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Text-fig. 23. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of Clavatipollenites sp. 2 (a–c) from a fragmentary stamen, and stamen fragments with in situ pollen of Clavatipollenites sp. 3 (d–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Distal (a) and proximal (b) view of pollen showing simple, elongate colpus on distal surface and semitectate-reticulate pollen wall; c) Detail of pollen wall showing muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation and long scattered columellae; d) Fragment of tetrasporangiate stamen; e, f) Distal views of pollen from stamen fragment showing poorly defined aperture, coarse reticulum and long scattered columellae; g) Fragment of stamen; h) Distal view of pollen showing poorly defined aperture covered by irregular verrucae; i, j) Pollen wall showing rounded orbicules (i) and fractured pollen wall showing long scattered columellae (j). Specimens, TV43-S136728 (a–c), TV44-S149201 (d–f), TV44-S149220 (g–j). Scale bars 300 Μm (d, g), 6 Μm (a, b, e, f, h), 3 Μm (c), 1.5 Μm (i, j). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 23. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of Clavatipollenites sp. 2 (a–c) from a fragmentary stamen, and stamen fragments with in situ pollen of Clavatipollenites sp. 3 (d–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Distal (a) and proximal (b) view of pollen showing simple, elongate colpus on distal surface and semitectate-reticulate pollen wall; c) Detail of pollen wall showing muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation and long scattered columellae; d) Fragment of tetrasporangiate stamen; e, f) Distal views of pollen from stamen fragment showing poorly defined aperture, coarse reticulum and long scattered columellae; g) Fragment of stamen; h) Distal view of pollen showing poorly defined aperture covered by irregular verrucae; i, j) Pollen wall showing rounded orbicules (i) and fractured pollen wall showing long scattered columellae (j). Specimens, TV43-S136728 (a–c), TV44-S149201 (d–f), TV44-S149220 (g–j). Scale bars 300 Μm (d, g), 6 Μm (a, b, e, f, h), 3 Μm (c), 1.5 Μm (i, j).

Text-fig. 7. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of spores with possible affinities to lycopodiopsids (a–c) and Schizaeaceae (d–g); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Densoisporites sp. from a clump of spores in proximal (left) and partial distal views (right) showing the narrow equatorial flange, long laesurae, and reticulum that is coarser on the distal surface than on the proximal surface; b, c) Unnamed microspores from clump of microspores in proximal (b) and distal (c) views showing finely reticulate surface; d, e) Cicatricosisporites ventusus fertile pinnules showing numerous attached sporangia (d) each with terminal annulus (arrowheads) and spores in situ (e); f) Cicatricosisporites sp. 1 spores from fertile pinnules bearing sporangia with a terminal in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 7. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of spores with possible affinities to lycopodiopsids (a–c) and Schizaeaceae (d–g); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Densoisporites sp. from a clump of spores in proximal (left) and partial distal views (right) showing the narrow equatorial flange, long laesurae, and reticulum that is coarser on the distal surface than on the proximal surface; b, c) Unnamed microspores from clump of microspores in proximal (b) and distal (c) views showing finely reticulate surface; d, e) Cicatricosisporites ventusus fertile pinnules showing numerous attached sporangia (d) each with terminal annulus (arrowheads) and spores in situ (e); f) Cicatricosisporites sp. 1 spores from fertile pinnules bearing sporangia with a terminal

Text-fig. 15. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of seeds of Pazliopsis reyi (a–c) and Anaspermum operculatum gen. et sp. nov. (d–j). a) Seed in lateral view showing poorly preserved remains of fruit wall and rough surface of the exotesta; b) Section through the wall of a broken seed showing palisade cells of the exotesta; c) Seed surface showing sunken very deeply sinuous outlines of the exotesta cells; d–f, h, i) Seeds in lateral view (holotype figured in d) showing the pointed micropylar-hilar area, the rounded chalazal end, the smooth surface of the exotesta composed of cells with sinuous cell outlines, and the distinct course of the raphe; g) Surface of the exotesta showing the distinctive cell outlines formed by the sinuous anticlinal walls of the palisade cells; j) Apical view of seed showing the prominent operculum. Specimens, TV43-S171534 (a), TV44-S136683 (b), TV43-S136745 (c), TV43-S136740 (holotype; d), TV43-S136746 (e), TV43-S136739 (f), TV43-S170083 (g), TV S136743 (h), TV43-S136742 (i), TV38-S174608 (j). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b, d–f, h, i), 50 Μm (j), 30 Μm (c, g). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 15. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of seeds of Pazliopsis reyi (a–c) and Anaspermum operculatum gen. et sp. nov. (d–j). a) Seed in lateral view showing poorly preserved remains of fruit wall and rough surface of the exotesta; b) Section through the wall of a broken seed showing palisade cells of the exotesta; c) Seed surface showing sunken very deeply sinuous outlines of the exotesta cells; d–f, h, i) Seeds in lateral view (holotype figured in d) showing the pointed micropylar-hilar area, the rounded chalazal end, the smooth surface of the exotesta composed of cells with sinuous cell outlines, and the distinct course of the raphe; g) Surface of the exotesta showing the distinctive cell outlines formed by the sinuous anticlinal walls of the palisade cells; j) Apical view of seed showing the prominent operculum. Specimens, TV43-S171534 (a), TV44-S136683 (b), TV43-S136745 (c), TV43-S136740 (holotype; d), TV43-S136746 (e), TV43-S136739 (f), TV43-S170083 (g), TV S136743 (h), TV43-S136742 (i), TV38-S174608 (j). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b, d–f, h, i), 50 Μm (j), 30 Μm (c, g).

Text-fig. 17. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of a fruit of Canrightia elongata sp. nov. (a–g) and isolated Canrightia-like seeds (h–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a–c) Holotype; fruit in lateral view showing four fused tepals at the base (c, upper arrowheads) and prominent cavities in the fruit wall formed by scattered oil bodies and possible subtending bract (c, lower arrowhead); d) Transverse section (SRXTM orthoslice xy1510) through the fruit showing three locules, one with the remains of the endothelium (top left, 1), the other two (2, 3) with remains of presumed endosperm tissue; note that the locule to the right (3) is crushed; e, f) Radial longitudinal (e; SRXTM orthoslice xz1212) in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 17. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of a fruit of Canrightia elongata sp. nov. (a–g) and isolated Canrightia-like seeds (h–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a–c) Holotype; fruit in lateral view showing four fused tepals at the base (c, upper arrowheads) and prominent cavities in the fruit wall formed by scattered oil bodies and possible subtending bract (c, lower arrowhead); d) Transverse section (SRXTM orthoslice xy1510) through the fruit showing three locules, one with the remains of the endothelium (top left, 1), the other two (2, 3) with remains of presumed endosperm tissue; note that the locule to the right (3) is crushed; e, f) Radial longitudinal (e; SRXTM orthoslice xz1212)

Text-fig. 11. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of seeds assigned to the BEG group (a–d) and associated pollen grains (e–i); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Seed of Tomcatia taylorii showing the four horns formed by extensions of the envelope and the central projection of the envelope that surrounds to the micropylar tube; b, c) Seeds of Quadrispermum parvum in lateral (b) and apical (c) views showing the transverse ribs and the central projection of the envelope that surrounds the micropylar tube; d–f) Seeds of Ephedrispermum lusitanicum showing the four-angled seed envelope (d), the micropylar tube surrounded by the tissues of the integument (e), and ephedroid pollen grains on the seed surface (f); g) Apex of seed of Quadrispermum parvum showing simple in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 11. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of seeds assigned to the BEG group (a–d) and associated pollen grains (e–i); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Seed of Tomcatia taylorii showing the four horns formed by extensions of the envelope and the central projection of the envelope that surrounds to the micropylar tube; b, c) Seeds of Quadrispermum parvum in lateral (b) and apical (c) views showing the transverse ribs and the central projection of the envelope that surrounds the micropylar tube; d–f) Seeds of Ephedrispermum lusitanicum showing the four-angled seed envelope (d), the micropylar tube surrounded by the tissues of the integument (e), and ephedroid pollen grains on the seed surface (f); g) Apex of seed of Quadrispermum parvum showing simple

Text-fig. 10. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of conifer seeds (a, b) and pollen (c) and monoporate pollen of unknown affinity (d–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Unnamed conifer seeds (conifer seed sp. 1); c) Clump of bisaccate pollen grains; d) Fragment with microsporangia that yielded the pollen in (e–j); e, f, h) Monoporate pollen grains folded in various ways, exposing the tiny pore (e, h, arrowheads) or resembling a monocolpate grain (f); g) Detail of pollen grain showing pore (arrowhead) and finely rugulate exine surface that reflects the reticulate infratectal layer beneath the thin tectum; i) Detail of pore showing very slightly thickened margin; j) Spherical orbicules on the surface of two grains. Specimens, TV44-S174594 (a), TV44-S174595 (b), TV44-S174573 (c), TV44-S137904 (d–j). Scale bars 1 mm (a, b), 300 Μm (d), 100 Μm (c), 6 Μm (e, f, h), 3 Μm (g, j), 1.5 Μm (i). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 10. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of conifer seeds (a, b) and pollen (c) and monoporate pollen of unknown affinity (d–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Unnamed conifer seeds (conifer seed sp. 1); c) Clump of bisaccate pollen grains; d) Fragment with microsporangia that yielded the pollen in (e–j); e, f, h) Monoporate pollen grains folded in various ways, exposing the tiny pore (e, h, arrowheads) or resembling a monocolpate grain (f); g) Detail of pollen grain showing pore (arrowhead) and finely rugulate exine surface that reflects the reticulate infratectal layer beneath the thin tectum; i) Detail of pore showing very slightly thickened margin; j) Spherical orbicules on the surface of two grains. Specimens, TV44-S174594 (a), TV44-S174595 (b), TV44-S174573 (c), TV44-S137904 (d–j). Scale bars 1 mm (a, b), 300 Μm (d), 100 Μm (c), 6 Μm (e, f, h), 3 Μm (g, j), 1.5 Μm (i).

Text-fig. 3. m2 and m3 of U. t. mediterraneus from Šandalja I compared with other bear species. a–e: m2, f–g: m3. a: Šandalja I (specimen A; 1 – occlusal, 2 – lingual, 3 – buccal view), b: Šandalja I (specimen B; occlusal view), c: U. t. mediterraneus, Grotta di Reale (IGF 4807V; 1 – occlusal, 2 – lingual view), d: U. etruscus, Olivola (IGF 4605; occlusal view), e: U. etruscus, Upper Valdarno (IGF 908; occlusal view), f: Šandalja I (specimen B; occlusal view), g: U. etruscus, Olivola (IGF 4588; occlusal view). Specimens coated by ammonium chloride; a, b, e, f, g reversed. in Šandalja I (Croatia) And

Text-fig. 3. m2 and m3 of U. t. mediterraneus from Šandalja I compared with other bear species. a–e: m2, f–g: m3. a: Šandalja I (specimen A; 1 – occlusal, 2 – lingual, 3 – buccal view), b: Šandalja I (specimen B; occlusal view), c: U. t. mediterraneus, Grotta di Reale (IGF 4807V; 1 – occlusal, 2 – lingual view), d: U. etruscus, Olivola (IGF 4605; occlusal view), e: U. etruscus, Upper Valdarno (IGF 908; occlusal view), f: Šandalja I (specimen B; occlusal view), g: U. etruscus, Olivola (IGF 4588; occlusal view). Specimens coated by ammonium chloride; a, b, e, f, g reversed.

Text-fig. 1. Dental material of ursids from the locality Šandalja I (Croatia) in occlusal view. U. t. mediterraneus – a: m2 dex. (specimen A), b: m2 dex., c: m3 dex. (both specimen B), d: distal fragment of m1 dex. (specimen C); U. deningeri – e: mesial fragment of m2 dex. (specimen G), f: p4 sin. (specimen H). in Šandalja I (Croatia) And

Text-fig. 1. Dental material of ursids from the locality Šandalja I (Croatia) in occlusal view. U. t. mediterraneus – a: m2 dex. (specimen A), b: m2 dex., c: m3 dex. (both specimen B), d: distal fragment of m1 dex. (specimen C); U. deningeri – e: mesial fragment of m2 dex. (specimen G), f: p4 sin. (specimen H).

Text-fig. 15. Large mammal remains from Gaverdovsky and Volchaya Balka, Late Miocene, North Caucasus. a – Hipparion cf. moldavicum, SSC-RAS G-1/1, upper right M1–2, occlusal view, Gaverdovsky; b – Hipparion aff. gromovae, SSC-RAS G-1/2, lower right m3, occlusal view, Gaverdovsky; c – Hipparion sp., SSC-RAS G-1/4, lower right m1, occlusal view, Volchaya Balka; d–e – Microstonyx aff. major, SSC-RAS G-1/3, upper left dP4, d – occlusal view, e – lingual view, Volchaya Balka. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 15. Large mammal remains from Gaverdovsky and Volchaya Balka, Late Miocene, North Caucasus. a – Hipparion cf. moldavicum, SSC-RAS G-1/1, upper right M1–2, occlusal view, Gaverdovsky; b – Hipparion aff. gromovae, SSC-RAS G-1/2, lower right m3, occlusal view, Gaverdovsky; c – Hipparion sp., SSC-RAS G-1/4, lower right m1, occlusal view, Volchaya Balka; d–e – Microstonyx aff. major, SSC-RAS G-1/3, upper left dP4, d – occlusal view, e – lingual view, Volchaya Balka.

Text-fig. 13. Hypsodonty in different Collimys species. a, b, d, f – M1, labial view; c, e, g – m1, lingual view; a – C. transversus, Steinheim, late Middle Miocene ("MN 7"); b, c – C. longidens, Nebelbergweg, Middle-Late Miocene transition, MN 8/9; d, e – C. primus, Eichkogel, Late Miocene, MN 11; f, g – C. caucasicus sp. nov., Gaverdovsky (f) and Volchaya Balka (g, holotype), Late Miocene, MN 11. a–e – modified after Kälin and Engesser (2001). in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 13. Hypsodonty in different Collimys species. a, b, d, f – M1, labial view; c, e, g – m1, lingual view; a – C. transversus, Steinheim, late Middle Miocene ("MN 7"); b, c – C. longidens, Nebelbergweg, Middle-Late Miocene transition, MN 8/9; d, e – C. primus, Eichkogel, Late Miocene, MN 11; f, g – C. caucasicus sp. nov., Gaverdovsky (f) and Volchaya Balka (g, holotype), Late Miocene, MN 11. a–e – modified after Kälin and Engesser (2001).

Text-fig. 10. Amblycoptus oligodon, Late Miocene deposits, North Caucasus. a – A1, sin, GIN-1143-182; b – P4, sin, GIN- 1143-183; c – M1, dex, GIN-1143-184; d – I sup, sin, labial view, GIN-1143-181; e – i inf, sin, labial view, GIN-1143-186; f – fragment of mandible with m1–m2, dex, occlusal view, GIN- 1144-181; g – fragment of mandible, dex, condilar view, GIN- 1143-185. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 10. Amblycoptus oligodon, Late Miocene deposits, North Caucasus. a – A1, sin, GIN-1143-182; b – P4, sin, GIN- 1143-183; c – M1, dex, GIN-1143-184; d – I sup, sin, labial view, GIN-1143-181; e – i inf, sin, labial view, GIN-1143-186; f – fragment of mandible with m1–m2, dex, occlusal view, GIN- 1144-181; g – fragment of mandible, dex, condilar view, GIN- 1143-185.

Text-fig. 6. Fish remains from Volchaya Balka locality (Late Miocene, North Caucasus). a – Scardinius sp., SSC-RAS G-2/1, pharyngeal tooth of the first row, side view, occlusal view; b – Abramis cf. bjoerkna, SSC-RAS G-2/2, pharyngeal tooth of the first row: top – side view, bottom – occlusal view; c – Carassius sp., SSC-RAS G-2/3, pharyngeal tooth of the first row: top – side view, bottom – occlusal view; d – Alburnus sp., SSC-RAS G-2/4, fragment of pharyngeal bone (os pharyngicus inferius), medial view; e – Acipenser sp., SSC-RAS G-2/5, left hyomandibular: left – medial view, right – proximal view; f – Gobiidae gen. indet., SSC-RAS G-2/6, tail vertebra: left – lateral view, right – dorsal view; g – Gobiidae gen. indet., SSC-RAS G-2/7, dentary: top – medial view, bottom – dorsal view. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 6. Fish remains from Volchaya Balka locality (Late Miocene, North Caucasus). a – Scardinius sp., SSC-RAS G-2/1, pharyngeal tooth of the first row, side view, occlusal view; b – Abramis cf. bjoerkna, SSC-RAS G-2/2, pharyngeal tooth of the first row: top – side view, bottom – occlusal view; c – Carassius sp., SSC-RAS G-2/3, pharyngeal tooth of the first row: top – side view, bottom – occlusal view; d – Alburnus sp., SSC-RAS G-2/4, fragment of pharyngeal bone (os pharyngicus inferius), medial view; e – Acipenser sp., SSC-RAS G-2/5, left hyomandibular: left – medial view, right – proximal view; f – Gobiidae gen. indet., SSC-RAS G-2/6, tail vertebra: left – lateral view, right – dorsal view; g – Gobiidae gen. indet., SSC-RAS G-2/7, dentary: top – medial view, bottom – dorsal view.

Text-fig. 5. Palynomorphs from Late Miocene deposits. Gaverdovsky section, North Caucasus. a – Abies minor ANANOVA; b – Picea sp.; c – Keteleeria cf. dubia CHLONOWA; d – Taxodiaceae gen.; e – Podocarpidites podocarpoides (THIERGART) KRUTZSCH; f – Pinus labdaca KRUTZSCH; g – Fagus cf. tenella PAN.; h – Juglans gracilis ANANOVA; I – Carya cf. spackmania TRAV.; j – Pterocarya sp.; k – Ulmus sp.; l – Zelkova cf. miocenica ANANOVA; m – Liquidambar sp.; n – Pediastrum simplex MEYEN; o – Spirogyra sp.; p – redeposited Palaeogene dinocyst Wilsonidinium lineidentatum (DEFLANDRE et COOKSON, 1955) LENTIN et WILLIAMS, 1976. Scale bar 40 μm for all photographs. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 5. Palynomorphs from Late Miocene deposits. Gaverdovsky section, North Caucasus. a – Abies minor ANANOVA; b – Picea sp.; c – Keteleeria cf. dubia CHLONOWA; d – Taxodiaceae gen.; e – Podocarpidites podocarpoides (THIERGART) KRUTZSCH; f – Pinus labdaca KRUTZSCH; g – Fagus cf. tenella PAN.; h – Juglans gracilis ANANOVA; I – Carya cf. spackmania TRAV.; j – Pterocarya sp.; k – Ulmus sp.; l – Zelkova cf. miocenica ANANOVA; m – Liquidambar sp.; n – Pediastrum simplex MEYEN; o – Spirogyra sp.; p – redeposited Palaeogene dinocyst Wilsonidinium lineidentatum (DEFLANDRE et COOKSON, 1955) LENTIN et WILLIAMS, 1976. Scale bar 40 μm for all photographs.

Text-fig. 8. Drawings of upper dentition in occlusal view of African Miocene Hyainailourinae. Comparison with other selected Hyaenodontida taxa. a: Brychotherium ephalmos, b: Anasinopa leakeyi, c: Teratodon spekei, d: Mlanyama sugu, e: Leakitherium hiwegi, f: Buhakia sp. from Karungu, g: Dissopsalis carnifex, h: Metapterodon stromeri, i: Pterodon dasyuroides, j: Hyainailouros napakensis, k: Falcatodon schlosseri, l: Sectisodon markgrafi, m: Isohyaenodon zadoki, n: Isohyaenodon sp. from Elisabethfeld, o: Sectisodon occultus, p–q: Exiguodon pilgrimi, p: from Napak, q: from Koru. in New Hyaenodonts (Ferae, Mammalia) From The Early Miocene Of Napak (Uganda), Koru (Kenya) And Grillental (Namibia)

Text-fig. 8. Drawings of upper dentition in occlusal view of African Miocene Hyainailourinae. Comparison with other selected Hyaenodontida taxa. a: Brychotherium ephalmos, b: Anasinopa leakeyi, c: Teratodon spekei, d: Mlanyama sugu, e: Leakitherium hiwegi, f: Buhakia sp. from Karungu, g: Dissopsalis carnifex, h: Metapterodon stromeri, i: Pterodon dasyuroides, j: Hyainailouros napakensis, k: Falcatodon schlosseri, l: Sectisodon markgrafi, m: Isohyaenodon zadoki, n: Isohyaenodon sp. from Elisabethfeld, o: Sectisodon occultus, p–q: Exiguodon pilgrimi, p: from Napak, q: from Koru.

Text-fig. 14. Upper cheek teeth of Omanitherium dhofarense. a) ONHM TN 2017-16, left P3/, stereo occlusal view; b) ONHM TN 2017-17, right P4/, stereo occlusal view; c) ONHM TN 2017-44, right P4/, stereo occlusal view; d) ONHM TN 2017-18, right M1/ stereo occlusal view; e and f) ONHM TN 2017-45, fragments of left M2/, stereo occlusal view; g) ONHM TN 2017-79, right M3/, stereo occlusal view (scale bar 10 mm). in Large Mammals From The Rupelian Of Oman - Recent Finds

Text-fig. 14. Upper cheek teeth of Omanitherium dhofarense. a) ONHM TN 2017-16, left P3/, stereo occlusal view; b) ONHM TN 2017-17, right P4/, stereo occlusal view; c) ONHM TN 2017-44, right P4/, stereo occlusal view; d) ONHM TN 2017-18, right M1/ stereo occlusal view; e and f) ONHM TN 2017-45, fragments of left M2/, stereo occlusal view; g) ONHM TN 2017-79, right M3/, stereo occlusal view (scale bar 10 mm).

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Text-fig. 7. Plant fossils from Primorye, Partizansk coal basin, Frentsevka Formation, Bolshoy Kuvshin locality, early – middle Albian. a, c, e – Achaenocarpites capitellatus KRASSILOV et VOLYNETS: a – spec. IBSS 320-132, c – spec. IBSS 320-132, e – spec. IBSS 320-120; b – Onychiopsis psilotoides (STOKES et WEBB) WARD, spec. – IBSS 320-165; d, g – branching infructescence with several follicular fruits: d – spec. IBSS 320-145, g – IBSS 320-145; f – Asiatifolium elegans G.SUN, S.X.GUO et SHAO L.ZHENG, spec. IBSS 320-75. Scale bar 0.5 cm. in An Angiosperm Dominated Herbaceous Community From The Early - Middle Albian Of Primorye, Far East Of Russia

Text-fig. 7. Plant fossils from Primorye, Partizansk coal basin, Frentsevka Formation, Bolshoy Kuvshin locality, early – middle Albian. a, c, e – Achaenocarpites capitellatus KRASSILOV et VOLYNETS: a – spec. IBSS 320-132, c – spec. IBSS 320-132, e – spec. IBSS 320-120; b – Onychiopsis psilotoides (STOKES et WEBB) WARD, spec. – IBSS 320-165; d, g – branching infructescence with several follicular fruits: d – spec. IBSS 320-145, g – IBSS 320-145; f – Asiatifolium elegans G.SUN, S.X.GUO et SHAO L.ZHENG, spec. IBSS 320-75. Scale bar 0.5 cm.

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Text-fig. 11. Lower teeth of Masillamys mattaueri (HARTENBERGER) from Mas de Gimel (Hérault, France; MP 10, late early Eocene). a) MGL 641, left p4; a1 – occlusal view, a2 – buccal aspect, a3 – lingual aspect. b) MGL 220, right p4; b1 – occlusal view, b2 – buccal aspect, b3 – lingual aspect. c) MGL 233, right m1; c1 – occlusal view, c2 – buccal aspect, c3 – lingual aspect. d) MGL 665, right m1; d1 – occlusal view, d2 – buccal aspect, d3 – lingual aspect. e) MGL 225, holotype, right m2; e1 – occlusal view, e2 – buccal aspect, e3 – lingual aspect. f) MGL 222, left m1; f1 – lingual aspect, f2 – occlusal view, f3 – buccal aspect. g) MGL 231, right m2; g1 – occlusal view, g2 – buccal aspect, g3 – lingual aspect. h) MGL 646, left m3; h1 – buccal aspect, h2 – lingual aspect, h3 – occlusal view. i) MGL 619, right m3; i1 – buccal aspect, i2 – lingual aspect, i3 – occlusal view. Scale bar 1 mm. in A Reevaluation Of The Taxonomic Status Of The Rodent Masillamys Tobien, 1954 From Messel (Germany, Late Early To Early Middle Eocene, 48-47 M.Y.)

Text-fig. 11. Lower teeth of Masillamys mattaueri (HARTENBERGER) from Mas de Gimel (Hérault, France; MP 10, late early Eocene). a) MGL 641, left p4; a1 – occlusal view, a2 – buccal aspect, a3 – lingual aspect. b) MGL 220, right p4; b1 – occlusal view, b2 – buccal aspect, b3 – lingual aspect. c) MGL 233, right m1; c1 – occlusal view, c2 – buccal aspect, c3 – lingual aspect. d) MGL 665, right m1; d1 – occlusal view, d2 – buccal aspect, d3 – lingual aspect. e) MGL 225, holotype, right m2; e1 – occlusal view, e2 – buccal aspect, e3 – lingual aspect. f) MGL 222, left m1; f1 – lingual aspect, f2 – occlusal view, f3 – buccal aspect. g) MGL 231, right m2; g1 – occlusal view, g2 – buccal aspect, g3 – lingual aspect. h) MGL 646, left m3; h1 – buccal aspect, h2 – lingual aspect, h3 – occlusal view. i) MGL 619, right m3; i1 – buccal aspect, i2 – lingual aspect, i3 – occlusal view. Scale bar 1 mm.

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Text-fig. 7. Teeth of Masillamys parvus TOBIEN, from Messel (Hesse, Germany, MP 11), HLMD-Me 625, holotype. a) left upper M2, protocone damaged, occlusal view. b) left upper M3, occlusal view. c) left lower p4; c1 – occlusal view, c2 – buccal aspect, c3 – lingual aspect. d) left lower m2, metaconid damaged; d1 – occlusal view, d2 – buccal aspect, d3 – lingual aspect. e) right m3, occlusal view. f) left m3; f1 – occlusal view, f2 – buccal aspect, base of crown lacking, f3 – lingual aspect; g) SMF-ME 2099A: right lower tooth row with dp4 to m3, g1 – occlusal view, g2 – lingual aspect. Scale bar 1 mm. in A Reevaluation Of The Taxonomic Status Of The Rodent Masillamys Tobien, 1954 From Messel (Germany, Late Early To Early Middle Eocene, 48-47 M.Y.)

Text-fig. 7. Teeth of Masillamys parvus TOBIEN, from Messel (Hesse, Germany, MP 11), HLMD-Me 625, holotype. a) left upper M2, protocone damaged, occlusal view. b) left upper M3, occlusal view. c) left lower p4; c1 – occlusal view, c2 – buccal aspect, c3 – lingual aspect. d) left lower m2, metaconid damaged; d1 – occlusal view, d2 – buccal aspect, d3 – lingual aspect. e) right m3, occlusal view. f) left m3; f1 – occlusal view, f2 – buccal aspect, base of crown lacking, f3 – lingual aspect; g) SMF-ME 2099A: right lower tooth row with dp4 to m3, g1 – occlusal view, g2 – lingual aspect. Scale bar 1 mm.

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Text-fig. 8. Line drawings of third molars from the upper part of the Nagri Formation; 8a–b and 8e–g are referred to Karnimata fejfari, 8c and 8h are referred to Progonomys hussaini, and 8d represents Progonomys morganae. a) left m3 YGSP 34573, b) right m3 YGSP 34568, c) right m3 YGSP 34574, d) left M3 YGSP 34033 from Y 259, e) right M3 YGSP 34595, f) right M3 YGSP 34596, g) right M3 YGSP 33197 from Y 450, h) right M3 YGSP 34597. All teeth drawn to same scale, anterior is upward; black shading represents dentine exposed by wear; hatching on 8d represents breakage. in Early Late Miocene Murine Rodents From The Upper Part Of The Nagri Formation, Siwalik Group, Pakistan, With A New Fossil Calibration Point For The Tribe Apodemurini (Apodemus/Tokudaia)

Text-fig. 8. Line drawings of third molars from the upper part of the Nagri Formation; 8a–b and 8e–g are referred to Karnimata fejfari, 8c and 8h are referred to Progonomys hussaini, and 8d represents Progonomys morganae. a) left m3 YGSP 34573, b) right m3 YGSP 34568, c) right m3 YGSP 34574, d) left M3 YGSP 34033 from Y 259, e) right M3 YGSP 34595, f) right M3 YGSP 34596, g) right M3 YGSP 33197 from Y 450, h) right M3 YGSP 34597. All teeth drawn to same scale, anterior is upward; black shading represents dentine exposed by wear; hatching on 8d represents breakage.