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650 results for “angiosperm”
FIGURE 25 in Patagonia's diverse but homogeneous early Paleocene forests: Angiosperm leaves from the Danian Salamanca and Peñas Coloradas formations, San Jorge Basin, Chubut, Argentina
FIGURE 25. Morphotypes SA042 (Cunoniaceae; continued, see also Figure 16F-M), SA043 (Cunoniaceae?/Sapindaceae? continued, see also Figure 24A-G), SA044 (Cunoniaceae, see also Figure 23J-O), SA045 (Fabaceae; continued, see also Figure 24H-L), and SA046 Laurophyllum chubutensis Berry (Lauraceae, see also Figure 26A-F). A-D, camera lucida drawings (CLD) of morphotype SA042 (Cunoniaceae). A, MPEF-Pb-9069; B, MPEF-Pb-9113 (arrow, an intersecondary vein); C, tooth venation detail of specimen in Figure 25B (arrow, a forked secondary vein); D, tooth venation of specimen in Figure 25A (arrow, an intersecondary vein). E-F, morphotype SA043 (Cunoniaceae?/Sapindaceae?), CLD of MPEF-Pb-6561. G-H, morphotype SA044 (Cunoniaceae), MPEF-Pb-2037 (exemplar, see also Figure 23K, 23O). G, digital overlay drawing (DOD) of tooth venation; H, triangular tooth with glandular apex (arrow). I, morphotype SA046 Laurophyllum chubutensis Berry (Lauraceae), DOD of MPEF-Pb-2039 (exemplar, see also Figure 26A-B), note low rank venation (see also Figure 26A-B). J, morphotype SA045 (Fabaceae), CLD of MPEF-Pb-2038 (exemplar; see also Figure 24I-L), note pulvinulate petiolule (arrow). Single-color scale bars equal 10 mm; grid scales equal one millimeter (per rectangle).
FIGURE 6 in Early Cretaceous angiosperm leaves from the Dakota Formation, Hoisington III locality, Kansas, USA
FIGURE 6. Longstrethia aspera (Lesquereux) comb. nov. 1, UF15706-24578, middle and lower portion of lamina. Scale bar equals 1 cm. 2, UF15706-24560, specimen showing secondary veins and toothed margin. Scale bar equals 5 mm. 3, Enlargement of Figure 6.1 (left middle portion of lamina; indicated by arrow) to show fine venation. Scale bar equals 2 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Early Cretaceous angiosperm leaves from the Dakota Formation, Hoisington III locality, Kansas, USA
FIGURE 1. Regional outcrop of the Dakota Formation and the location of the Hoisington III locality and other plant megafossil localities discussed in the text. 1, Hoisington III, Kansas (UF 15706); 2, Braun Ranch, Kansas (UF15709); 3, Rose Creek, Nebraska (UF15713); and 4, Courtland I, Minnesota (UF18267). "*" indicates type area of the Dakota Formation. Map extends from southern Minnesota to north central Kansas along the eastern margin of the Western Interior Seaway in the United States. The inset map shows the location of the study area in USA. State boundaries are dashed. Outcrop map is based on figure 1 of Witzke and Ludvigson (1996).
Fig. 1. A in A new vesselless angiosperm stem with a cambial variant from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica
Fig. 1. A. Location of the new fossil locality in Antarctic Peninsula, James Ross Island (gray). B. Map of James Ross Island at the northern Antarctic Peninsula. C. Map with the Santa Marta Formation outcrops (area shaded in gray) at the northern James Ross Island, showing location of the new fossil locality (asterisk). Modified from Olivero 2012 and Carvalho et al. 2013.
Data from: Sequencing of the needle transcriptome from Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst L.) reveals lower substitution rates, but similar selective constraints in gymnosperms and angiosperms
BACKGROUND: A detailed knowledge about spatial and temporal gene expression is important for understanding both the function of genes and their evolution. For the vast majority of species, transcriptomes are still largely uncharacterized and even in those where substantial information is available it is often in the form of partially sequenced transcriptomes. With the development of next generation sequencing, a single experiment can now simultaneously identify the transcribed part of a species genome and estimate levels of gene expression. RESULTS: mRNA from actively growing needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies) was sequenced using next generation sequencing technology. In total, close to 70 million fragments with a length of 76 bp were sequenced resulting in 5 Gbp of raw data. A de novo assembly of these reads, together with publicly available expressed sequence tag (EST) data from Norway spruce, was used to create a reference transcriptome. Of the 38,419 PUTs (putative unique transcripts) longer than 150 bp in this reference assembly, 83.5% show similarity to ESTs from other spruce species and of the remaining PUTs, 3,704 show similarity to protein sequences from other plant species, leaving 4,167 PUTs with limited similarity to currently available plant proteins. By predicting coding frames and comparing not only the Norway spruce PUTs, but also PUTs from the close relatives Picea glauca and Picea sitchensis to both Pinus taeda and Taxus mairei, we obtained estimates of synonymous and non-synonymous divergence among conifer species. In addition, we detected close to 15,000 SNPs of high quality and estimated gene expression differences between samples collected under dark and light conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Our study yielded a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms as well as estimates of gene expression on transcriptome scale. In agreement with a recent study we find that the synonymous substitution rate per year (0.6 x 10-09 and 1.1 x 10-09) is an order of magnitude smaller than values reported for angiosperm herbs. However, if one takes generation time into account, most of this difference disappears. The estimates of the dN/dS ratio (non-synonymous over synonymous divergence) reported here are in general much lower than 1 and only a few genes showed a ratio larger than 1.
Data from: Identifying hidden rate changes in the evolution of a binary morphological character: the evolution of plant habit in Campanulid angiosperms
The growth of phylogenetic trees in scope and in size is promising from the standpoint of understanding a wide variety of evolutionary patterns and processes. With trees comprised of larger, older, and globally distributed clades, it is likely that the lability of a binary character will differ significantly among lineages, which could lead to errors in estimating transition rates and the associated inference of ancestral states. Here we develop and implement a new method for identifying different rates of evolution in a binary character along different branches of a phylogeny. We illustrate this approach by exploring the evolution of growth habit in Campanulidae, a flowering plant clade containing some 35,000 species. The distribution of woody versus herbaceous species calls into question the use of traditional models of binary character evolution. The recognition and accommodation of changes in the rate of growth form evolution in different lineages demonstrates, for the first time, a robust picture of growth form evolution across a very large, very old, and very widespread flowering plant clade.
Supporting data from: The distribution of leaf form among indigenous woody angiosperms in New Zealand
<p>New Zealand's woody indigenous eudicot flora comprises a variety of leaf shapes and features and occupies environments extending from subtropical to cold temperate climates. We used a dataset of over 300,000 occurrences of 557 indigenous woody eudicot species to investigate patterns and trends in the occurrence of six leaf features (leaf pubescence, leaf margin teeth, leaf size, leaf apex and base shape, and leaf length to width ratio) along critical climate gradients. Major climate variables examined included temperature, precipitation, moisture deficit and solar radiation. Our results reveal strong latitudinal gradients in toothed leaves and leaf area with both declining at higher latitudes. Leaf base and leaf apex angle are also aligned latitudinally, both declining in northern areas. In contrast, the occurrence of pubescent leaves and leaf length to width ratio are independent of other leaf features and latitudinal gradients. Larger leaves are positively associated with warmer climates while serrated margins are more common in warmer and wetter zones. The occurrence of pubescent leaves is greatest in seasonally dry environments with low annual precipitation. Long thin leaves (high length to width ratio) were more common in areas with a high rainfall to potential evapotranspiration ratio. Leaf apex angle is negatively correlated with temperature while leaf base angle distribution in relation to climate was highly variable. Overall, results confirm global patterns for leaf size and climate, highlighting the importance of small leaves limiting heat loss in cool climates. The positive correlation between leaf teeth and warmer climates has not been found elsewhere. High occurrence of pubescent leaves in low rainfall and highly moisture deficient environments in New Zealand suggests that the trait is associated with water retention in dry climates.</p>
Figure 4 from: Costa SM, Barbosa TDM, Bittrich V, Amaral MCE (2016) Floristic survey of herbaceous and subshrubby aquatic and palustrine angiosperms of Viruá National Park, Roraima, Brazil. PhytoKeys 58: 21-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.58.5178
Figure 4 - Wetland eudicots of Viruá National Park (selected examples). A Cynanchum guanchezii Morillo B Drosera kaieteurensis Brumm.-Ding. C Aeschynomene scabra G.Don D Irlbachia pratensis (Kunth) L.Cobb & Maas E Utricularia chiribiquetensis Fernandez-Pérez F Lindernia diffusa (L.) Wettst G Cuphea cf. gracilis Kunth H Acisanthera tetraptera (Cogn.) Gleason I Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze J Ludwigia sedoides (Humb. & Bonpl.) H.Hara K Bacopa egensis (Poepp.) Pennell L Sipanea pratensis Aubl.
Figure 3 from: Costa SM, Barbosa TDM, Bittrich V, Amaral MCE (2016) Floristic survey of herbaceous and subshrubby aquatic and palustrine angiosperms of Viruá National Park, Roraima, Brazil. PhytoKeys 58: 21-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.58.5178
Figure 3 - Wetland basal angiosperms and monocots of Viruá National Park (selected examples). A Nymphaea amazonum Mart. & Zucc. B Cabomba furcata Schult. & Schult. f. C Helanthium tenellum (Mart. ex Schult. & Schult. f.) Britton D Bactris campestris Poepp. E Burmannia bicolor Mart. F Eleocharis fluctuans (L.T. Eiten) E.H. Roalson & C.E.Hinchliff G Syngonanthus fenestratus Hensold H Schiekia orinocensis (Kunth) Meisn. I Mayaca longipes Mart. ex Seub. J Echinolaena inflexa (Poir.) Chase K Duckeella pauciflora Garay L Abolboda pulchella Humb. & Bonpl.
Figure 2 from: Costa SM, Barbosa TDM, Bittrich V, Amaral MCE (2016) Floristic survey of herbaceous and subshrubby aquatic and palustrine angiosperms of Viruá National Park, Roraima, Brazil. PhytoKeys 58: 21-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.58.5178
Figure 2 - Viruá National Park: habitats and physiognomies. A–B waterbodies with turbid (A) and translucid (B) water; C–D Areas with saturated soils during rainy season (C) and dry season (D); E–G Forested (E given by K.G. Cangani), arboreal (F) and herbaceous (G) white-sand savannas ("campinaranas").
Figure 1 from: Costa SM, Barbosa TDM, Bittrich V, Amaral MCE (2016) Floristic survey of herbaceous and subshrubby aquatic and palustrine angiosperms of Viruá National Park, Roraima, Brazil. PhytoKeys 58: 21-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.58.5178
Figure 1 - Viruá National Park (location). A Roraima state in Brazil B the VNP in the central-southern region of Roraima C the actual limits of protected area (black line), the area aimed to be included during extension (green line) and the collecting points [.shp files provided by IBGE and the VNP administration]
Figures 15-21 from: Roques A, Copeland RS, Soldati L, Denux O, Auger-Rozenberg M-A (2016) Megastigmus seed chalcids (Hymenoptera, Torymidae) radiated much more on Angiosperms than previously considered. I- Description of 8 new species from Kenya, with a key to the females of Eastern and Southern Africa. ZooKeys 585: 51-124. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.585.7503
Figures 15-21 - Megastigmus helinae Roques & Copeland, sp. n. female. 15 dorsal view of the body 16 lateral view of body 17 dorsal view of thorax 18 front view of head 19 electroscan of antenna 20 electroscan of dorsal view of thorax 21 forewing.
Figure 14 from: Roques A, Copeland RS, Soldati L, Denux O, Auger-Rozenberg M-A (2016) Megastigmus seed chalcids (Hymenoptera, Torymidae) radiated much more on Angiosperms than previously considered. I- Description of 8 new species from Kenya, with a key to the females of Eastern and Southern Africa. ZooKeys 585: 51-124. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.585.7503
Figure 14 - Bayesian-likelihood inference phylogenies based on cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and ribosomal DNA (28S) sequences in seed-specialized wasps of the Megastigmus genus. A Short fragment COI (34 taxa, 417bp) B Long fragment COI (31 taxa, 810pb) C Nuclear fragment (33 taxa, 924pb). Torymus azureus Boheman, 1834 was used as an outgroup. Posterior probability values are indicated at each node. New taxa described in this paper are indicated in red and bold. Branches of taxa associated with Anacardiaceae as host plant family are in blue, and branches of taxa associated with Cupressaceae are in green.
Figures 142-149 from: Roques A, Copeland RS, Soldati L, Denux O, Auger-Rozenberg M-A (2016) Megastigmus seed chalcids (Hymenoptera, Torymidae) radiated much more on Angiosperms than previously considered. I- Description of 8 new species from Kenya, with a key to the females of Eastern and Southern Africa. ZooKeys 585: 51-124. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.585.7503
Figures 142-149 - Megastigmus pistaciae Walker male. 142 dorsal view of the body (pale form) 143 lateral view of body (pale form) 144 dorsal view of thorax(pale form) 145 lateral view of body (dark form) 146 front view of head (pale form); 147 antenna (pale form) 148 genitalia (pale form) 149 forewing (pale form).
Figures 88-95 from: Roques A, Copeland RS, Soldati L, Denux O, Auger-Rozenberg M-A (2016) Megastigmus seed chalcids (Hymenoptera, Torymidae) radiated much more on Angiosperms than previously considered. I- Description of 8 new species from Kenya, with a key to the females of Eastern and Southern Africa. ZooKeys 585: 51-124. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.585.7503
Figures 88-95 - Megastigmus grewianae Roques & Copeland, sp. n. male. 88 dorsal view of the body 89 lateral view of body 90 dorsal view of thorax 91 front view of head 92 electroscan of antenna 93 electroscan of dorsal view of thorax 94 forewing 95 genitalia.
Figures 102-108 from: Roques A, Copeland RS, Soldati L, Denux O, Auger-Rozenberg M-A (2016) Megastigmus seed chalcids (Hymenoptera, Torymidae) radiated much more on Angiosperms than previously considered. I- Description of 8 new species from Kenya, with a key to the females of Eastern and Southern Africa. ZooKeys 585: 51-124. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.585.7503
Figures 102-108 - Megastigmus lanneae Roques & Copeland, sp. n. male pale form. 102 dorsal view of the body 103 lateral view of body 104 dorsal view of thorax 105 front view of head; 106 antenna 107 genitalia 108 forewing.
Figures 68-74 from: Roques A, Copeland RS, Soldati L, Denux O, Auger-Rozenberg M-A (2016) Megastigmus seed chalcids (Hymenoptera, Torymidae) radiated much more on Angiosperms than previously considered. I- Description of 8 new species from Kenya, with a key to the females of Eastern and Southern Africa. ZooKeys 585: 51-124. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.585.7503
Figures 68-74 - Megastigmus icipeensis Roques & Copeland, sp. n. male. 68 dorsal view of the body 69 lateral view of body 70 dorsal view of thorax 71 front view of head 72 antenna 73 forewing 74 genitalia.
Figures 116-121 from: Roques A, Copeland RS, Soldati L, Denux O, Auger-Rozenberg M-A (2016) Megastigmus seed chalcids (Hymenoptera, Torymidae) radiated much more on Angiosperms than previously considered. I- Description of 8 new species from Kenya, with a key to the females of Eastern and Southern Africa. ZooKeys 585: 51-124. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.585.7503
Figures 116-121 - Megastigmus hypogeus Hussey female. 116 dorsal view of the body 117 lateral view of body 118 dorsal view of thorax 119 front view of head 120 antenna 121 forewing.
Figures 55-61 from: Roques A, Copeland RS, Soldati L, Denux O, Auger-Rozenberg M-A (2016) Megastigmus seed chalcids (Hymenoptera, Torymidae) radiated much more on Angiosperms than previously considered. I- Description of 8 new species from Kenya, with a key to the females of Eastern and Southern Africa. ZooKeys 585: 51-124. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.585.7503
Figures 55-61 - Megastigmus ozoroae Roques & Copeland, sp. n. male dark form. 55 dorsal view of the body 56 lateral view of body 57 dorsal view of thorax; 58 front view of head 59 antenna 60 genitalia 61 forewing.
Figures 136-141 from: Roques A, Copeland RS, Soldati L, Denux O, Auger-Rozenberg M-A (2016) Megastigmus seed chalcids (Hymenoptera, Torymidae) radiated much more on Angiosperms than previously considered. I- Description of 8 new species from Kenya, with a key to the females of Eastern and Southern Africa. ZooKeys 585: 51-124. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.585.7503
Figures 136-141 - Megastigmus pistaciae Walker female. 136 dorsal view of the body 137 lateral view of body 138 dorsal view of thorax 139 front view of head 140 antenna 141 forewing.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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