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Fig. 4 in Dermal armor histology of Saltasaurus loricatus, an Upper Cretaceous sauropod dinosaur from Northwest Argentina
Fig. 4. Microanatomy and histology of Saltasaurus loricatus Bonaparte and Powell, 1980 dermal ossicles from El Brete locality (Late Cretaceous,?late Campanian–Maastrichtian, Salta Province, Argentina). A. Transverse section showing the position and arrangement of vascular canals (PVPLh 001−III) in normal (A1) and polarized (A2) light. Note the vertical and horizontal system of structural fiber bundles. B. Detail of the three orthogonal systems of structural fibers. Horizontal systems of fiber bundles are visible in longitudinal and cross section. C. Dermal ossicle in longitudinal section (PVLPh 002−II). Polarized light. D. Detail of the fibrous matrix showing the small cell lacunae. E. Lines of arrested growth in the lateral region in transversal section (PVLPh 009). Structural fibers give a striate appearance to the sample. Polarized light. Abbreviations: cl, bone cell lacuna; hf, horizontal fiber bundle; LAG, line of arrested growth; lhf, longitudinally sectioned horizontal fiber bundle; thf, transversely sectioned horizontal fiber bundle; vc, vascular canal; vf, vertical fiber bundle.
Fig. 1 in Dermal armor histology of Saltasaurus loricatus, an Upper Cretaceous sauropod dinosaur from Northwest Argentina
Fig. 1. Saltasaurus loricatus Bonaparte and Powell, 1980 bony plate (PVL 4017−113) from El Brete locality (Late Cretaceous,?late Campanian– Maastrichtian, Salta Province, Argentina) in external (A) and lateral (B, C) views. Dashed lines show the location and orientation of the thin sections.
Fig. 5 in Dermal armor histology of Saltasaurus loricatus, an Upper Cretaceous sauropod dinosaur from Northwest Argentina
Fig. 5. Schematic sketch of dermal ossicles of Saltasaurus loricatus Bonaparte and Powell, 1980 based on the tissue types and growth marks described in the main text. The growing ossicles are embedded in the dermis (for simplification, only horizontal systems of fiber bundles are showed), which contains layers of perpendicularly oriented fiber (lines and points). Horizontal fibers of the ossicle are shown as being continuous with the surrounding dermis. The distance between successive LAGs decreases from the center to the periphery of the element but the space between two successive lines is always greater at the lateral portion of the ossicles.
Fig. 2 in Variation in premaxillary tooth count and a developmental abnormality in a tyrannosaurid dinosaur
Fig. 2. Diagrams that represent developmental models to explain regulation of tooth count. A. The inhibitory cascade model (Kavanagh et al. 2007) in which a developing tooth successively inhibits subsequent ones in a hypothetical mammal. B. The zone of inhibition model (Osborn 1971, 1978, 1998; Kulesa et al. 1996) in which a tooth develops outside the sphere of inhibition around an already developing tooth in a hypothetical reptile. Roman numerals show the sequence of tooth site formation, whereas Arabic numerals indicate the spatial order of tooth positions. The inhibitory cascade model explains regulation of tooth size, whereas the zone of inhibition model deals with spatial regulation of tooth positions. The pattern of tooth formation is spatially and temporarily sequential in the inhibitory cascade model (applicable to mammals), but does not have to be spatially sequential in the zone of inhibition model (applicable to mammals and non−mammals alike).
Fig. 8. Hadrosaurid dinosaur Saurolophus angustirostris Rozhdestvensky, 1952, PIN 551 in Cranial osteology and ontogeny of Saurolophus angustirostris from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia with comments on Saurolophus osborni from Canada
Fig. 8. Hadrosaurid dinosaur Saurolophus angustirostris Rozhdestvensky, 1952, PIN 551/359, late Campanian–?Maastrichtian Nemegt Formation, Mongolia. Right lateral view of juvenile braincase with postorbital and jugal processes removed (cross hatching). Enlarged area demarcated by boxed area on inset. Grey regions denote neurovascular openings.
Fig. 7 in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs
Fig. 7. Posterior dorsal vertebra of the basal sauropodomorph Aardonyx celestae Yates, Bonnan, Neveling, Chinsamy, and Blackbeard, 2010, BP/1/6566 from the Lower Jurassic Elliot Formation of Spion Kop, South Africa, in posterior (A), right posterolateral (B), and left posterolateral (C) views. Close−ups of right (D) and left (E) posterior infradiapophyseal fossae. Photograph (E1) and explanatory drawing (E2).
Fig. 13 in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs
Fig. 13. Vertebrae of the helmeted guinea fowl, Numida meleagris (Linnaeus, 1758), BP/4/1332 from Gauteng, South Africa, in anterior view. A. Last free cervical, C15. B. Last presacral thoracic, T4. Arrows point to the main pneumatic foramina of each vertebra. Note that the pneumatic foramina occur on the anteroventral surface of the transverse processes of both vertebrae despite being formed by diverticula from different sources. In A the diverticula extend from the cervical air sac system whereas in B the foramina result from the activity of diverticula from the abdominal air sacs.
Fig. 10 in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs
Fig. 10. Vertebrae of the Spion Kop sauropod from the Lower Jurassic Elliot Formation of South Africa. A. Posterior dorsal vertebra, BP/1/6183a in posterior view (A1). Close−up of left (A2) and right (A3) posterior infradiapophyseal fossae. Note that the right subfossa cannot be seen in A1 due to the oblique distortion of the specimen. B. Cervical vertebra,?C3, BP/1/6199 in left lateral view.
Fig. 11 in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs
Fig. 11. Posterior dorsal vertebra of the basal sauropodomorph Camelotia borealis Galton, 1985, NHM R.2873 from the Upper Triassic Westbury Formation of Somerset, England. A. Posterior view. B. Close−up of left posterior infradiapophyseal fossa.
Fig. 2. A in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs
Fig. 2. A simplified cladogram of sauropodomorph dinosaurs indicating the relative positions of various anchor taxa, or their inclusive clades, other taxa discussed in the paper and the higher−level taxonomy that is used. Dots represent node−based taxa, arrows represent stem−based taxa.
Fig. 3 in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs
Fig. 3. Selected vertebrae of basal sauropodomorphs showing the three primary infradiapophyseal fossae (shaded grey) and their bounding laminae (not to scale). A. Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837; C9, the posterior cervical vertebra. B. Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837; D2, the anterior dorsal vertebra. Note that in this vertebra the central position of the parapophysis precludes the presence of a paradiapophyseal lamina and so the AIDF and MIDF are separated by an anterior centroparapophyseal lamina. C. Aardonyx celestae Yates, Bonnan, Neveling, Chinsamy, and Blackbeard, 2010, a middle posterior dorsal vertebra. Note that in this vertebra the prezygodiapophyseal lamina and the AIDF are absent. A, B redrawn from Bonaparte (1999).
Fig. 6 in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs
Fig. 6. Neural arch of posterior cervical vertebra,?C7 of the basal sauropodomorph Aardonyx celestae Yates, Bonnan, Neveling, Chinsamy, and Blackbeard, 2010, BP/1/6615 from the Elliot Formation of Spion Kop, South Africa, in left lateral view.
Fig. 9 in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs
Fig. 9. Middle posterior dorsal vertebra of the basal sauropod Antetonitrus ingenipes Yates and Kitching, 2003, BP/1/4952 from the Upper Triassic Elliot Formation of Ladybrand, South Africa, in right lateral (A) and posterior (B) views. Left (C) and right (D) posterior infradiapophyseal fossa in oblique posterolateral and slightly ventral views. Close up of invasive left posterior infradiapophyseal subfossa (E).
Fig. 1 in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs
Fig. 1. The pneumaticity profile of O'Connor (2006: fig. 12). The osteological correlate with the lowest specificity is at the bottom of the profile, while the correlate that specifies only pneumatic diverticula is at the top. The profile has been modified to indicate that pneumatic diverticula can form simple vertebral fossae.
Fig. 8 in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs
Fig. 8. Sacral elements of the basal sauropodomorph Aardonyx celestae Yates, Bonnan, Neveling, Chinsamy, and Blackbeard, 2010, from the Lower Jurassic Elliot Formation of Spion Kop, South Africa. A. Incomplete neural arch of first sacral vertebra, BP/1/5379 in left lateral (A1) and posterior (A2) views. Close−up of left posterior fossa in posteroventral view (A3). Note the subfossae separated by a ridge (arrowed). B. First sacral centrum, BP/1/6241 in left lateral (B1) and oblique posterolateral and slightly ventral (B2) views. Close−up of the dorsolateral fossa (B3) developed behind the sutural scar for the attachment of the sacral rib.
Fig. 11 in A new titanosaur sauropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of North Patagonia, Argentina
Fig. 11. Posterior appendicular skeleton of the titanosaur sauropod Narambuenatitan palomoi gen. et sp. nov. from the Campanian (Late Cretaceous) Anacleto Formation of Neuquén Province, Argentina; MAU−Pv−N− 425 (holotype). A. Left femur in posterior (A1) and distal (A2) views. B. Left pubis in ventral view. C. Left ischium in ventral view. D. Peduncle of the left ilium in posterolateral (D1) and medial (D2) views.
Fig. 10 in A new titanosaur sauropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of North Patagonia, Argentina
Fig. 10. Anterior appendicular skeleton of the titanosaur sauropod Narambuenatitan mm palomoi gen. et sp. nov. from the Campanian (Late Cretaceous) Anacleto For− 100 mation of Neuquén Province, Argentina; MAU−Pv−N−425 (holotype). A. Left ulna in lateral (A1), proximal (A2), and distal (A3) views. B. Left humerus in anterior (B1) and posterior (B2) views. C. Right coracoid in lateral view. D. Left sternal plate in anterior view.
Fig. 5 in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs
Fig. 5. Dorsal vertebrae of the basal sauropodomorph Eucnemesaurus fortis Van Hoepen, 1920, from the Upper Triassic Elliot Formation of South Africa. A. Posterior dorsal BP/1/6107 in posterior (A1) and right posterolateral (A2) views. Close−up of the right posterior infradiapophyseal fossa in posterolateral view (A3). B. Neural arch of middle dorsal TM 119 in right lateral view.
Fig. 4 in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs
Fig. 4. Cervico−dorsal transition of the vertebral column of the basal sauropodomorph Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837, AMNH 6810 from the Upper Triassic Loewenstein Formation of the Trossingen Quarry, Germany. A. The posterior cervical vertebrae, C9 and 10 (left and middle) and the first dorsal vertebra, D1 (right) in left lateral view. B. Close−up of the pneumatic fossa on the dorsal surface of C10.
Fig. 12. A in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs
Fig. 12. A phylogenetic diagram showing the distribution of invasive PSP along the vertebral column (the caudal series is truncated) in Sauropodomorpha. Black boxes indicate the presence of pneumatic fossae or invasive infradiapophyseal subfossae. Note that in the case of Plateosaurus PSP is presently known in a single specimen whereas other specimens of same taxon lack it. The phylogeny is based on Yates (2010), with the modification that Eucnemesaurus is placed closer to Anchisauria than Massospondylus is. The position of the Spion Kop sauropod is based on an unpublished analysis (AMY unpublished data). The distributions of PSP in the taxa not directly examined in this study were gleaned from the following sources: Pantydraco (Yates 2003; Wedel 2007), Tazoudasaurus (Allain and Aquesbi 2008), Shunosaurus (Zhang 1988), Jobaria (Sereno et al. 1999), Haplocanthosaurus (Hatcher 1903).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.