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Figure 6 from: Bakhshi Y, Sadeghi S, Messana G (2018) First record of the family Stenasellidae (Crustacea, Isopoda) in Iran with the description of a new cave-dwelling species. Subterranean Biology 26: 27-38. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.26.25950

Figure 6 Male pleopod II of Stenasellus vermeuleni (A) S. henryi (B) S. grafi (C) S. messanai (D) S. asiaticus (E) and S. tashanensis sp. n. (F). (Figures A–D from Magniez and Stock 2000; Figure E from Birstein and Starostin 1949).

Figure 4 from: Espinasa L, Legendre L, Fumey J, Blin M, Rétaux S, Espinasa M (2018) A new cave locality for Astyanax cavefish in Sierra de El Abra, Mexico. Subterranean Biology 26: 39-53. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.26.26643

Figure 4 Variability in the correlation between eye and pigment may suggest introgression between the surface morph and the cave morph as evidenced by the presence of individuals that are highly depigmented, and without eyes (A) or individuals that are also highly depigmented but with eyes (B). For the other combinations of eye and pigment see Figure 3.

Figure 1 from: Espinasa L, Legendre L, Fumey J, Blin M, Rétaux S, Espinasa M (2018) A new cave locality for Astyanax cavefish in Sierra de El Abra, Mexico. Subterranean Biology 26: 39-53. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.26.26643

Figure 1 Chiquitita Cave map. The accessible and explored cave system is composed of a pit from which locals pump water out and a small chamber under the roots of a tree. Photographs from left to right are: 1 The pump facility with the pipe going into the pit 2 Descending into the pit 3 Entrance to the small chamber under the tree.

Figure 6 from: Espinasa L, Legendre L, Fumey J, Blin M, Rétaux S, Espinasa M (2018) A new cave locality for Astyanax cavefish in Sierra de El Abra, Mexico. Subterranean Biology 26: 39-53. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.26.26643

Figure 6 Fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA. Individuals from Chiquitita Cave have identical sequence to members of the "A" lineage (Chica cave, Pachón cave, Molino cave and Rio Comandante surface river). Members of the "B" lineage (Sabinos cave and Tinaja cave) have 5-6 bp disagreements in this fragment, indicated by red arrows.

Figure 2 from: Espinasa L, Legendre L, Fumey J, Blin M, Rétaux S, Espinasa M (2018) A new cave locality for Astyanax cavefish in Sierra de El Abra, Mexico. Subterranean Biology 26: 39-53. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.26.26643

Figure 2 Topographic map of El Pujal area, in the southern-most Sierra de El Abra. Overlaid is the line topography of Chica, Cuates and Chiquitita Caves.

Figure 5 from: Espinasa L, Legendre L, Fumey J, Blin M, Rétaux S, Espinasa M (2018) A new cave locality for Astyanax cavefish in Sierra de El Abra, Mexico. Subterranean Biology 26: 39-53. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.26.26643

Figure 5 Eye histology in one of the fish with most degenerated eyes. A eye capsule. Notice the absence of lens. B retina. Notice the high disorganization of vestigial layers, which are for the most part unrecognizable when compared to surface fish retinal layers.

Figure 3 from: Espinasa L, Legendre L, Fumey J, Blin M, Rétaux S, Espinasa M (2018) A new cave locality for Astyanax cavefish in Sierra de El Abra, Mexico. Subterranean Biology 26: 39-53. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.26.26643

Figure 3 High variability in the eye and pigmentation level within the population inhabiting Chiquitita Cave. A eye size reduced B pupil closed C in the foreground a troglomorphic fish with reduced and embedded eyes and in the background a pigmented fish with large eyes D eyes and pigment mostly absent. Black arrow highlights pigmented cells in some troglomorphic fish and yellow arrow highlights fragmentation of the suborbital bone III.

Figure 1 from: Vagalinski B, Meng K, Bachvarova D, Stoev P (2018) A redescription of the poorly known cave millipede Skleroprotopus membranipedalis Zhang, 1985 (Diplopoda, Julida, Mongoliulidae), with an overview of the genus Skleroprotopus Attems, 1901. Subterranean Biology 26: 55-66. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.26.26225

Figure 1 Summarized distribution map of species of Skleroprotopus. Numbers: 1 Skleroprotopus chichibuensis Shinohara, 1960 2 S. chollus Mikhaljova & Korsós 2003 3 S. confucius Attems, 1901 4 S. coreanus (Pocock, 1895) 5 S. costatus Mikhaljova & Korsós, 2003 6 S. hakui Takakuwa, 1940 7 S. ikedai Takakuwa, 1941 8 S. inferus Verhoeff, 1939 9 S. insularum Verhoeff, 1939 10 S. laticoxalis Takakuwa, 1942 11 S. membranipedalis Zhang, 1985 12 S. montanus Takakuwa, 1942 13 S. okiensis Takakuwa, 1941 14 S. osedoensis Miyosi, 1957 15 S. platypodus (Miyosi, 1957) 16 S. ramuliferus Lim & Mikhaljova, 2000 17 S. schmidti Golovatch, 1979 18 S. serratus Takakuwa & Takashima, 1949 19 S. sidegatakedensis Miyosi 1957 20 S. simplex Takakuwa, 1941 21 S. toriii Takakuwa, 1940.

Figures 3-11 from: Vagalinski B, Meng K, Bachvarova D, Stoev P (2018) A redescription of the poorly known cave millipede Skleroprotopus membranipedalis Zhang, 1985 (Diplopoda, Julida, Mongoliulidae), with an overview of the genus Skleroprotopus Attems, 1901. Subterranean Biology 26: 55-66. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.26.26225

Figures 3-11 Skleroprotopus membranipedalis, external morphology: 3 male antenna 4 female head, ventral view 5 male gnathochilarium, ventral view 6 left male leg 1, latero-dorsal view 7 male leg-pair 2 with penis, caudal view 8 penis in situ, lateral view 9 left male leg 3, caudal view 10 male leg-pair 7, caudal view 11 telopodite of male leg 7, caudal view. Symbols: pn: penis, ta: tarsal remnant with apical claw, te: telopodite.

Figures 12-17 from: Vagalinski B, Meng K, Bachvarova D, Stoev P (2018) A redescription of the poorly known cave millipede Skleroprotopus membranipedalis Zhang, 1985 (Diplopoda, Julida, Mongoliulidae), with an overview of the genus Skleroprotopus Attems, 1901. Subterranean Biology 26: 55-66. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.26.26225

Figures 12-17 Skleroprotopus membranipedalis, gonopods and vulva: 12 left anterior gonopods, caudal, slightly lateral view 13 left anterior gonopod, lateral view 14 left posterior gonopod, lateral view 15 right posterior gonopod, antero-mesal view 16 same, mesal view 17 left vulva, lateral view. Symbols: a: anterior process, b: axe blade-like process, f: flagellum, op: operculum, p: posterior process, r: remnant of a podomere; rs: receptaculum seminis, , sp: basal spine, te: telopodite. Scale bar (17): 0.2 mm.

Figure 1 from: Suárez D, Martín S, Naranjo M (2018) First report of the invasive alien species Caenoplana coerulea Moseley, 1877 (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Geoplanidae) in the subterranean environment of the Canary Islands. Subterranean Biology 26: 67-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.26.25921

Figure 1 A location of "La Federica" mine (red dot) within Gran Canaria (Canary Islands) B topography of the mine. C.coerulea individuals were observed in the red shaded area.

Figure 4 from: Kopp J, Avasthi S, Espinasa L (2018) Phylogeographical convergence between Astyanax cavefish and mysid shrimps in the Sierra de El Abra, Mexico. Subterranean Biology 26: 75-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.26.27097

Figure 4 Pylogeographical convergence between mysid shrimps in the Sierra de El Abra and the mtDNA of Astyanax cavefish (right). Both aquatic species harbor the evolutionary signature of a phylogeographical discordance, where genetic markers of populations in central Sierra de El Abra are extremely distinct from the rest of the populations. Nuclear tree (left) based on the consensus of isoenzymes, RAPDs, microsatellite, and genomic sequences. a) Pachón as representative of northern populations. b-c) Sabinos and Tinaja as representative of central populations. d) Chica and Chiquitita as representative of southern populations.

Figure 3 from: Kopp J, Avasthi S, Espinasa L (2018) Phylogeographical convergence between Astyanax cavefish and mysid shrimps in the Sierra de El Abra, Mexico. Subterranean Biology 26: 75-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.26.27097

Figure 3 A, Base pair differences of histone 3 sequences between mysid shrimps. Specimens from central Sierra de El Abra (Lineage B) are markedly different from all other populations (Lineage A).

Figure 2 from: Kopp J, Avasthi S, Espinasa L (2018) Phylogeographical convergence between Astyanax cavefish and mysid shrimps in the Sierra de El Abra, Mexico. Subterranean Biology 26: 75-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.26.27097

Figure 2 Cave localities of A.mexicanus whose mitochondrial DNA has been analyzed. With larger font and underlined are localities where S.quinterensis were also collected. In red are caves harboring lineage A and in blue those with lineage B for both mtDNA in Astyanax and histone 3 for S.quinterensis. Notice that lineage B is restricted to a small biogeographical zone, circled in blue. A Molino B Caballo Moro C Pachón D Yerbaniz E Japones F Sabinos G Tinaja H Piedras I Curva J Chica K Chiquitita L Rio Subterraneo. (Figure modified from Mitchell et al. 1977).

Figure 1 from: Kopp J, Avasthi S, Espinasa L (2018) Phylogeographical convergence between Astyanax cavefish and mysid shrimps in the Sierra de El Abra, Mexico. Subterranean Biology 26: 75-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.26.27097

Figure 1 AAstyanaxmexicanus from Chiquitita cave B The mysid shrimp, Spelaeomysisquinterensis, also from Chiquitita cave. Both stygobitic organisms have overlapping biogeographic ranges throughout the El Abra karstic area, in northeaster Mexico.

Figure 5 from: Espinasa L, Robinson J, Soares D, Hoese G, Toulkeridis T, Toomey III R (2018) Troglomorphic features of Astroblepus pholeter, a cavefish from Ecuador, and possible introgressive hybridization. Subterranean Biology 27: 17-29. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.27.27098

Figure 5 Specimens collected in 1962 (A modified from Collette 1962) and 2011 (B Modified from Soares and Niemiller 2013) had proportionally longer pectoral fins and maxillary barbels than specimens observed in the field in 2015 (C). Images have been scaled to the same body size (blue arrow). Notice that length of appendages in C–D (red arrows) are progressively smaller than in B and A (red plus yellow and green arrows).

Figure 2 from: Bernardi LFO, Borges-Filho EL (2018) Neocarus spelaion sp. n. (Parasitiformes, Opilioacaridae), a new species of cave dwelling Neocarus from Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Subterranean Biology 27: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.27.25777

Figure 2 Neocarusspelaion sp. n. (Female): A Lateral view of chelicerae B Ventral view of subcapitulum C Detail of a seta with a fine tip D Detail of a seta with a rounded tip, found only in females (arrows in Fig. B). Abbreviations; cb1–4 = circumbuccal setae, pl1–4 = paralabial setae, ch = cheliceral setae, cht = basal segment seta, lb = labrum, id = dorsal lyrifissure, iα = antiaxial lyrifissure.

Figure 1 from: Espinasa L, Robinson J, Soares D, Hoese G, Toulkeridis T, Toomey III R (2018) Troglomorphic features of Astroblepus pholeter, a cavefish from Ecuador, and possible introgressive hybridization. Subterranean Biology 27: 17-29. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.27.27098

Figure 1 Specimens collected in 1962 (holotype, and paratypes of A.pholeter from left to right) 2011, 2015 and 2018. Notice that there is a progressive reduction in the expression of troglomorphic features. After 2011 the skin was distinctly more pigmented and the barbels and fins were shorter. Eyes are also embedded under a thinner dermal layer of skin. In 2011 the population was highly variable.

Figure 11 from: Bernardi LFO, Borges-Filho EL (2018) Neocarus spelaion sp. n. (Parasitiformes, Opilioacaridae), a new species of cave dwelling Neocarus from Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Subterranean Biology 27: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.27.25777

Figure 11 General aspects of the gut content of the Neoacrusspelaion sp. n.: A overview of the pellet with indigested food B plant tissue fragments and C mite part (Parasitengonina larvae) DOribatida leg EAlycidae specimen.

Figure 10 from: Bernardi LFO, Borges-Filho EL (2018) Neocarus spelaion sp. n. (Parasitiformes, Opilioacaridae), a new species of cave dwelling Neocarus from Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Subterranean Biology 27: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.27.25777

Figure 10 General aspects of the places where the specimens of Neocarusspelaion sp. n. were found: A overview of the cave B, C Substrates where the specimens were found.