssp. 29. ♂, PNG, Mt Hagen, Murmur Pass (NG), dorso; 30. Idem, verso.
Figure 4 in New records of the water mite genus Arrenurus Dugès, 1834 from South America (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Arrenuridae), with the description of five new species and one new subspecies
Figure 4 Arrenurus deltensis Rosso de Ferradas, male. A – dorsum; B – venter. Scale bars = 100 µm.
Figure 1 Arrenurus parviscutatus K in New records of the water mite genus Arrenurus Dugès, 1834 from South America (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Arrenuridae), with the description of five new species and one new subspecies
Figure 1 Arrenurus parviscutatus K. Viets, male, dorsum. Scale bar = 100 µm.
Data from: Behavioral response to song and genetic divergence in two subspecies of white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys)
Divergence in sexual signals may drive reproductive isolation between lineages, but behavioral barriers can weaken in contact zones. Here, we investigate the role of song as a behavioral and genetic barrier in a contact zone between two subspecies of white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys). We employed a reduced genomic dataset to assess population structure and infer the history underlying divergence, gene flow and hybridization. We also measured divergence in song and tested behavioral responses to song using playback experiments within and outside the contact zone. We found that the subspecies form distinct genetic clusters, and demographic inference supported a model of secondary contact. Song phenotype, particularly length of the first note (a whistle), was a significant predictor of genetic subspecies identity and genetic distance along the hybrid zone, suggesting a close link between song and genetic divergence in this system. Individuals from both parental and admixed localities responded significantly more strongly to their own song than to the other subspecies song, supporting song as a behavioral barrier. Putative parental and admixed individuals were not significantly different in their strength of discrimination between own and other songs; however, individuals from admixed localities tended to discriminate less strongly, and this difference in discrimination strength was explained by song dissimilarity as well as genetic distance. Therefore, we find that song acts as a reproductive isolating mechanism that is potentially weakening in a contact zone between the subspecies. Our findings also support the hypothesis that intra-specific song variation can reduce gene flow between populations.
Figure 1 in Otolith characteristics of species, subspecies, and populations of Aphanius Nardo, 1827 (Teleostei, Cyprinodontiformes) from Anatolia (Turkey)
Figure 1. Map of Turkey showing the sample sites (after Wildekamp 1993, modified).
Fig. 2 in Cephalic labial gland secretions of males as species recognition signals in bumblebees: are there really geographical variations in the secretions of the Bombus terrestris subspecies? (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus)
Fig. 2: Legends on p. 106
Supplemental Data for: Lineage diversification and rampant hybridization among subspecies explain taxonomic confusion in the endemic Hawaiian fern Polypodium pellucidum
<p><strong><span>Premise:</span></strong><span> <em>Polypodium pellucidum</em>, a fern endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, encompasses a broad spectrum of morphological and ecological variation, suggesting a complex history involving divergence and hybridization. In contrast to angiosperm systems, spore dispersal in ferns presents a unique opportunity to study how highly dispersible organisms diversify in the dynamic landscape of the archipelago.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Key Results: </span></strong><span>We infer <em>P. pellucidum</em> is monophyletic, dispersing to the Hawaiian archipelago 11.53 to 7.77 Mya, with diversification into extant clades 5.66 to 4.73 Mya. We identify four non-hybrid clades with unique morphologies, ecological niches, and distributions. Additionally, we elucidate several intraspecific hybrid combinations and evidence for undiscovered or extinct 'ghost' lineages contributing to extant hybrids populations. </span></p> <p><strong><span>Conclusions:</span></strong><span> We provide a roadmap for revising the taxonomy of <em>P. pellucidum</em> to account for cryptic lineages and intraspecific hybrids. Geologic succession of the Hawaiian Islands through cycles of volcanism, vegetative succession, and erosion has determined the available habitats and distribution of ecologically specific divergent clades within <em>P. pellucidum, </em>with intraspecific hybrids arising as a result of ecological and or geological transitions, often persisting after the local extinction of their progenitors. This research contributes to our understanding of the evolution of Hawaii's diverse fern flora and allows for better conservation efforts that are often complicated by the presence of cryptic taxa and hybridization.</span></p>
Alignment of mitogenome sequences (FASTA file) for a paleogenomic investigation of overharvest implications in an endemic wild reindeer subspecies
<p>Overharvest can severely reduce the abundance and distribution of a species and thereby impact its genetic diversity and threaten its future viability. Overharvest remains an ongoing issue for Arctic mammals, which due to climate change now also confront one of the fastest changing environments on Earth. The high-Arctic Svalbard reindeer (<em>Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus</em>), endemic to Svalbard, experienced a harvest-induced demographic bottleneck that occurred during the 17–20th centuries. Here we investigate changes in genetic diversity, population structure, and gene-specific differentiation during and after this overharvesting event. Using whole-genome shotgun sequencing, we generated the first ancient and historical nuclear (n = 11) and mitochondrial (n = 18) genomes from Svalbard reindeer (up to 4000 BP) and integrated these data with a large collection of modern genome sequences (n = 90), to infer temporal changes. We show that hunting resulted in major genetic changes and restructuring in reindeer populations. Near-extirpation followed by pronounced genetic drift have altered the allele frequencies of important genes contributing to diverse biological functions. Median heterozygosity was reduced by 23%, while the mitochondrial genetic diversity was reduced only to a limited extent, likely due to already low pre-harvest diversity and a complex post-harvest recolonization process. Such genomic erosion and genetic isolation of populations due to past anthropogenic disturbance will likely play a major role in metapopulation dynamics (i.e., extirpation, recolonization) under further climate change. Our results from a high-arctic case study therefore emphasize the need to understand the long-term interplay of past, current, and future stressors in wildlife conservation.</p>
Fig. 1 in A new subspecies of Pseudodoliops eleagns (Heller, 1916) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from Mindanao island, Philippines
Fig. 1. Holotype of Pseudodoliops eleagns apoensis ssp. n.
Fig. 2. Pseudodoliops elegans schwarzeri Schultze, 1934 in A new subspecies of Pseudodoliops eleagns (Heller, 1916) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from Mindanao island, Philippines
Fig. 2. Pseudodoliops elegans schwarzeri Schultze, 1934
Figure 1 in Guidelines and quantitative standards to improve consistency in cetacean subspecies and species delimitation relying on molecular genetic data
Figure 1. Guidelines for studies of cetacean taxonomy based on genetic data.
Figure 2 in Diagnosability of mtDNA with Random Forests: Using sequence data to delimit subspecies
Figure 2. Illustration of steps in constructing a Random Forests ensemble of classification trees.
Data from: Species Delimitation of Endemic Atlantic Forest Inga subnuda (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, mimosoid clade) Subspecies Based on Morphological, Ecological and Palaeoecological Data
<p><i>Inga subnuda</i> Salzm. ex Benth. are one of 31 endemic species in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Intermixed leaf and floral traits have made morphological distinctiveness difficult, and its current taxonomic treatment considers <i>I. subnuda</i> as one species with two subspecies. We aim to explore different lines of evidence to disentangle and clarify species boundaries in these two subspecies. Morphological variation and bioclimatic data of the two subspecies of the complex were assessed by using multivariate morphometric analyses and ecological niche modeling. Morphological quantitative characters allowed the recognition of different groups. The climatic space was similar but not identical, and the recent climatic cycles that could have shaped the current distribution are discussed. The results of our integrative study suggest regard both subspecies as two different species. Moreover, we propose a change in status of <i>I. subnuda subsp. luschnathiana</i> to the rank of species. The new up-ranked taxon is described and illustrated.</p>
Fig. 1 in The Subspecies Of Myotis Montivagus - Taxonomic Revision And Species Limits (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)
Fig. 1. Measuringpointsoftheanteorbitalbridge (AOB).
Fig. 16 in Taxonomic Review Of Euphydryas Maturna (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) With Description Of A New Subspecies From Dobrogea (Romania) And Notes On Conservation Biology
Fig. 16. Distribution of Euphydryas maturna in Eurasia and in SE Europe
Early stages of speciation with gene flow in the Amazilia Hummingbird (Amazilis amazilia) subspecies complex of Western South America
<p>Disentangling the factors underlying the diversification of geographically variable species with a wide geographical range is essential to understanding the initial stages and drivers of the speciation process. The Amazilia Hummingbird, <em>Amazilis amazilia</em>, is found along the Pacific coast from northern Ecuador down to the Nazca Valley of Peru, and is currently classified as six phenotypically differentiated subspecies. Our aims were to resolve the evolutionary relationships of the six subspecies, to assess the geographical pattern and extent of evolutionary divergence, and to test for introgression using both a mtDNA marker and a genome-by-sequencing dataset from 86 individuals from across the species range. The consensus phylogenetic tree separated the six subspecies into three distinct clades, corresponding with the Ecuador lowlands (<em>A. amazilia dumerilii</em>), the Ecuador highlands (<em>A. amazilia alticola</em> and <em>A. amazilia azuay</em>), and the Peruvian coast (<em>A. amazilia leucophoea</em>, <em>A. amazilia amazilia</em>, and <em>A. amazilia caeruleigularis</em>). However, an unresolved mtDNA network suggests that the diversification of the subspecies was recent and rapid. We found evidence of gene flow among the subspecies <em>A. amazilia dumerilii</em>, <em>A. amazilia alticola</em>, and <em>A. amazilia leucophoea</em>, with strong genetic isolation of the subspecies <em>A. amazilia azuay</em> in the isolated Yunguilla Valley of Ecuador. Finally, environmental data from each subspecies' capture locations were concordant with the three distinct clades. Overall, our results suggest that both expansion into new habitats and geographic isolation shaped the present-day phylogeny and range of the <em>A. amazilia</em> subspecies, and that <em>A. amazilia azuay </em>may be genetically divergent enough to be considered a separate species.</p>
Figs 17–31 in A new subspecies of Bembidion sanatum (Coleoptera: Carabidae) endemic to the Mendeleev Volcano (Kunashir Island, Russia)
Figs 17–31. Male and female genitals of Bembidion sanatum: 17–19, 23–25, 28–29 – B.
Figs 5–16 in A new subspecies of Bembidion sanatum (Coleoptera: Carabidae) endemic to the Mendeleev Volcano (Kunashir Island, Russia)
Figs 5–16. Bembidion sanatum, detals: 5, 6, 9, 10, 13,14 – B. sanatum iwanai, ssp. n.; 7,
Figs 1–4 in A new subspecies of Bembidion sanatum (Coleoptera: Carabidae) endemic to the Mendeleev Volcano (Kunashir Island, Russia)
Figs 1–4. Bembidion sanatum, dorsal habitus: 1, 2 – B. sanatum iwanai, ssp. n.: 1 – male,
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.