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2,358 results for “wing”
COMSOL simulation & example datasets for: Nonuniform structural properties of wings confer sensing advantages
<p>Sensory feedback is essential to both animals and robotic systems for achieving coordinated, precise movements. Mechanosensory feedback, which provides information about body deformation, depends not only on the properties of sensors but also on the structure in which they are embedded. In insects, wing structure plays a particularly important role in flapping flight: in addition to generating aerodynamic forces, wings provide mechanosensory feedback necessary for guiding flight while undergoing dramatic deformations during each wingbeat. However, the role that wing structure plays in determining mechanosensory information is relatively unexplored. Insect wings exhibit characteristic stiffness gradients and are subject to both aerodynamic and structural damping. Here we examine how both of these properties impact sensory performance, using finite element analysis combined with sensor placement optimization approaches. We show that wings with nonuniform stiffness exhibit several advantages over uniform stiffness wings, resulting in higher accuracy of rotation detection and lower sensitivity to the placement of sensors on the wing. Moreover, we show that higher damping generally improves the accuracy with which body rotations can be detected. These results contribute to our understanding of the evolution of the nonuniform stiffness patterns in insect wings, as well as suggest design principles for robotic systems.</p>
Evolution of wing scales in the Diptera
<p><span>Among the insects with wings clad in scales, the butterflies are most known and show the greatest variety of scales. In the Diptera, only some families or particular genera of two large groups are known to bear scales on wings, i.e., mosquitoes (Culicomorpha) and moth flies (Psychodomorpha). From among another large dipteran group, the crane-flies (Tipulomorpha), the scales on wings are present only in one small genus, <em>Maietta</em> Alexander, now endemic to the southwestern coast of South America. Herewith, we describe the Eocene ancestor of <em>Maietta</em>, embedded in Baltic amber, <em>Maietta (Hoffeinsetta ) christelae</em>, n. subgen., n. sp. This species and its recent congeners document the evolution of scale cover from scarce, restricted only to the anterior portion of the wing, to complete and dense. A similar parallel evolutionary route was previously described in the Culicidae. The fossil representative of <em>Maietta</em> </span>provides also a further example of biogeographical relationships of Baltic fauna with recent congeners distributed today far from Europe. <span>The present finding prompts a discussion on a possible protective role of scales against sticky surfaces of resin and the same proposes an explanation to a question: why some insects are astonishingly rare in fossil resins; a problem unsolved since 19th century.</span></p>
Phanus vitreus - wing transparency optics
<p>This record includes raw data underlying the publication entitled "<strong>Multi-scale dissection of wing transparency in the clearwing butterfly <em>Phanus vitreus</em></strong>" by Finet <em>et al.</em> 2023. The data are empirical (reflectance spectra, absorbance spectra, transmittance spectra, contact angles) or output files generated through optical simulations.</p>
Data for: Relatively large wings facilitate life at higher elevations in Nearctic dragonflies
<ol> <li>Determining which traits allow species to live at higher elevations is essential to understanding the forces shaping montane biodiversity.</li> <li>For the many animals that rely on flight for locomotion, a long-standing hypothesis is that species with relatively large wings should better persist in high-elevation environments because wings that are large relative to the body generate more lift and decrease the aerobic costs of remaining aloft. Although these biomechanical and physiological predictions have received some support in birds, other flying taxa often possess smaller wings at high elevations or no wings at all.</li> <li>To test if predictions about the requirements for relative wing size at high elevations are generalizable beyond birds, we conducted macroecological analyses on the altitudinal characteristics of 302 Nearctic dragonfly species.</li> <li>Consistent with the biomechanical and aerobic hypotheses, species with relatively larger wings live at higher elevations and have wider elevation breadths—even after controlling for a species' body size, mean thermal conditions, and range size. Moreover, a species' relative wing size had nearly as large of an impact on its maximum elevation as being adapted to the cold. </li> <li>Relatively large wings may be essential to high-elevation life in species that completely depend on flight for locomotion, like dragonflies or birds. With climate change forcing taxa to disperse upslope, our findings further suggest that relatively large wings may be a requirement for completely volant taxa to persist in montane habitats. </li> </ol>
Fig. 23 in A new species of Diopsis L. (Diptera: Diopsidae) from South Africa and Swaziland, and brief review of African species with a large apical wing spot
Fig. 23. Diopsis stuckenbergi sp. n., eye span plotted against body length.
Fig. 5 in A new species of Diopsis L. (Diptera: Diopsidae) from South Africa and Swaziland, and brief review of African species with a large apical wing spot
Fig. 5. Diopsis eisentrauti, eye span plotted against body length.
Phylogenomics and deep convergence in cockroach hind-wing morphology
<p>Despite regular advances in Blattodea systematics, several relationships remain controversial or untested in formal phylogenetic reconstructions. This common situation for understudied metazoan groups limits our power to answer questions about phenotypic evolution. In this study, we infer the evolutionary history of Blattodea using newly sampled taxa that improve phylogenetic resolution while also illuminating the evolutionary history of an unusual phenotype—the apically folded hind-wing. Taxa newly sequenced include those with a hind-wing apical fold (<em>Anaplecta pulchella, A. pygmaea, A. </em>sp<em>. </em>cf<em>. malaysensis, Diplopterina parva, Prosoplecta semperi, Anaplectoidea klossi, </em>and<em> Oulopteryx illuminata</em> sp. nov. that we describe herein, including its male genitalia) and other rare taxa (<em>Dipteretrum</em> <em>hamstroemi</em>, <em>Duchailluia</em> <em>togoensis</em>, <em>Lauraesilpha</em> <em>mearetoi</em>, <em>Buboblatta</em> <em>vlasaki</em>). The phylogenetic design utilizes 41 genes over 91 species in total, analyzed in a maximum likelihood and coalescent framework. To quantify the phylogenetic uncertainty of the analysis, support for various topologies is assessed. We find unambiguous support for the surprising position of Neotropical <em>Oulopteryx</em> (Oulopterygidae) as sister to New Caledonian/Australian Tryonicidae. This, and other phylogenetic findings, reveal that the apically folded hind-wing may have arisen nine times in Blattodea. Further investigations are needed, notably with an increased taxonomic sampling, to demonstrate stronger support for the placement of rogue taxa (e.g., <em>Anaplecta</em>) and to investigate the evolutionary correlates of wing evolution.</p>
Flexible use of visual and acoustic cues during roost finding in Spix's disc-winged bat Thyroptera tricolor
<p>The ability of an animal to detect environmental cues is crucial for its survival and fitness. In bats, sound certainly plays a significant role in the search for food, spatial navigation, and social communication. Yet, the efficiency of a bat's echolocation could be limited by atmospheric attenuation and background clutter. In this context, sound can be complemented by other sensory modalities, like smell or vision. Spix's disc-winged bat (<em>Thyroptera tricolor</em>) uses acoustic cues from other group members to locate the roost (tubular unfurled leaves of plants in the order Zingiberales). Our research focused on how individuals find a roost that has not been yet occupied, considering the urge to find a suitable leaf approximately every day, during nighttime or in daylight. We observed the process of roost finding in <em>T. tricolor</em> in a flight cage, manipulating the audio/visual sensory input available for each trial. A broadband noise was broadcast in order to mask echolocation, while experiments conducted at night significantly reduced the amount of light. We measured the time needed to locate the roost under these different conditions. Results show that with limited visual and acoustic cues, search time increases significantly. In contrast, bats seemed capable of using acoustic and visual cues in a similarly efficient manner, since roost search showed no strong differences in duration when bats could use only sound, only vision, or both senses at the same time. Our results show that non-acoustic inputs can still be an important source of information for finding critical resources in bats.</p>
Fore wings of honey bees (Apis mellifera) from Jammu and Kashmir, India
<p>The dataset consists of 350 honey bee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>) fore wing images, which represent 175 workers and 10 locations in Jammu and Kashmir, India. The wing images are compressed in IN-wing-images.zip. Raw coordinates of 19 landmarks marked on the wings are in file IN-raw-coordinates.csv. Additional data, including geographic coordinates and resolution, is saved in the file IN-data.csv.</p>
FB28-stained intracellular structures in butterfly wing epithelial cells in vivo
<p>We reconstructed the 3D video images of FB28-stained intracellular structures in butterfly wing epithelial cells in vivo. These videos are supplementary materials for Figure 5a and Figure 5b in a research article.</p>
Threshold-dependent gene regulation and partial assortative mating determine wing dimorphism of an Insect
<p><span>Wing dimorphism is a fantastic</span> <span>life-historical trait of insects which indicates the developmental trend of populations, going as migrants or staying as residents. The alternative wing morph enhances adaptability of insects to changing environments. However, the underlying mechanism for maintaining wing dimorphism remains vague. The brown planthoppers <em>Nilaparvata lugens</em>, a serious pest of rice, are either short-winged or long-winged. The shift between two wing morphs is determined by two insulin receptors. So, this pest is a better model organism to explore the mechanism of wing dimorphism. Here, the short- and long-winged strains of <em>N. lugens</em> were selected. Rates of a selected wing morph were linearly increased in populations, and the selection response of the short-winged morph was stronger than that of the long-winged. Selection enhanced the migratory or resident propensity. Directional selection for the long-winged morph resulted in longer and lighter forewings, while selection for the short-winged morph generated shorter and thicker wings and higher fecundity. Relative expression levels of wing development genes <em>InR1, InR2</em>, and <em>FOXO</em> were positively correlated with the short-winged rate in the short-winged strain, while they were negatively correlated with the long-winged rate in the long-winged strain at specific stages. The change rate of expression levels was approximately two times as high as that of the wing morph rates in populations, indicating a high threshold-dependent gene expressed regulation of a wing morph. A partial assortative mating behavior occurred between the nearly pure-bred lineages of short- and long-winged strains. The short-winged males preferred to mate with short-winged females while the long-winged males mated with the short- and long-winged females equally. The threshold-dependent mode is flexible to adjust the wing morph according to environmental conditions and the partial assortative mating promotes the genetic exchange between two wing morphs which drive the maintenance of wing dimorphism.</span></p>
Wing images used for testing new methods for estimating the total wing area of birds
<p>Images of extended wing preparations of 112 specimens representing 40 avian families were used for testing new methods for estimating the total wing area of birds.</p>
Data for: A novel cricket morph has diverged in song and wing morphology across island populations
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Divergence of sexual signals between populations can lead to speciation, yet opportunities to study the immediate aftermath of novel signal evolution are rare. The recent emergence and spread of a new mating song, purring, in Hawaiian populations of the Pacific field cricket (<em>Teleogryllus oceanicus</em>) allows us to investigate population divergence soon after the origin of a new signal. Male crickets produce songs with specialized wing structures to attract mates from afar (calling) and entice them to mate when found (courtship). However, in Hawaii, these songs also attract an eavesdropping parasitoid fly (<em>Ormia ochracea</em>) that kills singing males. The novel purring song, produced with heavily modified wing morphology, attracts female crickets but not the parasitoid fly, acting as a solution to this conflict between natural and sexual selection. We've since observed increasing numbers of purring males across Hawaii. In this integrative field study, we investigated the distribution of purring and the proportion of purring males relative to other morphs in six populations on four islands and compared a suite of phenotypic traits (wing morphology, calling song, and courtship song) that make up this novel signal across populations of purring males. We show that purring is found in varying proportions across five, and is locally dominant in four, Hawaiian populations. We also show that calling songs, courtship songs, and wing morphology of purring males differ geographically. Our findings demonstrate the rapid pace of evolution in island populations and provide insights into the emergence and divergence of new sexual signals over time.</span></p>
The mechanistic origin of amber pigmentation of Perithemis tenera (Say, 1840) wings (Anisoptera: Libellulidae)
<p>Animal coloration serves various signaling and non-signaling functions. In damselflies and dragonflies (Odonata), such colors may not only play photoprotective and/or thermoregulatory roles but also serve as visual signals during courtship and/or agonistic interactions. Here, we analyzed the coloration of <em>Perithemis tenera</em> wings, a potential secondary sexual ornament, applying spectrophotometry and visual modeling to gain a deeper understanding of their color mechanisms and functions. The amber coloration of the <em>P. tenera</em> wings results from the interaction of light with both the melanized chitin matrix and possibly ommochrome pigments. This coloration stands out significantly against the dry Brazilian savannah, the natural habitat of <em>P. tenera</em>, making it easily detectable by conspecifics. Additionally, by fitting the absorbance curve of <em>P. tenera</em> wings to the extinction coefficient of different melanins, we deduced that pheomelanin is likely the pigment embedded in the wing’s chitinous matrix. If the presence of pheomelanin is confirmed, a pigment predominantly found in vertebrates and known to be associated with an increased risk of melanoma and Parkinson’s disease, <em>P. tenera</em> could become a valuable species for studying these diseases and their potential links to pigmentation, as well as its roles in insects’ immune systems and cuticle sclerotization.</p>
Galindo-Carvajal Airplane Wing
<p>Structural Analysis of Airplane Wing</p>
Winged retable with the Virgin Mary
Winged retable with the Virgin Mary, About 1275-1300, Mule Church in Iceland, National Museum (Copenhagen, Denmark). Made with Memento Beta from Autodesk. This pine altar-piece is the oldest in the collection. It has hinged wings which close over the central compartment. When open the wings once displayed sculptured figures in relief, probably enacting scenes from the life of the Virgin. The polychromy is unlikely to be original. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Hussars Wings
Hussars Wings from the composition "Battle of Vienna" ID no.: M.O./ W95 Museum of Władysław Wołkowski's Oeuvre in Olkusz https://muzea.malopolska.pl/en/objects-list/1992 Digitalisation: RDW MIC, Virtual Małopolska project Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Winged Dragon, one of pair, 5th-4th century BCE
Ancient Chinese bronze winged dragon, 5th-4th century BCE, now in the collection of the Minneapolis Institute of Art. From the dragon's description on artsmia.org: "The sculptural quality of these dashing beasts is conveyed by their stances, the proud carriage of their heads, and the apparent agility of their bodies. The forceful comma-shaped tails and their jaunty tufts, as well as the double-rope patterns on the moustaches, are typical elements of Warring States period art." More information: https://collections.artsmia.org/art/1046/winged-dragon-one-of-a-pair-china Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Conventional Bite Wing Radiography Versus Stationary Intraoral Tomosynthesis, a Comparison Study
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02873585. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Impacts of leg, wing, and body collisions on flight performance in carpenter bees
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.