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Figure 7 in Environmental control versus phylogenic fingerprint in ontogeny: The example of the development of the stalk in the genus Guillecrinus (stalked crinoids, Echinodermata)

Figure 7. Modifications in the biometric profile of columnal height during stalk ontogeny in Guillecrinus neocaledonicus. Specimens of the type series.

Figure 10 in Environmental control versus phylogenic fingerprint in ontogeny: The example of the development of the stalk in the genus Guillecrinus (stalked crinoids, Echinodermata)

Figure 10. Distal columnals of the adult specimens of Guillecrinus neocaledonicus. (a–f) Increasingly distal columnals with an increasingly early development of subsidiary crests: (a–d) facets with a pentaradiate symmetry; (e) facet with a four-part symmetry inherited from a juvenile stage similar to that of Figure 5d; (f) facet with bilateral symmetry and with two generations of subsidiary crests, inherited from a juvenile stage similar to that of Figure 5f, note the growth in diameter of the axial canal resulting from resorption of the perilumen stereom of the initial fulcral ridge. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 4 in Environmental control versus phylogenic fingerprint in ontogeny: The example of the development of the stalk in the genus Guillecrinus (stalked crinoids, Echinodermata)

Figure 4. Biometric profiles of the stalk of the juvenile specimens of Guillecrinus neocaledonicus. The numbers in circles refer to the symmetry of the articulations (for 5b, 5c, 39 see Figure 6). Dotted area with the single line defines transitional zone of mesistele; double vertical lines define the entire mesistele.

Figure 19 in Environmental control versus phylogenic fingerprint in ontogeny: The example of the development of the stalk in the genus Guillecrinus (stalked crinoids, Echinodermata)

Figure 19. Variations in the level of organization of the columnals during their ontogeny in relation to their position on the stalk at the juvenile stage in Guillecrinus neocaledonicus. Ontogenetic stages of Figure 16 (J1 and J2, juvenile stage; A1 and A2, adult stage). Position on the stalk at the juvenile stage (P, proxistele; M, mesistele; D, dististele). See text for explanations.

Figure 2 in Environmental control versus phylogenic fingerprint in ontogeny: The example of the development of the stalk in the genus Guillecrinus (stalked crinoids, Echinodermata)

Figure 2. Developmental stages of the stalk in the genus Guillecrinus. The shaded portion represents columnals that appear earliest during development.

Figure 3 in Environmental control versus phylogenic fingerprint in ontogeny: The example of the development of the stalk in the genus Guillecrinus (stalked crinoids, Echinodermata)

Figure 3. Morphological units versus functional units, and symmetries at two levels of integration (ossicle and stalk). (a) A columnal viewed along its proximal/distal axis; (b) symmetry produced by superimposing the proximal and distal fulcral ridges of the columnal in (a); (c) superposition of articular fulcra of all columnals along the stalk; (d) schematic diagram of morphological and functional stalk units and their interactions.

Figure 1 in Environmental control versus phylogenic fingerprint in ontogeny: The example of the development of the stalk in the genus Guillecrinus (stalked crinoids, Echinodermata)

Figure 1. External morphology of the proximal part of the arms of the stalk. (a–d) Guillecrinus neocaledonicus: (a) specimen N1, holotype; (b) specimen N2; (c, d) specimen N3, juvenile. (e–h) G. reunionensis: (e, f) specimen R2; (g, h) specimen R1, holotype. ba, basals; ib?, pseudo-infrabasals. Scale bars: 1 mm (a, b, e, g, h); 0.5 mm (c, f); 0.2 mm (d).

Fig. 6 in Two new species of sea star (Asteroidea, Echinodermata) from mesopelagic depths in the Sunda Strait, Indonesia

Fig. 6. Pteraster sjadesensis, new species, holotype. A, abactinal view (live), osculum is open; B, abactinal view of arm and disc (live), osculum closed; C, actinal view (live), open ambulacra reveal biserial tube feet rows; D, oral region (specimen alcohol preserved and dried) showing oral spine webbing that is independent for each oral plate. Arrow indicates a tricarinate suboral spine with a dense basal boss and a hyaline apical region. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B = 2 mm; C = 2 mm; D = 1 mm.

Fig. 4 in Two new species of sea star (Asteroidea, Echinodermata) from mesopelagic depths in the Sunda Strait, Indonesia

Fig. 4. Dipsacaster fisheri, new species, holotype. A, actinal view of whole specimen (live); B, actinal view of arm (specimen ethanol preserved and dried). Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 5 mm.

Fig. 3 in Two new species of sea star (Asteroidea, Echinodermata) from mesopelagic depths in the Sunda Strait, Indonesia

Fig. 3. Dipsacaster fisheri, new species, holotype. A, abactinal view of whole specimen (live); B, abactinal view of arm (specimen ethanol preserved and dried). Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 5 mm.

Fig. 2 in Two new species of sea star (Asteroidea, Echinodermata) from mesopelagic depths in the Sunda Strait, Indonesia

Fig. 2. Dipsacaster fisheri, new species. Average superomarginal width-length ratios for the 1st interradial plate (I); 11th mid-arm plate (M); and distal 18th or 19th plate (D) in the holotype (ZRC.ECH.1301) and two paratypes (RCO.ECH.3332 & RCO.ECH.3333). n values in parentheses.

Fig. 1 in Two new species of sea star (Asteroidea, Echinodermata) from mesopelagic depths in the Sunda Strait, Indonesia

Fig. 1. The Sunda Strait between the islands of Java and Sumatera (Sumatra). Inset shows the location of the Strait within the Indonesian Archipelago. This map indicates the proximity of sites CP07 (at which Dipsacaster fisheri, new species, was found) and DW16 (at which Pteraster sjadesensis, new species, was found) to the 1883 VEI 6 eruption series and remnant of Krakatau. Scale bar = 20 km.

Fig. 5 in Two new species of sea star (Asteroidea, Echinodermata) from mesopelagic depths in the Sunda Strait, Indonesia

Fig. 5. Dipsacaster fisheri, new species, holotype (specimen ethanol preserved and dried). A, interradial superomarginal plates bordering paxillose abactinal area and fringed by protruding spinose extensions of inferomarginal plates; B, actinal plates bearing clavate (club-shaped) spines and finer spinules. The ambulacral groove with its furrow spines is aligned across the top right hand corner; C, X-ray negative radiograph of whole specimen; D, X-ray negative radiograph of arm base; inferomarginal plate extensions bearing the laterally projecting spines become narrower than the plates themselves, particularly interradially. Scale bars: A = 2 mm; B = 1 mm; C = 10 mm; D = 2 mm.

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FIG. 4 in A new species of Asterodiscides (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Asterodiscididae) from the tropical southwest Pacific, and the biogeography of the genus revisited

FIG. 4. — UPGMA dendrogram analysis of species relationships within the genus Asterodiscides A. M. Clark, 1974. Distances (branch lengths) are as follows: ((((a1:7.56,a2:7.56):13.79,((a3:9.38,a4:9.38):5.24,a7:14.62):6.73):7.53,(((a5:15.06,a6:15.06):4.89,((a8:8.81,a14: 8.81):7.86,(a13:8.10,((a15:2.88,a17:2.88):1.51,a18:4.39):3.71):8.57):3.27):1.11,a16:21.06):7.82):6.34,((a9:8.26,(a10:3.18,a11:3.18):5.0 8):21.29,a12:29.56):5.66).

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FIG. 3. — Asterodiscides bicornutus n in A new species of Asterodiscides (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Asterodiscididae) from the tropical southwest Pacific, and the biogeography of the genus revisited

FIG. 3. — Asterodiscides bicornutus n. sp., outline drawing of abactinal surface illustrating the positions of bicornute spines only, and the general alignment of the more dorsal of these into a carinal and two dorso-lateral rows (indicated by dotted lines). The anus (a) and madreporite (m) are included as reference points. A ring of dots on arm B marks the position of a missing spine whose identity, conical or bicornute, is not known.

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FIG. 1. — Asterodiscides bicornutus n in A new species of Asterodiscides (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Asterodiscididae) from the tropical southwest Pacific, and the biogeography of the genus revisited

FIG. 1. — Asterodiscides bicornutus n. sp., holotype, images of living animal: A, abactinal view, R = 102 mm; B, abactinal view of arm, area delineated by box is shown enlarged in Figure 1F; C, actinal view; D, apical portion of arm; actinal view showing distended tube feet, actinal plate ornamentation, a double row of subambulacral spines and the comb-like arrays of subambulacral spines; E, oral centre; F, close-up of area demarcated by box in Figure 1B; both bicornute and conical spines are evident; open forceps-type pedicellariae (arrows) are present at the bases of spines and tubercles.

FIG. 4. — A-D in A phylogeny of Iconaster and Glyphodiscus (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Valvatida, Goniasteridae) with descriptions of four new species

FIG. 4. — A-D, Iconaster elegans Jangoux, 1981, paratype, dry (MNHN EcAs 2776); A, abactinal surface; B, glassy granules on superomarginals; C, enlarged accessories on abactinal plates, papular region; D, oral and adambulacral regions; E-G, Iconaster longimanus MÖbius, 1859, Singapore, dry (CASIZ 117905); E, abactinal surface; F, abactinal plates with glassy granules; G, oral and

FIG. 3. — A-C, Glyphodiscus magnificus n in A phylogeny of Iconaster and Glyphodiscus (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Valvatida, Goniasteridae) with descriptions of four new species

FIG. 3. — A-C, Glyphodiscus magnificus n. sp., New Caledonia, paratype, dry (MNHN EcAs 11682); A, abactinal view; B, superomarginal plate shape; C, oral and adambulacral regions; D, E, Glyphodiscus pentagonalis n. sp., New Caledonia, holotype, dry (MNHN EcAs 11688); D, abactinal view; E, oral and adambulacral regions. Scale bars: A, 5.0 mm; B, D, 3.0 mm; C, 2.0 mm;

FIG. 1. — A, B in A phylogeny of Iconaster and Glyphodiscus (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Valvatida, Goniasteridae) with descriptions of four new species

FIG. 1. — A, B, Glyphodiscus perierctus (Fisher, 1917), New Caledonia, juvenile, dry, R = 7.0 mm, r = 4.0 mm (MNHN EcAs 11686); A, abactinal surface; B, actinal surface; C, Pontioceramus grandis Fisher, 1911 (USNM IZ-40578), dry, ambulacrals expressing a large ambulacral head (character 28), absence of an overlapping flange on the ambulacral head (character 29), rounded waist surface (character 30), and fan-like flaps on the ambulacral base (character 31); D, Glyphodiscus pentagonalis n. sp., dry (MNHN EcAs 11690), ambulacrals expressing a small ambulacral head (28), an overlapping flange (29), a sharpened edge on the waist (30), and narrow flaps on the ambulacral base (31); E, Glyphodiscus magnificus n. sp., paratype (MNHN EcAs 11683), predatory marks (PM)

FIG. 2. — A-C in A phylogeny of Iconaster and Glyphodiscus (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Valvatida, Goniasteridae) with descriptions of four new species

FIG. 2. — A-C, Glyphodiscus perierctus (Fisher, 1917), New Caledonia, SMIB 4, stn DW 61, dry (MNHN EcAs 11686); A, abactinal surface, larger specimen with roughened marginal plates; B, roughened superomarginal plate; C, ambulacral furrow, furrow spines, and adambulacral plates; D, E, Glyphodiscus mcknighti Rowe, 1989 (= G. perierctus), New Caledonia, SMIB 5, stn DW 104, dry (MNHN EcAs 11697); D, abactinal surface, smaller specimen with smooth marginal plates; E, actinal surface. Scale bars: A, B, D, E,