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5,145 results for “CO₂”
How to perform ethical co-review
<p>A co-reviewing workflow to guide invited reviewers through a journal’s expectations for ethical involvement of early career researchers in peer review.</p>
Data from: Co-occurrence among three divergent plant-castrating fungi in the same silene host species
The competitive exclusion principle postulates that different species can only coexist in sympatry if they occupy distinct ecological niches. The goal of this study was to understand the geographical distribution of three species of Microbotryum anther-smut fungi that are distantly related but infect the same host plants, the sister species Silene vulgaris and S. uniflora, in western Europe. We used microsatellite markers to investigate pathogen distribution in relation to host specialization and ecological factors. Microbotryum violaceo-irregulare was only found on S. vulgaris at high elevations in the Alps. Microbotryum lagerheimii could be subdivided into two genetically differentiated clusters, one on S. uniflora in the UK and the second on S. vulgaris in the Alps and Pyrenees. The most abundant pathogen species, M. silenes-inflatae, could be subdivided into four genetic clusters, co-occurring in the Alps, the UK and the Pyrenees, and was found on both S. vulgaris and S. uniflora. All three fungal species had high levels of homozygosity, in agreement with the selfing mating system generally observed in anther-smut fungi. The three pathogen species and genetic clusters had large range overlaps, but occurred at sites with different elevations, temperatures and precipitation levels. The three Microbotryum species thus do not appear to be maintained by host specialization or geographic allopatry, but instead may occupy different ecological niches in terms of environmental conditions.
Synergistic impacts of co-occurring invasive grasses cause persistent effects in the soil-plant system after selective removal
1. Human influence on the environment is so extensive that virtually all ecosystems on the planet are now affected by biological invasions. And, often, ecosystems are invaded by multiple co-occurring non-native species. Hence, it is important to understand the impacts these invasions are producing on biodiversity and ecosystem processes. 2. Here, we present results of a two-year long field experiment where we tested the effects of co-occurring invasive C4 African grasses in a Cerrado area in central Brazil. We compared plant and arthropod communities, plant biomass, and soil nitrogen dynamics and soil chemical characteristics across five experimental treatments: Urochloa decumbens removal, Melinis minutiflora removal, both U. decumbens, and M. minutiflora removal, U. decumbens and M. minutiflora invaded plots, and uninvaded Cerrado. We hypothesized that selective removal of invasive grasses would have distinct effects on the native ecosystem structure and functioning. We expected that each invasive grass would produce a different type of impact on the native ecosystem and that their impacts would be synergistic when co-occurring. 3. Removal of M. minutiflora doubled native plant diversity and biomass when compared to invaded plots, whereas removal of U. decumbens did not alter these parameters. Cerrado plots had four times more plant species than plots cleared of invasives. Removal of invasive grasses did not affect the species richness or community composition of soil epigeal fauna. Cerrado soils had lower fertility, organic matter content, and pH than invaded soils. The effects were generally higher when both invasive grasses were removed, suggesting impacts were synergistic, but M. minutiflora had greater effects on plants and soils than U. decumbens. Both invasive species produced negative impacts, but a single species was the main driver. We also detected persistent effects of the invasive grass species on the ecosystem after two years of removal. 4. We conclude that invasive species of the same functional group have similar types of effects in native ecosystems, but the magnitude of impact was largely dependent on invasive species biomass and cover. Where multiple invasive species are present, research and management of invaded ecosystems should tackle the interacting effects of co-occurring invaders.
Data from: Is there a disease-free halo at species range limits? The co-distribution of anther-smut disease and its host species
1. While disease is widely recognized as affecting host population size, it has rarely been considered to play a role in determining host range limits. Many diseases may not be able to persist near the range limit if host population density falls below the critical threshold level for pathogen invasion. However, in vector- and sexually-transmitted diseases, pathogen transmission may be largely independent of host density and theory demonstrates that diseases with frequency-dependent transmission may persist in small populations near the range limit. 2. Empirical studies of disease at species range limits have lagged behind the theory, and to date, no previous study has tested the hypothesis that vector or sexually transmitted diseases can be maintained at host range limits. 3. We studied the distribution of anther-smut disease, a sterilizing pollinator-transmitted disease, on four alpine plant species to determine whether disease was present at the host range limits. 4. We found that host abundance declined towards the elevational range limits, and disease extended to the most extreme elevational range limits in three of the four host species. Maximum likelihood estimation of the magnitude of the disease-free halo showed that it was small or non-existent for all host species. Moreover, disease prevalence within populations was often higher nearer the host's range limit than in the range center and was independent of host density. 5. Synthesis: Our results show that diseases where transmission is frequency-dependent have the potential to affect host distributions not just in theory, but also in real world populations.
Data from: Novel sources of (co)variation in nestling begging behavior and hunger at different biological levels of analysis
<p>Biological hypotheses predicting patterns of offspring begging typically concern the covariance with hunger and/or development at specific hierarchical levels. For example, hunger drives within-individual patterns of begging, but begging also drives food intake among individuals within broods, and begging and food intake can covary positively or negatively among genotypes or broods. Testing biological phenomena that occur at multiple levels therefore requires the partitioning of covariance between traits of interest to ensure that each level-specific relationship is appropriately assessed. We performed a partial cross-fostering study on a wild population of great tits (Parus major), then used multivariate mixed-models to partition variation and covariation in nestling begging effort and two metrics of nestling hunger within versus among individual nestlings and broods. At the within-individual level, we found that nestlings begged more intensely when hungrier (positive correlation between begging and hunger). However, among individuals, nestlings that were fed more frequently also begged more intensely on average (negative correlation between begging and hunger). Variation in nestling mass did not give rise to the negative correlation between begging and hunger among nestlings, but we did find that lighter nestlings begged more intensely than their heavier biological siblings, suggesting that this effect may be driven by a genetic component linked to offspring size. Our study illustrates how patterns of covariance can differ across biological levels of analysis and addresses biological mechanisms that could produce these previously obscured patterns.</p>
Data from: Knowledge co-production with traditional herders on cattle grazing behaviour for better management of species-rich grasslands
The research gap between rangeland/livestock science and conservation biology/vegetation ecology has led to a lack of evidence needed for grazing-related conservation management. Connecting scientific understanding with traditional ecological knowledge of local livestock keepers could help bridge this research and knowledge gap. 1. We studied the grazing behaviour (plant selection and avoidance) of beef cattle (ca. 33 000 bites) on species-rich lowland pastures in Central Europe and traditional herding practices. We also did >450 outdoor interviews with traditional herders about livestock behaviour, herders' decisions to modify grazing behaviour, and effects of modified grazing on pasture vegetation. 2. We found that cattle grazing on species-rich pastures displayed at least 10 different behavioural elements as they encountered 117 forage species from highly desired to rejected. The small discrimination error suggests that cattle recognize all listed plants 'by species'. 3. We also found that herders had broad knowledge of grazing desire and they consciously aimed to modify desire by slowing, stopping or redirecting the herd. Modifications were aimed at increasing grazing intensity in less desired patches and decreasing grazing selectivity in heterogenous swards. 4. Synthesis and applications: These traditional herd management practices have significant conservation benefits, such as avoiding under- and overgrazing, and targeted removal of pasture weeds, litter and enchroaching bushes, tall competitive plants and invasive species. We argue that knowledge co-production with traditional herders who belong to another knowledge system could help connect isolated scientific disciplines especially if ecologists and rangeland scientists work closely with traditional herders, co-designing research projects and working together in data collection, analysis and interpretation. Stronger links between these disciplines could help develop evidence-based, specific conservation management practices while herders could contribute with their practical experiences and with real world testing of new management techniques.04-May-2020
Data from: The molecular phylogenetics of Trachymyrmex ants and their fungal cultivars provide insights into the origin and co-evolutionary history of 'higher-attine' ant agriculture
The fungus‐growing ants and their fungal cultivars constitute a classic example of a mutualism that has led to complex coevolutionary dynamics spanning c. 55–65 Ma. Of the five agricultural systems practised by fungus‐growing ants, higher‐attine agriculture, of which leaf‐cutter agriculture is a derived subset, remains poorly understood despite its relevance to ecosystem function and human agriculture across the Neotropics and parts of North America. Among the ants practising higher‐attine agriculture, the genus Trachymyrmex Forel, as currently defined, shares most‐recent common ancestors with both the leaf‐cutter ants and the higher‐attine genera Sericomyrmex Mayr and Xerolitor Sosa‐Calvo et al. Although previous molecular‐phylogenetic studies have suggested that Trachymyrmex is a paraphyletic grade, until now insufficient taxon sampling has prevented a full investigation of the evolutionary history of this group and limited the possibility of resolving its taxonomy. Here we describe the results of phylogenetic analyses of 38 Trachymyrmex species, including 27 of the 49 described species and at least 11 new species, using four nuclear markers, as well as phylogenetic analyses of the fungi cultivated by 23 species of Trachymyrmex using two markers. We generated new genetic data for 112 ants (402 new gene sequences) and 95 fungi (153 new gene sequences). Our results corroborate previous findings that Trachymyrmex, as currently defined, is paraphyletic. We propose recognizing two new genera, Mycetomoellerius gen.n. and Paratrachymyrmex gen.n., and restricting the continued use of Trachymyrmex to the clade of nine largely North American species that contains the type species [Trachymyrmex septentrionalis (McCook)] and that is the sister group of the leaf‐cutting ants. Our fungal cultivar phylogeny generally corroborates previously observed broad patterns of ant–fungus association, but it also reveals further violations of those patterns. Higher‐attine fungi are divided into two groups: (i) the single species Leucoagaricus gongylophorus (Möller); and (ii) its sister clade, consisting of multiple species, recently referred to as Leucoagaricus Singer 'clade B'. Our phylogeny indicates that, although most non‐leaf‐cutting higher‐attine ants typically cultivate species in clade B, some species cultivate L. gongylophorus, whereas still others cultivate fungi typically associated with lower‐attine agriculture. This indicates that the attine agricultural systems, which are currently defined by associations between ants and fungi, are not entirely congruent with ant and fungal phylogenies. They may, however, be correlated with as yet poorly understood biological traits of the ants and/or of their microbiomes.
Data from: Exogenous glucocorticoids amplify the costs of infection by reducing resistance and tolerance, but effects are mitigated by co-infection
Individual variation in parasite defenses, such as resistance and tolerance, can underlie heterogeneity in fitness and could influence disease transmission dynamics. Glucocorticoid hormone concentrations often change in response to fluctuating environmental conditions and mediate changes in immune function, resource allocation, and tissue repair. Thus, changes in glucocorticoid hormone concentrations might mediate individual variation in investment in resistance versus tolerance. In this study, we experimentally increased glucocorticoid concentrations in red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) that were naturally infected with haemosporidian parasites and assessed changes in resistance and tolerance of infection. Glucocorticoid treatment increased burdens of Plasmodium, the parasite causing avian malaria, but only in the absence of co-infection with another Haemosporidian, Haemoproteus. Thus, glucocorticoids might reduce resistance to infection, but co-infection can mitigate the negative consequences of increased hormone concentrations. Glucocorticoid treatment also decreased tolerance of infection. We found no evidence that the inflammatory immune response or rate of red blood cell production underlie the effects of glucocorticoids on resistance and tolerance. Our findings suggest that exogenous glucocorticoids can increase the costs of haemosporidian infections by both increasing parasite numbers and reducing an individual's ability to cope with infection. These effects could scale up to impact populations of both host and parasite.
Data from: The role of spore size in the global pattern of co-occurrence among Selaginella species
Aim: Separation of regeneration niches may promote coexistence among closely related plant species, but there is little evidence that regeneration traits affect species ranges at large geographic scales. Here we address patterns of co-occurrence within the genus Selaginella, an ancient lineage of free-sporing, heterosporous, vascular plants. Specifically, we ask whether differences between species in spore size are associated with the extent of overlap in their geographic ranges, a measure of opportunity for ecological interaction. Taxon: Selaginella (Selaginellaceae: Lycopodiales) Methods: We used quantile regression to examine the relationship of spore size ratios (pairwise ratios for megaspores and microspores of co-occurring species) to the area of range overlap and to latitude for a worldwide sample of 112 Selaginella species. Phylogenetically informed tests of statistical significance were used for each percentile relationship examined in the quantile regressions. Results: Large pairwise disparities in megaspore sizes were significantly associated with large range overlap. Disparities also tended to be larger at low latitudes. Microspore size differences, in contrast, were unrelated to shared range area or latitude. Main conclusion: Megaspore size appears to affect coexistence at a broad regional scale among Selaginella species, in at least some cases. The pattern is consistent with some degree of competitive structuring of size-related aspects of dispersal and establishment of propagules among some co-occurring species. Habitat complexity, such as open microsites within otherwise closed and shaded vegetation, seems likely to promote reproductive niche separation and may account for the latitudinal structure in Selaginella spore sizes.
Data from: A trait-based framework for discerning drivers of species co-occurrence across heterogeneous landscapes
Null model analysis of species co-occurrence patterns has long been used to gain insight into community assembly but is often limited to identifying non-random patterns without providing clarity about underlying ecological mechanisms. This challenge is especially apparent when sampling units are spread across a heterogeneous landscape or along an environmental gradient because multiple mechanisms can produce similar co-occurrence patterns. We developed a trait-based approach for discriminating between environmental filtering and biotic interactions as the probable driver of co-occurrence patterns across environmentally heterogeneous sites. We demonstrate our framework by analyzing the co-occurrence of small mammals over elevation in three independent mountain ranges in the Great Basin of the western United States. Our sampling design accounts for landscape scale environmental variability and within-site habitat heterogeneity. We identified 52 non-random species pairs, of which 36 were aggregated and 16 were segregated. For each pair, we determined which mechanism was the likely ecological explanation using a hypothesis-testing framework based on functional trait similarity. Expectations of biotic interactions were based on similarity of diet and body size whereas habitat affinity and geographic range were used for environmental filtering. Only four pairs were consistent with expectations under biotic interactions, including pairs for which competitive exclusion has previously been documented. In addition to analyzing individual pairs, we used binomial tests of observed versus expected totals of intra- and inter-guild pairs to determine assemblage-wide deviations from random community structure. Signatures of environmental filtering were consistent across mountain ranges and scales. Despite differences in species composition and significant pairs among data sets, our approach revealed consistent mechanistic conclusions, emphasizing the value of trait-based methods to co-occurrence and community assembly.
19th Century - CO, OK, NM Border Marker
Photogrammetric model of the 19th century border marker placed near the point where the modern states of Colorado, Oklahoma, and New Mexico meet. Visited this while doing field work in the area during the summer of 2017. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Mastodon, upper 3rd molar. Dane Co., WI
Mastodon (*Mammut americanum*) upper 3rd molar from Schimelpheig Bog locality in Dane Co., WI. UWZP 19580. Scanned in June 2022. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Rathmore - Rathcroghan Co. Roscommon
Rathmore is a medieval ring-fort located on a knoll to the NE or Rathcroghan mound to the N of the N5 route adjacent to 'Rathcroghan Cross Roads'. The Raised nature of the site suggests that it may have been a high status site. It has been suggested that the trace of an outer ditch to the north is an earlier enclosure. The ramp to the east provides access to the top of the mound which is surrounded by a bank. Survey completed by @DH_AGE and Western Aerial Survey - Jointly funded by the National Monuments Service (Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaelthacht) and the Heritage Council through the Royal Irish Academy/World Heritage Sites Directed Archaeological Research Grants. additional data prodived by Roscommon County Heritage Officer and OSI, Discovery Programme, NUIGalway Archaeology Department Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Millstone found near Georges Mill, Fluvanna Co
Millstone found near Georges Mill, Fluvanna Co, Virginia, at the former house of Edmond George. 3D scanned with a Creaform GoScan Spark - 20210408. Registration and editing with GeoMagic Design X and MeshLab. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
St. Cummin's Holy Well - Oughterard Co. Galway
St. Cummins Holy well is located in the townland of Lemmonfield in Oughterard Co. Galway. An ash tree near the well is said to have provided a cure to Cholera during the 1832 outbreak, when local people would peel off the bark. Records show that local people would take a hats off and make a slight bow to the well. More info on Holy Well in Connemara - http://www.connemaraprogramme.com/holywellsofconnemara/index.html#20 Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Ship Carving - Moycullen Co. Galway
A gravestone in Moycullen graveyard with a carved Galway Hooker ship from 17th C. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Puebla-Pueblo Sister Cities Monument - Pueblo,CO
Atop a base of vertically-standing brick pavers is a concrete and tile sculpture replicating the seals of Pueblo, Colorado and Puebla, Mexico, topped by a steel eagle, with outstretched wings. Two large serpent heads extend on either side of the seals. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Baltimore City Passenger Railway Co. facade
"The Baltimore City Passenger Railway Company began operation during 1859 with horse-drawn carriages. Their 1893 car barn, with BCP shingles still attached, at the corner of McCulloh Street and Cloverdale Road is sparsely documented. The other side faces Madison Avenue along which the company's White Line cable cars operated during the 1890s. The building, modified from its more ornate original architecture, saw rail transport use until 1948." http://www.trainweb.org/oldmainline/misc1.htm Created using 257 images taken with a DJI Mavic Mini and processed in Metashape. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Rathbeg - Rathcroghan Co. Roscommon
Rathbeg, is a ring barrow located to the NE of Rathcroghan Mound in County Roscommon, to the S of the N5 Road at 'Rathcroghan Cross Roads' Located on a high knoll it is a prominent barrow feature within the Rathcroghan Complex. A carin at the centre is surrounded by a pair of concentric banks with inner ditches cut on the preimeter of the knoll. Jointly funded by the National Monuments Service (Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaelthacht) and the Heritage Council through the Royal Irish Academy/World Heritage Sites Directed Archaeological Research Grants. additional data prodived by Roscommon County Heritage Officer and OSI, Discovery Programme, NUIGalway Archaeology Department Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Mouse and Human Co-expression maps and supplementary material for: "A comparison of human and mouse gene co-expression networks reveals conservation and divergence at the tissue, pathway and disease levels"
<p>Co-expression maps of the human and mouse species derived from microarray data for the first release of the GeneFriend tool.</p> <p>The two co-expression maps have been compared in order to discern similarities and differences between the two species. The results have been described in the manuscript titled: "A comparison of human and mouse gene co-expression networks reveals conservation and divergence at the tissue, pathway and disease levels".</p> <p>The supplementary material of the manuscript have also been included in this repository.</p> <p> </p>
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.