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821 results for “Molecular Systematics”
Figure 2 from: Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez C, Teixeira Santos M, Inácio ML, Eisenback JD, Mota M (2020) Description of Longidorus bordonensis sp. nov. from Portugal, with systematics and molecular phylogeny of the genus (Nematoda, Longidoridae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(1): 175-193. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.49022
Figure 2 Light micrographs of Longidorus bordonensis sp. nov. paratypes from the rhizosphere of grass (unknown species) at São Pedro do Sul, Viseu district, northern Portugal (1–10). 1. Anterior region. 2. Odontostyle region. 3. Lip region showing amphidial fovea. 4. Odontophore region. 5. Detail of basal bulb. 6, 7. Female tail region. 8. Male tail region. 9. vulva region. 10. Detail of spicule region. Abbreviations: a anus, af amphidial fovea, cd cardia, gr guiding ring, ost odontostyle, odph odontophore, sp spicules, spl ventromedian supplements, V vulva, vg vagina. Scale bars: 23 μm (1, 4); 15 μm (2, 3, 5); 50 μm (6, 7); 25 μm (8, 10); 30 μm (9).
Figure 5 in The contribution of molecular data to our understanding of cephalopod evolution and systematics: a review
Figure 5. Maximum likelihood phylogenies of Octopodidae sensu Strugnell et al. 2013 (= Octopodinae sensu Sweeney and Roper 1998) based on (A) amino acid sequences of two mitochondrial genes: cytochrome oxidase subunit III and cytochrome b apoenzyme, and the nuclear gene Elongation Factor-1α (Guzik et al. 2005); (B) 12S ribosomal RNA, 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (Takumiya et al. 2005); (C) a multigene approach (four to ten genes depending on sequence availability) (Lindgren et al. 2012); (D) three nuclear and three mitochondrial genes tested and treated for saturation (Strugnell et al. 2013). All trees redrawn from original sources using updated nomenclature for clarity.
Figure 4 in The contribution of molecular data to our understanding of cephalopod evolution and systematics: a review
Figure 4. Consensus tree depicting phylogenetic relationships supported by all analyses conducted by Strugnell et al. (2013).
Data from: Combined molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Orthoptera (Arthropoda, Insecta) and implications for their higher systematics
A phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear rDNA sequences from species of all the superfamilies of the insect order Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets and relatives) confirmed that although mitochondrial sequences provided good resolution of the youngest superfamilies, nuclear rDNA sequences were necessary to separate the basal groups. To try to reconcile these data sets into a single fully resolved orthopteran phylogeny, we adopted consensus and combined data strategies. The consensus analysis produced a partially resolved tree, lacking several well-supported features of the individual analyses. However, this lack of resolution was explained by an examination of resampled data sets that identified the likely source of error as the relatively short length of the individual mitochondrial data partitions. In a subsequent comparison in which the mitochondrial sequences were initially combined, we observed less conflict. We then used two approaches to examine the validity of combining all of the data in a single analysis; comparative analysis of trees recovered from resampled data sets and the application of a randomization test. The results did not point to significant levels of heterogeneity in phylogenetic signal between the mitochondrial and nuclear data sets, and we therefore proceeded with a combined analysis. Reconstructing phylogenies under the minimum evolution and maximum likelihood optimality criteria, we examined monophyly of the major orthopteran groups using nonparametric and parametric bootstrap analysis and Kishino-Hasegawa tests. Our analysis suggests that phylogeny reconstruction under the ML criteria is the most discriminating approach for the combined sequences. The results indicate that the caeliferan Pneumoroidea and Pamphagoidea (as previously suggested) are polyphyletic. The Acridoidea is redefined to include all pamphagoid families other than the Pyrgomorphidae, which we propose should be accorded superfamily status.
Figure 8 from: Al-Kandari M, Oliver PG, Salvi D (2021) Molecular and morphological systematics of a new, reef forming, cupped oyster from the northern Arabian Gulf: Talonostrea salpinx new species. ZooKeys 1043: 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1043.66992
Figure 8 Photographs of Talonostrea salpinx sp. nov. beds and reefs from Al-Bakri et al. 1985A–C reefs and beds in Khor Al-Subiyah D oyster field at Al-Memlahah, south-eastern end of Kuwait Bay.
Figure 7 from: Al-Kandari M, Oliver PG, Salvi D (2021) Molecular and morphological systematics of a new, reef forming, cupped oyster from the northern Arabian Gulf: Talonostrea salpinx new species. ZooKeys 1043: 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1043.66992
Figure 7 Anatomy of Talonostrea salpinx sp. nov. A gross view after removal of upper (right) valve B gross view including route of alimentary canal after removal of ctenidia, gonad and digestive diverticula C mantle edge D rectum and anus E excised labial palp F portion of ctenidium showing fine structures. Abbreviation: am, adductor muscle; an, anus; cp, ciliated pad; ct, ctenidium; ct/m, ctenidium mantle edge junction; hg, hind gut; hg loop, hind gut loop behind stomach; imf, inner mantle fold; ljct, longitudinal junction; lp, labial palp; me, mantle edge; mg, mid gut; mmf, middle mantle fold; mt, mantle; oe,oesophagus; og, oral groove; pc, pericardium; r, rectum; rods, ctenidial filaments; s, stomach; ss, style sac; tjct, transverse junction; vm, visceral mass.
Figure 6 from: Al-Kandari M, Oliver PG, Salvi D (2021) Molecular and morphological systematics of a new, reef forming, cupped oyster from the northern Arabian Gulf: Talonostrea salpinx new species. ZooKeys 1043: 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1043.66992
Figure 6 Talonostrea salpinx sp. nov. shells from Umm Al-Namil A, B external and internal views of a shell with marginal fluted spines, Paratypes NMW.Z.2021.009.006/ C, D Paratypes, NMW.Z.2021.009.006/2–3, shells of differing colours and lacking marginal fluted spines E clump of shells some with fluted spines associated with the tubeworm Spirobranchus kraussi (Baird, 1864) and the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite (Darwin, 1854). F, rock encrusted with irregular shaped shells mostly lacking fluted spines.
Figure 2 from: Al-Kandari M, Oliver PG, Salvi D (2021) Molecular and morphological systematics of a new, reef forming, cupped oyster from the northern Arabian Gulf: Talonostrea salpinx new species. ZooKeys 1043: 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1043.66992
Figure 2 Map of Kuwait indicating known distribution of Talonostrea salpinx sp. nov. Blue circle for field records, red diamond for cited material, red square for type locality. Details of localities are given in Table 1.
Figure 5 from: Al-Kandari M, Oliver PG, Salvi D (2021) Molecular and morphological systematics of a new, reef forming, cupped oyster from the northern Arabian Gulf: Talonostrea salpinx new species. ZooKeys 1043: 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1043.66992
Figure 5 Talonostrea salpinx sp. nov. Paratypes from Khor Al-Subiyah, NMW.Z.2021.009.005 A, B clump with and without upper valves C in situ photograph of a shell from a sheltered position D small upper valve with an array of trumpet-shaped projections along margin E Inner views of four shells showing variation in shape and internal colouration.
Figure 1 from: Al-Kandari M, Oliver PG, Salvi D (2021) Molecular and morphological systematics of a new, reef forming, cupped oyster from the northern Arabian Gulf: Talonostrea salpinx new species. ZooKeys 1043: 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1043.66992
Figure 1 Oyster beds and reefs in northern Kuwait A, B Khor Al-Subiyah C, D Ashairij E, F Boubyan Island (North Khor Al-Subiyah).
Figure 4 from: Al-Kandari M, Oliver PG, Salvi D (2021) Molecular and morphological systematics of a new, reef forming, cupped oyster from the northern Arabian Gulf: Talonostrea salpinx new species. ZooKeys 1043: 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1043.66992
Figure 4 Talonostrea salpinx sp. nov. from Ashairij A, B clump with and without upper valves, shell h is holotype C inner views of lower and upper valves of holotype, NMW.Z. 2021.009. 001 D inner views of upper valves of five paratypes showing variation in shape and colouration, NMW.Z.009.002 E upper valve with a trumpet shapes projection, arrowed F a small upper valve showing radial purple-black colour banding.
Figure 3 from: Al-Kandari M, Oliver PG, Salvi D (2021) Molecular and morphological systematics of a new, reef forming, cupped oyster from the northern Arabian Gulf: Talonostrea salpinx new species. ZooKeys 1043: 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1043.66992
Figure 3 Bayesian phylogenetic tree based on cox1 and 16S DNA sequence data. Bayesian posterior probability higher than 0.9 are reported in correspondence of the nodes.
Data from: Molecular systematics of the Canidae
Despite numerous systematic studies, the relationships among many species within the dog family, Canidae, remain unresolved. Two problems of broad evolutionary significance are the origins of the taxonomically rich canid fauna of South America and the development in three species of the trenchant heel, a unique meat-cutting blade on the lower first molar. The first problem is of interest because the fossil record provides little evidence for the origins of divergent South American species such as the maned wolf and the bush dog. The second issue is problematic because the trenchant heel, although complex in form, may have evolved independently to assist in the processing of meat. We attempted to resolve these two issues and five other specific taxonomic controversies by phylogenetic analysis of 2,001 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data from 23 canid species. The mtDNA tree topology, coupled with data from the fossil record, and estimates of rates of DNA sequence divergence suggest at least three and possibly four North American invasions of South America. This result implies that an important chapter in the evolution of modern canids remains to be discovered in the fossil record and that the South American canid endemism is as much the result of extinction outside of South America as it is due to speciation within South America. The origin of the trenchant heel is not well resolved by our data, although the maximum parsimony tree is weakly consistent with a single origin followed by multiple losses of the character in several extant species. A combined analysis of the mtDNA data and published morphological data provides unexpected support for a monophyletic South American canid clade. However, the homogeneity partition tests indicate significant heterogeneity between the two data sets.
FIGURES 1. Westindia haxairei n in A striking new genus and species of tiger-moth (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Arctiinae, Arctiini) from the Caribbean, with molecular and morphological analysis of its systematic placement
FIGURES 1. Westindia haxairei n. sp. 1: Holotype, dorsal view.
FIGURE 28 in Molecular phylogenetics, systematics and host-plant associations of the Bruchidius albosparsus (Fåhraeus) species group (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) with the description of four new species
FIGURE 28. Color variation in Bruchidius grandemaculatus adults (a, b—males; c, d—females).
FIGURE 35 in Molecular and morphological systematics of Elysia Risso, 1818 (Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa) from the Caribbean region
FIGURE 35. Elysia serca, SEM of the radula. A, Radula (LACM 173228). B, Leading tooth (CPIC 00027).
FIGURE 23 in Molecular and morphological systematics of Elysia Risso, 1818 (Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa) from the Caribbean region
FIGURE 23. Elysia flava, SEM of the radula (LACM 178626). A, Radula. B, Leading tooth.
FIGURE 38 in Molecular and morphological systematics of Elysia Risso, 1818 (Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa) from the Caribbean region
FIGURE 38. Elysia evelinae, SEM of the radula (MZUCR INB0003312779). A, Radula. B, Leading tooth.
FIGURE 14 in Molecular and morphological systematics of Elysia Risso, 1818 (Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa) from the Caribbean region
FIGURE 14. (Continued)
FIGURE 14 in Molecular and morphological systematics of Elysia Risso, 1818 (Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa) from the Caribbean region
FIGURE 14. (Continued)
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