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FIGURE S2-2 in Tackling an intractable problem: Can greater taxon sampling help resolve relationships within the Stenopelmatoidea (Orthoptera: Ensifera)?
FIGURE S2-2: Karyotypes of Cnemotettix. A: Male from California, Monterey Co., 2n♂=27 with 6 pairs of metacentric and 7 pairs of rod shaped autosomes and a metacentric X. B: Male from California, Santa Barbara Co. 2n♂=25 with 7 pairs of metacentric and 5 pairs of rod shaped autosomes and a metacentric X.
FIGURE S2-1 in Tackling an intractable problem: Can greater taxon sampling help resolve relationships within the Stenopelmatoidea (Orthoptera: Ensifera)?
FIGURE S2-1: Karyotypes of North American Stenopelmatinae. A: Male from California, Inyo Co., 2n♂= 25, showing 6 pairs each of metacentric and rod shaped autosomes and a metacentric X. B: Male from California, San Diego Co., 2n♂=23, showing 7 pairs of metacentric and 4 pairs of rod shaped autosomes and a metacentric X.
FIGURE S2–4 in Tackling an intractable problem: Can greater taxon sampling help resolve relationships within the Stenopelmatoidea (Orthoptera: Ensifera)?
FIGURE S2–4. Karyotype of Lezina. There are 4 pairs of metacentric and 10 pairs of telocentric autosomes with a metacentric X chromosome.
Carcass size, not source or taxon, dictates breeding performance and carcass use in burying beetle
<p>This repository contains the data and R code for analyzing the breeding outcomes, carcass use, and larval growth of the burying beetle as well as the nutritional composition of carcass tissue. (Information below is also provided in the README file.)</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>01_Data_Raw: </strong>This folder contains three original datasheets recorded during data collection.</p> <p>File "Breeding_Data_All.xls": This file contains the raw data on carcass attributes, parent sizes, breeding outcomes, and carcass use from the breeding experiments. Each row represents an observation from one breeding pair.</p> <p>File "Nutrition_Data.xls": This file contains the raw data on the tissue nutrient content of lab and wild carcasses from the nutritional composition analysis. Each row represents an observation from one carcass tissue sample.</p> <p>File "Larval_Growth_Data.xls": This file contains the raw data on the larval weight from the feeding experiments. Each row represents an observation from one larva.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>02_R_Code:</strong> This folder contains the R scripts for data analyses and visualization.</p> <p>File "01_Data_Cleaning.R": This script cleans and organizes the raw datasheets in the folder "<strong>01_Data_Raw</strong>" and saves the cleaned datasheets in the folder "<strong>03_Outputs > Data_Clean</strong>" for data analyses and visualization.</p> <p>File "02_Models_by_Carcass_Source.R": The script analyzes the relationships between carcass size vs. breeding outcomes and carcass use efficiency on lab and wild carcasses.</p> <p>File "03_Models_by_Carcass_Taxon.R": The script analyzes the breeding outcomes on wild carcasses (mammals, birds, and reptiles).</p> <p>File "04_Models_Nutrition_and_Larval_Growth.R": This script analyzes the tissue nutrient content of lab and wild carcasses as well as the larval growth on these carcasses.</p> <p>File "05_Figures.R": This script generates the figures in the study.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>03_Outputs: </strong>This folder contains a subfolder "<strong>Data_Clean</strong>", which contains three cleaned datasheets used for data analyses and visualization.</p> <p>File "Breeding_Data_Clean.csv": This file contains cleaned data on carcass attributes, parent sizes, breeding outcomes, and carcass use from the breeding experiments. Each row represents an observation from one breeding pair.</p> <p>File "Nutrition_Data_Clean.csv": This file contains the cleaned data on the tissue nutrient content of lab and wild carcasses from the nutritional composition analysis. Each row represents an observation from one carcass tissue sample.</p> <p>File "Larval_Growth_Clean.csv": This file contains the cleaned data on the larval weight from the feeding experiments. Each row represents an observation from one larva.</p> <p> </p> <p><em>Column descriptions</em></p> <p>File "Breeding_Data_Clean.csv":</p> <p>1. date: The starting date of the breeding experiments.</p> <p>2. carcass_sp_Chinese: The Chinese name of the carcass animal.</p> <p>3. carcass_type: The source of the carcass (lab or wild).</p> <p>4. carcass_taxon: The taxon of the carcass (mammal, bird, or reptile).</p> <p>5. carcass_weight: The initial weight of the carcass (g).</p> <p>6. parent_generation: The generation number of the breeding parents.</p> <p>7. pair_id: The ID of the breeding pair.</p> <p>8. generation_pair_id: The combined ID of the generation number and breeding pair.</p> <p>9. male_size: The pronotum width of the male parent (mm).</p> <p>10. female_size: The pronotum width of the female parent (mm).</p> <p>11. clutch_size: The number of eggs laid by the female.</p> <p>12. n_larvae: The number of larvae.</p> <p>13. total_larval_mass: The total weight of the larvae.</p> <p>14. carcass_weight_loss: The difference between the initial carcass weight and the carcass weight at the end of the breeding experiments.</p> <p>15. breeding_success: Whether there was at least one larva in the breeding container.</p> <p>16. prop_eggs_developed: The proportion of eggs that developed as larvae, calculated as the number of larvae divided by clutch size.</p> <p>17. average_larval_mass: The average weight of each larva, calculated as the total larval weight divided by the number of larvae.</p> <p>18. larval_density: The density of larvae on the carcass, calculated as the number of larvae divided by carcass weight.</p> <p>19. prop_carcass_used: The proportion of carcass tissue used by the larvae, calculated as carcass weight loss divided by the initial carcass weight.</p> <p> </p> <p>File "Nutrition_Data_Clean.csv":</p> <p>1. block_id: The ID of the analysis.</p> <p>2. carcass_id: The ID of the carcass.</p> <p>3. carcass_type: The source of the carcass (lab or wild).</p> <p>4. carcass_taxon: The taxon of the carcass (mammal, bird, or reptile).</p> <p>5. tissue_type: The type of the carcass tissue sampled (muscle or viscera).</p> <p>6. tissue_replication: The replication number of the tissue sample from each carcass.</p> <p>7. wet_mass_g: The wet weight of the tissue sample (g).</p> <p>8. water_mass_g: The water weight of the tissue sample (g). </p> <p>9. dry_mass_g: The dry weight of the tissue sample (g).</p> <p>10. protein_mass_g: The protein weight of the tissue sample (g).</p> <p>11. fat_mass_g: The fat weight of the tissue sample (g).</p> <p>12. total_mass_g: The total water, protein, and fat weight of the tissue sample (g).</p> <p>13. prop_protein: The proportion of protein content in the tissue sample, calculated as the protein weight divided by the total weight.</p> <p>14. prop_fat: The proportion of protein content in the tissue sample, calculated as the fat weight divided by the total weight.</p> <p> </p> <p>File "Larval_Growth_Clean.csv":</p> <p>1. block_id: The ID of the experimental block (two rounds of feeding experiments were conducted).</p> <p>2. carcass_id: The ID of the carcass (nested within the experimental block).</p> <p>3. carcass_type: The source of the carcass (lab or wild).</p> <p>4. carcass_taxon: The taxon of the carcass (mammal, bird, or reptile).</p> <p>5. tissue_type: The type of the carcass tissue sampled (muscle or viscera).</p> <p>6. larva_replication: The larva replication number (nested within each tissue type and carcass ID).</p> <p>7. tissue_mass_g: The weight of the carcass tissue fed to the larva.</p> <p>8. family_id: The family ID of the parents of the larva. </p> <p>9. success: Whether the larva survived.</p> <p>10. initial_larval_mass_g: The larval weight at the start of the experiment (g). </p> <p>11. end_larval_mass_g: The larval weight at the end of the experiment (g). </p> <p>12. larval_weight_gain_g: The difference between the initial larval weight and the end larval weight (g). </p> <p>13. mean_prop_protein: The average protein content of the three tissue samples from each carcass.</p> <p>14. mean_prop_fat: The average fat content of the three tissue samples from each carcass.</p> <p> </p>
FIGURES 9–12 in An integrative redescription of Hypsibius dujardini (Doyère, 1840), the nominal taxon for Hypsibioidea (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada)
FIGURES 9–12. Hypsibius exemplaris sp. nov.: 9—adult habitus (ventrolateral view, PCM, holotype); 10—adult habitus (lateral view, SEM, paratype); 11 —bucco-pharyngeal apparatus, the arrowhead indicates large pharyngeal apophyses (PCM, paratype); 12—bucco-pharyngeal apparatus (SEM, paratype). All scale bars in µm.
FIGURES 25–29 in An integrative redescription of Hypsibius dujardini (Doyère, 1840), the nominal taxon for Hypsibioidea (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada)
FIGURES 25–29. Hypsibius cf. convergens (Urbanowicz, 1925) from Poland, seen in PCM: 25—habitus, ventral view; 26— bucco-pharyngeal apparatus; 27—claws I; 28—claws IV; Hypsibius pallidus Thulin, 1911 from Poland, seen in PCM: 29— claws IV. All scale bars in µm.
FIGURES 5–8 in An integrative redescription of Hypsibius dujardini (Doyère, 1840), the nominal taxon for Hypsibioidea (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada)
FIGURES 5–8. Hypsibius dujardini (Doyère, 1840), claws: 5—claws I (PCM, neoparatype); 6—claws IV, the arrowhead indicates the longitudinal bar at the posterior claw base, and the empty arrowhead indicates the pseudolunula at the anterior claw base (PCM, neoparatype); 7—claws II (SEM, neoparatype); 8—claws IV, the empty arrowhead indicates the pseudolunula at the anterior claw base (SEM, neoparatype). All scale bars in µm.
FIGURES 32–36 in An integrative redescription of Hypsibius dujardini (Doyère, 1840), the nominal taxon for Hypsibioidea (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada)
FIGURES 32–36. Ramazzottius cf. conifer comb. nov. (Mihelčič, 1938) from Scotland, seen in PCM: 32—habitus, ventral view; 33—claws I; 34—claws IV; 35—egg, note underdeveloped processes in the upper right part of the egg; 36—the other side of the same egg, note rows of connected processes characteristic for the species. All scale bars in µm.
FIGURES 1–4 in An integrative redescription of Hypsibius dujardini (Doyère, 1840), the nominal taxon for Hypsibioidea (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada)
FIGURES 1–4. Hypsibius dujardini (Doyère, 1840): 1—adult habitus (ventrolateral view, PCM, neotype); 2—ex ovo juvenile habitus (ventral view, PCM, neoparatype); 3—bucco-pharyngeal apparatus (dorso-ventral projection, the arrowhead indicates large pharyngeal apophyses, PCM, neoparatype); 4—bucco-pharyngeal apparatus (ventral view, SEM, neoparatype). All scale bars in µm.
FIGURES 17–24 in An integrative redescription of Hypsibius dujardini (Doyère, 1840), the nominal taxon for Hypsibioidea (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada)
FIGURES 17–24. Details of the bucco-pharyngeal apparatus of the Hypsibius type (in SEM): 17—peribuccal ring and the oral cavity armature of H. dujardini, the arrow indicates the row of conical teeth located on the ring fold; 18—oral cavity armature of H. exemplaris sp. nov., the arrow indicates the row of conical teeth located on the ring fold whereas the empty arrowhead indicates the porous area on the lateral wall of the cavity; 19—the buccal crown and the dorsal apophyses for insertion of stylet muscles (AISM) of H. exemplaris; 20—the buccal crown and both dorsal and ventral apophyses for insertion of stylet muscles (AISM) of H. exemplaris sp. nov. in lateral view; 21—furca of H. exemplaris sp. nov., external side; 22—furca of H. dujardini, internal side with the stylet support; 23—pharynx of H. dujardini, arrowheads point out evident macroplacoid constrictions; 24—pharynx of H. exemplaris sp. nov., arrowheads point out subtle macroplacoid constrictions. All scale bars in µm.
FIGURE 31 in An integrative redescription of Hypsibius dujardini (Doyère, 1840), the nominal taxon for Hypsibioidea (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada)
FIGURE 31. An ML COI-based phylogenetic tree of the subfamily Hypsibiinae with; Mesocrista spitzbergensis (Itaquasconinae) as an outgroup. ML bootstrap support values are presented below tree branches.
FIGURE 30. A in An integrative redescription of Hypsibius dujardini (Doyère, 1840), the nominal taxon for Hypsibioidea (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada)
FIGURE 30. A Bayesian phylogenetic tree of the family Hypsibiidae based on 18S rRNA sequences, with two Macrobiotus spp. as an outgroup. Bayesian posterior probability values are given above tree branches whereas ML support values are below branches. The scale refers to the Bayesian tree.
FIGURES 13–16 in An integrative redescription of Hypsibius dujardini (Doyère, 1840), the nominal taxon for Hypsibioidea (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada)
FIGURES 13–16. Hypsibius exemplaris sp. nov., claws: 13—claws III (PCM, holotype); 14—claws IV, arrowhead points longitudinal bar at the posterior claw basis, and empty arrowhead indicates pseudolunula at the anterior claw basis (PCM, paratype); 15—claws III (SEM, paratype); 16—claws IV, arrowhead points longitudinal bar at the posterior claw basis, and empty arrowhead indicates pseudolunula at the anterior claw basis (SEM, paratype). All scale bars in µm.
FIGURE 49. Pierrella plicata n in Bryozoa (Cyclostomata and Ctenostomata) from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, Clarion - Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean-taxon novelty and implications of mining
FIGURE 49. Pierrella plicata n. sp. A, paratype, ZIRAS 2/50728; B–E, holotype, ZIRAS 1/50727; F, G, specimen YMG4–07, Stn 139. Specimens stained in Rose Bengal. A–E, zooids on arenaceous foraminiferan tubes, varying from linear and caudate to squat and more crowded; F, G, stained zooids seen in transmitted light. Abbreviations: at, alimentary tract; d, diaphragm; dmtd, dilator muscles and tendon of diaphragm; ofcp, orifice with folded cuticular pleats; pm, parietal muscles; r, rectum; rmtc, retractor muscles of tentacle crown; rt, retracted tentacles; sc, stomach caecum; t, tentacles; v, vestibule (filled with sediment). Scale bars: A–E, 500 µm; F, G, 50 µm.
FIGURE 50. Pierrella plicata n in Bryozoa (Cyclostomata and Ctenostomata) from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, Clarion - Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean-taxon novelty and implications of mining
FIGURE 50. Pierrella plicata n. sp. A, I, J, paratype, ZIRAS 2/50728; B–H, K, L, holotype, ZIRAS 1/50727. A, H, narrow, long-caudate zooids; C–E, G, squat zooids; B, F, zooids of intermediate shape; I–L, stiffly pleated orificial folds. Scale bars: A–D, 250 µm; E–H, 100 µm; I–L, 25 µm.
FIGURE 46 in Bryozoa (Cyclostomata and Ctenostomata) from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, Clarion - Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean-taxon novelty and implications of mining
FIGURE 46.?Anyutidae sp. incertae sedis. A–G, I–K, colony ZIRAS 1/50725; H, specimen GLD4–12, Stn 257. A, B, apical and oblique lateral views of capitulum (partly damaged); C, alveoli of capitulum surface; D, skeletal microstructure; E, crosssection through fascicle of autozooids and alveolar cavities; F, G, I, J, close-ups of fascicles of varied sizes and zooid dispositions; H, small fascicle in which one peristome has a calcified terminal diaphragm; K, interior wall of broken peristome showing crystallites. Scale bars: A, 500 µm; B, F, 250 µm; C, E, G, 200 µm; D, K, 50 µm; H–J, 100 µm.
FIGURE 43. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n in Bryozoa (Cyclostomata and Ctenostomata) from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, Clarion - Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean-taxon novelty and implications of mining
FIGURE 43. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Paratype 1, ZIRAS 2/50724. A–D, apical and oblique views of fertile colony with two dimorphic zooids (arrowed), one with its aperture facing frontalwards, the other peristome turned slightly toward calyx center; E, F, peristomes, including a smaller frontally facing dimorphic one; G, two autozooidal peristomes with incurved dimorphic peristome between; H, base of column; I, skeletal microstructure; J, K, showing dimorphic and autozooidal apertures, respectively. Scale bars: A–C, 250 µm; D–H, 100 µm; J, K, 50 µm; I, 25 µm.
FIGURE 40. Anyuta anastema n. gen., n in Bryozoa (Cyclostomata and Ctenostomata) from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, Clarion - Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean-taxon novelty and implications of mining
FIGURE 40. Anyuta anastema n. gen., n. sp. Holotype, ZIRAS 1/50718. A, part of fascicle with autozooidal peristomes and two dimorphic peristomes with flanges; note large shallow alveoli on sides of peristomes; B, two peristomes, left one dimorphic; C, skeletal microstructure of part of peristome in L; D–G, subfascicles with both autozooidal and flanged dimorphic peristomes; H, close-up of squat flanged dimorphic peristome in E; note small alveoli on flanks of peristome; I, close-up of lower dimorphic peristome in F, showing it to be derived from an autozooidal peristome by its partial closure; J, base of column; K, L, close-ups of perforated flanges of dimorphic peristomes. Scale bars: A, B, D, F, 250 µm; G–J, 100 µm; K, L, 50 µm; C, 25 µm.
FIGURE 39. Anyuta anastema n. gen., n in Bryozoa (Cyclostomata and Ctenostomata) from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, Clarion - Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean-taxon novelty and implications of mining
FIGURE 39. Anyuta anastema n. gen., n. sp. A–D, holotype, ZIRAS 1/50718, in apical and lateral profiles; note the clusters of fascicles, at least three of which have dimorphic orifices with terminal flanges (dimorphic orifices arrowed). Scale bars: 500 µm.
FIGURE 37. Genus et species indet. A, D, F, G, colony 1, GLD4–11, Stn 211 in Bryozoa (Cyclostomata and Ctenostomata) from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, Clarion - Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean-taxon novelty and implications of mining
FIGURE 37. Genus et species indet. A, D, F, G, colony 1, GLD4–11, Stn 211, respectively showing capitulum with gonozooid floor developing across alveoli, and autozooidal peristomes at periphery; B, C, E, H, I, colony 2, GLD4–12, Stn 255, similar views of a colony with two gonozooid floors developing. Scale bars: A, B, 250 µm; C–H, 100 µm; I, 50 µm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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