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opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

Chemical composition data of sedimentary rocks from the Permian-Triassic boundary and Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events

Bulk chemical composition data of sedimentary rocks from the Permian-Triassic boundary and Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events. This is a supplementary dataset for “Geochemical variations in sedimentary records of oxygen-depleted marine environments in representative geological periods: New perspectives from a multivariate statistical technique” by Moei Yano et al.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2024View details →

Code and Data for "Global Surface Eddy Mixing Ellipses: Spatio-temporal Variability and Machine Learning Prediction" By Jing et al. Submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans.

This repository contains the code and data for the study of "Global Surface Eddy Mixing Ellipses: Spatio-temporal Variability and Machine Learning Prediction" By Jing et al. Submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. Specifically, this repository contains the following items:  (1) The codes needed for assessing the representation and  prediction skills of Random Forest (RF) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models.  (2) Original and normalized data to run these codes. (3)  Code here is built on early work from our laboratory (Guan et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2023), though great modifications have been made tailored to our scientific question. <div>[1] Guan, W., Chen, R., Zhang, H., Yang, Y., & Wei, H. (2022). Seasonal surface eddy mixing in the Kuroshio Extension: Estimation and machine learning prediction. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 127 (3), e2021JC017967.</div> <div>[2] Zhang, G., Chen, R., Li, X., Li, L., Wei, H., & Guan, W. (2023). Temporal variability of global surface eddy diffusivities: Estimates and machine learning prediction. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 53 (7), 1711–1730.</div>

FIGURES 9–15 in Sporolithon indopacificum sp. nov. (Sporolithales, Rhodophyta) from tropical western Indian and western Pacific oceans: First report, confirmed by DNA sequence data, of a widely distributed species of Sporolithon

FIGURES 9–15. Tetrasporangial anatomy of the holotype of Sporolithon indopacificum (L 3964509). 9. Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) showing two tetra/bisporangial sori in surface view (arrowheads) (scale bar = 200 μm). 10. SEM showing a magnified view of several tetra/bisporangial chambers in surface view. Note the open, unoccluded pores (P), intact pore plugs (p) and the rosette cells surrounding the pores (scale bar = 15 μm). 11. Transverse section through two contiguously fused protuberances showing an extensive sorus (arrowheads) (scale bar = 300 μm). 12. Vertical section through the edge of a raised sorus (S) showing tetra/bisporangial chambers with floors (black arrowhead) that are flush with the surrounding vegetative surface (white arrowhead) (scale bar = 50 μm). 13. Vertical section through the edge of a raised sorus (S) showing tetra/bisporangial chambers with floors (black arrowhead) that are sunken below the surrounding vegetative surface (white arrowhead) (scale bar = 50 μm). 14. Vertical section through a sorus showing several tightly abutting, longitudinally elliptical tetra/bisporangial chambers bearing mostly uncleaved sporangia (t) borne on a single stalk cell (black arrowheads). Note the sporangial chamber pore plugs (white arrowheads), a 'T'-shaped divided tetrasporangium (T) and the sterile paraphyses of elongate cells (arrow) between two adjacent tetra/bisporangial chambers (scale bar = 50 μm). 15. Magnified view through a sorus showing three tetra/bisporangial chambers, one of which bears a zonately arranged bisporangium (B). Note the sporangial chamber pore plugs (white arrowheads) and the layer of elongate cells at the base of the sporangial chambers (black arrowheads) (scale bar = 30 μm).

FIGURES 3–8 in Sporolithon indopacificum sp. nov. (Sporolithales, Rhodophyta) from tropical western Indian and western Pacific oceans: First report, confirmed by DNA sequence data, of a widely distributed species of Sporolithon

FIGURES 3–8. Vegetative anatomy of the holotype of Sporolithon indopacificum (L 3964509). 3. Holotype specimen showing lumpy growth form with swollen, crowded protuberances (scale bar = 10 mm). 4. Magnified view of the protuberances showing their contiguously fused nature and numerous superficial sori (white arrowheads) scattered across the protuberances. Note that sori are often abraded or shed from the surface (black arrowheads) (scale bar = 2 mm). 5. Vertical section showing layers of S. indopacificum crusts (L) overgrowing itself in a superimposed manner (scale bar = 200 μm). 6. Vertical section through the monomerous thallus showing the epithallus (arrowhead) and a predominantly thick cortex (C) subtended by a thin medulla (M) (scale bar = 100 μm). 7. Vertical section of the ventral region of the thallus showing a plumose medulla (M) and cortical filaments (C) joined primarily by secondary pit connections (arrowheads) (scale bar = 50 μm). 8. Vertical section of the dorsal region of the thallus showing a single layer of flared epithallial cells (arrow) subtended by a layer of subepithallial initials (i). Note the layer of senescent epithallial cells (e) being shed, the primary pit connections between adjacent cortical filaments (black arrowheads) and a single, rare cell fusion (white arrowhead) (scale bar = 20 μm).

FIGURE 1 in Sporolithon indopacificum sp. nov. (Sporolithales, Rhodophyta) from tropical western Indian and western Pacific oceans: First report, confirmed by DNA sequence data, of a widely distributed species of Sporolithon

FIGURE 1. Phylogram of Sporolithon species inferred by maximum likelihood analysis of psbA sequences; Heydrichia species were the outgroup; sequences identified by GenBank accession number. Bolded scientific names are type specimens, topotype specimens, or specimens linked to type specimens by DNA sequence. Bootstrap support values (in %) are provided for nodes where> 50%. Scale bar refers to substitutions per site.

FIGURE 2 in Sporolithon indopacificum sp. nov. (Sporolithales, Rhodophyta) from tropical western Indian and western Pacific oceans: First report, confirmed by DNA sequence data, of a widely distributed species of Sporolithon

FIGURE 2. Phylogram of Sporolithon species inferred by maximum likelihood analysis of rbcL sequences; Heydrichia species were the outgroup; sequences identified by GenBank accession number. Bolded scientific names are type specimens, topotype specimens, or specimens linked to type specimens by DNA sequence. Bootstrap support values (in %) are provided for nodes where> 50%. Scale bar refers to substitutions per site.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2024View details →

NeurOST-SSH-SST Maps for Ocean Data Challenge 2023a_SSH_mapping_OSE

Global maps of sea surface height (SSH) and surface geostrophic currents generated using NeurOST, a deep learning for mapping SSH from nadir satellite altimetry and sea surface temperature, generated for the observing system experiment outlined in the Ocean Data Challenge '2023a_SSH_mapping_OSE'. Ocean Data Challenge link: https://github.com/ocean-data-challenges/2023a_SSH_mapping_OSE/tree/main  These maps were made using L3 SSH + L4 SST. NeurOST citations: <ul> <li>Martin, S. A., Manucharyan, G. E., and Klein, P. (2024). Deep Learning Improves Global Satellite Observations of Ocean Eddy Dynamics. Geophysical Research Letters, 51, e2024GL110059. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL110059</li> <li>Martin, S. A., Manucharyan, G. E., and Klein, P. (2023). Synthesizing Sea Surface Temperature and Satellite Altimetry Observations Using Deep Learning Improves the Accuracy and Resolution of Gridded Sea Surface Height Anomalies. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 15, e2022MS003589. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003589</li> </ul>

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

Source data for "Submesoscales are a significant turbulence source in global ocean surface boundary layer"

The files here provide the data and codes for reproducing figures from the paper titled "Submesoscales are a significant turbulence source in global ocean surface boundary layer" by Dong et al. It should be clarified that Fig.1 is originally generated by Python and then produced in Illustrator, and Fig.5 is completely produced by Illustrator. All other figures are produced by MATLAB.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

Data for "Nonlinear and non-monotonic effect of ocean tidal mixing on exoplanet climates and habitability"

Dataset analysed in order to obtain the results published in "Nonlinear and non-monotonic effect of ocean tidal mixing on exoplanet climates and habitability": <ul> <li>IGCM_data: atmospheric data obtained by using the flux programme on the outcome of the standard FORTE2.0 climate simulations (instellation = 1.00 insolation)</li> <li>MOMA_standard_runs: oceaninc data of the standard FORTE2.0 climate simulations (instellation = 1.00 insolation)</li> <li>MOMA_reduced_runs: oceaninc data of the reduced FORTE2.0 climate simulations (instellation = 0.90, 0.85, 0.80 insolation)</li> </ul> The FORTE2.0 code, compilation instructions and example run scripts, together with all necessary ancillary files, are accessible at <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4108373">doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4108373</a> (<a href="https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/275/2021/#bib1.bibx6">Blaker et al.</a>, <a href="https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/275/2021/#bib1.bibx6">2020</a>).

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2024View details →

A Reconstructed Coastal Acidification Database (ReCAD) pCO2 data product for the North American Atlantic Coastal Ocean Margins

<h1>Reconstructed Coastal Acidification Database (ReCAD)</h1> Insufficient spatiotemporal coverage of the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) observations has hindered precise carbon cycle studies in coastal oceans and justifies the development of spatially and temporally continuous pCO2 data products. Earlier pCO2 products have difficulties in capturing the heterogeneity of regional variations and decadal trends of pCO2 in the North American Atlantic Coastal Ocean Margin (NAACOM). This study developed a regional reconstructed pCO2 product for the NAACOM (Reconstructed Coastal Acidification Database-pCO2, or ReCAD-NAACOM-pCO2) using a two-step approach combining random forest regression and linear regression. The product provides monthly pCO2 data at 0.25° spatial resolution from 1993 to 2021, enabling investigation of regional spatial differences, seasonal cycles, and decadal changes in pCO2. The observation-based reconstruction was trained using Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) observations as observational values, with various satellite-derived and reanalysis environmental variables known to control sea surface pCO2 as model inputs. The product shows high accuracy during the model training, validation, and independent test phases, demonstrating robustness and capability to accurately reconstruct pCO2 in regions or periods lacking direct observational data. Compared with all the observation samples from SOCAT, the pCO2 product yields a determination coefficient of 0.92, a root-mean-square error of 12.70 µatm, and an accumulative uncertainty of 23.25 µatm. The ReCAD-NAACOM-pCO2 product demonstrates its capability to resolve seasonal cycles, regional-scale variations, and decadal trends of pCO2 along the NAACOM. This new product provides reliable pCO2 data for more precise studies of coastal carbon dynamics in the NAACOM region. The dataset is publicly accessible at <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11500974">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11500974</a> (Wu et al., 2024a) and will be updated regularly. <div> <div> </div> </div> Version 1.1: Update the training set output as the direct model outputs instead of being the 10-fold cross-validation output in v1.0. Data description paper: Wu, Z., Lu, W., Roobaert, A., Song, L., Yan, X.-H., and Cai, W.-J.: A machine-learning reconstruction of sea surface pCO2 in the North American Atlantic Coastal Ocean Margin from 1993 to 2021, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 43–63, <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-43-2025">https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-43-2025</a>, 2025.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: Drift, not selection, shapes toll-like receptor variation among oceanic island populations

Understanding the relative role of different evolutionary forces in shaping the level and distribution of functional genetic diversity among natural populations is a key issue in evolutionary and conservation biology. To do so accurately genetic data must be analyzed in conjunction with an unambiguous understanding of the historical processes that have acted upon the populations. Here we focused on diversity at toll-like receptor (TLR) loci, which play a key role in the vertebrate innate immune system and, therefore, are expected to be under pathogen-mediated selection. We assessed TLR variation within and among 13 island populations (grouped into three archipelagos) of Berthelot's pipit, Anthus berthelotii, for which detailed population history has previously been ascertained. We also compared the variation observed with that found in its widespread sister species, the tawny pipit, Anthus campestris. We found strong evidence for positive selection at specific codons in TLR1LA, TLR3 and TLR4. Despite this, we found that at the allele frequency level, demographic history has played the major role in shaping patterns of TLR variation in Berthelot's pipit. Levels of diversity and differentiation within and across archipelagos at all TLR loci corresponded very closely with neutral microsatellite variation, and with the severity of the bottlenecks that occurred during colonization. Our study shows that despite the importance of TLRs in combating pathogens, demography can be the main driver of immune gene variation within and across populations, resulting in patterns of functional variation that can persist over evolutionary timescales.

opencc-zeroDec 2011View details →

Data from: Patterns and controlling factors of species diversity in the Arctic Ocean

AIM: The Arctic Ocean is one of the last near-pristine regions on Earth and although human activities are expected to impact on Arctic ecosystems, we know very little about baseline patterns of Arctic Ocean biodiversity. This paper aims to describe Arctic Ocean-wide patterns of benthic biodiversity and to explore factors related to the large-scale species diversity patterns. LOCATION: Arctic Ocean. METHODS: We used large ostracode and foraminiferal datasets to describe the biodiversity patterns and apply comprehensive ecological modelling to test the degree to which these patterns are potentially governed by environmental factors, including temperature, productivity, seasonality, ice cover, and others. To test environmental control of the observed diversity patterns, subsets of samples for which all environmental parameters were available were analysed with multiple regression and model averaging. RESULTS: Well-known negative latitudinal species diversity gradients (LSDGs) were found in metazoan Ostracoda, but the LSDGs were unimodal with an intermediate maximum with respect to latitude in protozoan foraminifera. Depth species diversity gradients were unimodal, with peaks in diversity shallower than those in other oceans. Our modelling results showed that several factors are significant predictors of diversity, but the significant predictors were different among shallow marine ostracodes, deep-sea ostracode, and deep-sea foraminifera. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of these Arctic Ocean-wide comprehensive datasets, we document large-scale diversity patterns with respect to latitude and depth. Our modelling results suggest that the underlying mechanisms causing these species diversity patterns are unexpectedly complex. The environmental parameters of temperature, surface productivity, seasonality of productivity, salinity, and ice cover are not necessarily mutually exclusive as controlling factors of large-scale diversity patterns, depending on ecological preferences of taxa and oceanographic characteristics of regions. These results suggest that a multiplicity of variables appears to be related to community structure in this system.

Data from: High intra-ocean, but limited inter-ocean genetic connectivity in populations of the deep-water oblique-banded snapper Pristipomoides zonatus (Pisces: Lutjanidae)

While many studies have investigated connectivity and subdivision in marine fish occupying tropical, shallow water reef habitats, relatively few have been conducted on commercially important deep-water species in the Indo-Pacific region. Here, we examine spatial and temporal genetic variation in the deep-water oblique-banded snapper Pristipomoides zonatus, collected from eight locations across the Indian and Pacific Oceans. A total of 292 individuals were screened for genetic variation at six nuclear microsatellite loci and the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene. There was evidence of low, but significant genetic differentiation between ocean basins (FCT = 0.009) and no significant divergences between sites within oceans. The lack of population structure within ocean basins suggests P. zonatus has a long pelagic larval duration with high levels of connectivity between populations over large geographical distances (>2000 km). There was no evidence of temporal variation in allele frequencies within populations. However, ephemeral genetic divergences between sites were detected, along with a significant reduction in genetic diversity at one site, suggesting there may be low effective population sizes (Ne). Our results suggest that localized declines in genetic diversity could be offset by gene flow from other locations within ocean basins, though predicting the broader impacts of localized stock depletions requires further understanding of recruitment dynamics and life history characteristics of the species.

Data from: Oceanic swarms of Antarctic krill perform satiation sinking

Antarctic krill form some of the highest concentrations of animal biomass observed in the world's ocean potentially due to their prolific ability to swarm. Determining the movement of Antarctic krill within swarms is important to identify drivers of their behaviour and their biogeochemical impact on their environment. We examined vertical velocity within approximately 2000 krill swarms through the combined use of a shipborne echosounder and an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). We revealed a pronounced downward anomaly in vertical velocity within swarms of -0.6 cm.s-1 compared with vertical motion outside the swarm. The anomaly changed over the diel cycle, with smaller downward anomalies occurring at night. Swarms in regions of high phytoplankton concentrations (a proxy for food availability) also exhibited significantly smaller downward anomalies. We propose that the anomaly is the result of downward velocities generated by the action of krill beating their swimming appendages. During the night and in high phytoplankton availability, when krill are more likely to feed to the point of satiation, swimming activity is lowered and the anomaly is reduced. Our findings are consistent with laboratory work where krill ceased swimming and adopted a parachute posture when sated. Satiation sinking behaviour can substantially increase the efficiency of carbon transport to depth through depositing faecal pellets at the bottom of swarms, avoiding the reingestion and breakup of pellets by other swarm members.

Data from: Widespread gene flow between oceans in a pelagic seabird species complex

Global-scale gene flow is an important concern in conservation biology as it has the potential to either increase or decrease genetic diversity in species and populations. Although many studies focus on the gene flow between different populations of a single species, the potential for gene flow and introgression between species is understudied, particularly in seabirds. The only well-studied example of a mixed-species, hybridizing population of petrels exists on Round Island, in the Indian Ocean. Previous research assumed that Round Island represents a point of secondary contact between Atlantic (Pterodroma arminjoniana) and Pacific species (Pterodroma neglecta and Pterodroma heraldica). This study uses microsatellite genotyping and tracking data to address the possibility of between-species hybridization occurring outside the Indian Ocean. Dispersal and gene flow spanning three oceans were demonstrated between the species in this complex. Analysis of migration rates estimated using bayesass revealed unidirectional movement of petrels from the Atlantic and Pacific into the Indian Ocean. Conversely, structure analysis revealed gene flow between species of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, with potential three-way hybrids occurring outside the Indian Ocean. Additionally, geolocation tracking of Round Island petrels revealed two individuals travelling to the Atlantic and Pacific. These results suggest that interspecific hybrids in Pterodroma petrels are more common than was previously assumed. This study is the first of its kind to investigate gene flow between populations of closely related Procellariiform species on a global scale, demonstrating the need for consideration of widespread migration and hybridization in the conservation of threatened seabirds.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Spatial dynamics and mixing of bluefin tuna in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea revealed using next generation sequencing

The Atlantic bluefin tuna is a highly migratory species emblematic of the challenges associated with shared fisheries management. In an effort to resolve the species' stock dynamics, a genome-wide search for spatially informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was undertaken, by way of sequencing reduced representation libraries. An allele frequency approach to SNP discovery was used, combining the data of 555 larvae and young-of-the-year (LYOY) into pools representing major geographical areas and mapping against a newly assembled genomic reference. From a set of 184,895 candidate loci, 384 were selected for validation using 167 LYOY. A highly discriminatory genotyping panel of 95 SNPs was ultimately developed by selecting loci with the most pronounced differences between western Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea LYOY. The panel was evaluated by genotyping a different set of LYOY (n= 326) and from these 77.8% and 82.1% were correctly assigned to western Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea origins, respectively. The panel revealed temporally persistent differentiation among LYOY from the western Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea (FST = 0.008, p=0.034). The composition of six mixed feeding aggregations in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea was characterized using genotypes from medium (n = 184) and large (n = 48) adults, applying population assignment and mixture analyses. The results provide evidence of persistent population structuring across broad geographic areas and extensive mixing in the Atlantic Ocean, particularly in the mid-Atlantic Bight and Gulf of St. Lawrence. The genomic reference and genotyping tools presented here constitute novel resources useful for future research and conservation efforts.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Ocean acidification influences host DNA methylation and phenotypic plasticity in environmentally susceptible corals

As climate change challenges organismal fitness by creating a phenotype–environment mismatch, phenotypic plasticity generated by epigenetic mechanisms (e.g., DNA methylation) can provide a temporal buffer for genetic adaptation. Epigenetic mechanisms may be crucial for sessile benthic marine organisms, such as reef-building corals, where ocean acidification (OA) and warming reflect in strong negative responses. We tested the potential for scleractinian corals to exhibit phenotypic plasticity associated with a change in DNA methylation in response to OA. Clonal coral fragments of the environmentally sensitive Pocillopora damicornis and more environmentally robust Montipora capitata were exposed to fluctuating ambient pH (7.9–7.65) and low pH (7.6–7.35) conditions in common garden tanks for ~6 weeks. M. capitata responded weakly, or acclimated more quickly, to OA, with no difference in calcification, minimal separation of metabolomic profiles, and no change in DNA methylation between treatments. Conversely, P. damicornis exhibited diminished calcification at low pH, stronger separation in metabolomic profiles, and responsiveness of DNA methylation to treatment. Our data suggest corals differ in their temporal dynamics and sensitivity for environmentally triggered real-time epigenetic reprogramming. The generation of potentially heritable plasticity via environmental induction of DNA methylation provides an avenue for assisted evolution applications in corals under rapid climate change.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: Exploring the role of Micronesian islands in the maintenance of coral genetic diversity in the Pacific Ocean

Understanding how genetic diversity is maintained across patchy marine environments remains a fundamental problem in marine biology. The Coral Triangle, located in the Indo-West Pacific, is the center of marine biodiversity and has been proposed as an important source of genetic diversity for remote Pacific reefs. Several studies highlight Micronesia, a scattering of hundreds of small islands situated within the North Equatorial Counter Current, as a potentially important migration corridor. To test this hypothesis, we characterized the population genetic structure of two ecologically important congeneric species of reef-building corals across greater Micronesia, from Palau to the Marshall Islands. Genetic divergences between islands followed an isolation-by-distance pattern, with Acropora hyacinthus exhibiting greater genetic divergences than A. digitifera, suggesting different migration capabilities or different effective population sizes for these closely related species. We inferred dispersal distance using a biophysical larval transport model, which helped explain an additional 15-21% of genetic variation compared to between-island geographic distance alone. For both species, genetic divergence accumulates and genetic diversity diminishes with distance from the Coral Triangle, supporting the hypothesis that Micronesian islands act as important stepping-stones connecting the central Pacific with the species rich Coral Triangle. However, for A. hyacinthus, the species with lower genetic connectivity, immigration from the sub-equatorial Pacific begins to play a larger role in shaping diversity than input from the Coral Triangle. This work highlights the enormous dispersal potential of broadcast-spawning corals and identifies the biological and physical drivers that influence coral genetic diversity on a regional scale.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: More, smaller bacteria in response to ocean's warming?

Heterotrophic bacteria play a major role in organic matter cycling in the ocean. Although the high abundances and relatively fast growth rates of coastal surface bacterioplankton make them suitable sentinels of global change, past analyses have largely overlooked this functional group. Here, time series analysis of a decade of monthly observations in temperate Atlantic coastal waters revealed strong seasonal patterns in the abundance, size and biomass of the ubiquitous flow-cytometric groups of low (LNA) and high nucleic acid (HNA) content bacteria. Over this relatively short period, we also found that bacterioplankton cells were significantly smaller, a trend that is consistent with the hypothesized temperature-driven decrease in body size. Although decadal cell shrinking was observed for both groups, it was only LNA cells that were strongly coherent, with ecological theories linking temperature, abundance and individual size on both the seasonal and interannual scale. We explain this finding because, relative to their HNA counterparts, marine LNA bacteria are less diverse, dominated by members of the SAR11 clade. Temperature manipulation experiments in 2012 confirmed a direct effect of warming on bacterial size. Concurrent with rising temperatures in spring, significant decadal trends of increasing standing stocks (3% per year) accompanied by decreasing mean cell size (−1% per year) suggest a major shift in community structure, with a larger contribution of LNA bacteria to total biomass. The increasing prevalence of these typically oligotrophic taxa may severely impact marine food webs and carbon fluxes by an overall decrease in the efficiency of the biological pump.

Data from: Linking genotype to phenotype in a changing ocean: inferring the genomic architecture of a blue mussel stress response with genome-wide association

A key component to understanding the evolutionary response to a changing climate is linking underlying genetic variation to phenotypic variation in stress response. Here we use a genome-wide association approach (GWAS) to understand the genetic architecture of calcification rates under simulated climate stress. We take advantage of the genomic gradient across the blue mussel hybrid zone (Mytilus edulis and Mytilus trossulus) in the Gulf of Maine (GOM) to link genetic variation with variance in calcification rates in response to simulated climate change. Falling calcium carbonate saturation states are predicted to negatively impact many marine organisms that build calcium carbonate shells - like blue mussels. We sampled wild mussels and measured net calcification phenotypes after exposing mussels to a "climate change" common garden, where we raised temperature 3°C, decreased pH by 0.2 units, and limited food supply by filtering out planktonic particles > 5 μm, compared to ambient GOM conditions in the summer. This climate change exposure greatly increased phenotypic variation in net calcification rates compared to ambient conditions. We then used regression models to link the phenotypic variation with over 170,000 single nucleotide polymorphism loci (SNPs) generated by genotype by sequencing to identify genomic locations associated with calcification phenotype, and estimate heritability and architecture of the trait. We identified at least one of potentially 2-10 genomic regions responsible for 30% of the phenotypic variation in calcification rates that are potential targets of natural selection by climate change. Our simulations suggest a power of 13.7% with our study's average effective sample size of 118 individuals and rare alleles, but a power of > 90% when effective sample size is 900.