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965 results for “theropod”
Data from: Skeletal completeness of the non‐avian theropod dinosaur fossil record
Non‐avian theropods were a highly successful clade of bipedal, predominantly carnivorous, dinosaurs. Their diversity and macroevolutionary patterns have been the subject of many studies. Changes in fossil specimen completeness through time and space can bias our understanding of macroevolution. Here, we quantify the completeness of 455 non‐avian theropod species using the skeletal completeness metric (SCM), which calculates the proportion of a complete skeleton preserved for a specimen. Temporal patterns of theropod skeletal completeness show peaks in the Carnian, Oxfordian–Kimmeridgian and Barremian–Aptian, and lows in the Berriasian and Hauterivian. Lagerstätten primarily drive the peaks in completeness and observed taxonomic diversity in the Oxfordian–Kimmeridgian and the Barremian–Aptian. Theropods have a significantly lower distribution of completeness scores than contemporary sauropodomorph dinosaurs but change in completeness through time for the two groups shows a significant correlation when conservation Lagerstätten are excluded, possibly indicating that both records are primarily driven by geology and sampling availability. Our results reveal relatively weak temporal sampling biases acting on the theropod record but relatively strong spatial and environmental biases. Asia has a significantly more complete record than any other continent, the mid northern latitudes have the highest abundance of finds, and most complete theropod skeletons come from lacustrine and aeolian environments. We suggest that these patterns result from historical research focus, modern climate dynamics, and depositional transportation energy plus association with conservation Lagerstätten, respectively. Furthermore, we find possible ecological biases acting on different theropod subgroups, but body size does not influence theropod completeness on a global scale.
Data from: Geometric morphometric analysis applied to theropod tracks from the lower Cretaceous (Berriasian) of Spain
Geometric morphometric methods applied to theropod tracks from the Huérteles Formation (Berriasian, Spain) are here shown to be invaluable for drawing comparisons between theropod tracks with different preservation modes (true tracks, shallow undertracks and natural casts) or differing in the preservation of anatomical features (e.g. digital pads). Principal components analysis and thin-plate spline methods can quantitatively distinguish between the broad groups of tracks in a sample and establish the main differences between them. These methods offer a promising approach for estimating ichnodiversity, achieved by evaluating just the morphology of the tracks independent of other factors such as size. The theropod tracks of the Huérteles Formation can be classified into two broad groups: minute-to-medium-sized gracile theropod tracks (Kalohipus bretunensis) and medium-to-large-sized robust theropod tracks (Iberosauripus). The presence of a third group of more gracile medium-to-large-sized theropod tracks (Megalosauripus) cannot be proven with certainty on the basis of the current data. These results indicate that the theropod ichnodiversity of the Huérteles Formation is probably lower than that estimated by means of conventional methods alone (e.g. qualitative description of the tracks) and that many of the described theropod morphotypes may represent extramorphological or ontogenetic variations of other morphotypes.
Data from: Phylogenetic eigenvectors and non-stationarity in the evolution of theropod dinosaur skulls
Despite the longstanding interest in non-stationarity of both phenotypic evolution and diversification rates, only recently have methods been developed to study this property. Here, we propose a methodological expansion of the Phylogenetic Signal Representation (PSR) curve based on phylogenetic eigenvectors to test for non-stationarity. The PSR is built by plotting the coefficients of determination R2 from Phylogenetic Eigenvector Regression (PVR) models increasing the number of phylogenetic eigenvectors against the accumulated eigenvalues. The PSR curve is linear under a stationary model of trait evolution (i.e., the Brownian motion model). Here we describe the distribution of shifts in the models R2 and used a randomization procedure to compare observed and simulated shifts along the PSR curve, which allowed detecting non-stationarity in trait evolution. As an applied example, we show that the main evolutionary pattern of variation in the theropod dinosaur skull was non-stationary, with a significant shift in evolutionary rates in derived oviraptorosaurs, an aberrant group of mostly toothless, crested, bird-like theropods. This result is also supported by a recently proposed Bayesian-based method (AUTEUR). A significant deviation between Ceratosaurus and Limusaurus terminal branches was also detected. We purport that our new approach is a valuable tool for evolutionary biologists, owing to its simplicity, flexibility and comprehensiveness.
Data from: Basal dinosauriform and theropod dinosaurs from the middle-late Norian (Late Triassic) of Poland: implications for Triassic dinosaur evolution and distribution
The rise of dinosaurs during the Triassic is a widely studied evolutionary radiation, but there are still many unanswered questions about early dinosaur evolution and biogeography that are hampered by an unevenly sampled Late Triassic fossil record. Although very common in western North America and parts of South America, dinosaur (and more basal dinosauriform) remains are relatively rare in the Upper Triassic deposits of Europe, making any new discoveries critically important. One of the most diverse dinosauriform assemblages from Europe comes from the Poręba site in Poland, a recently described locality with exposures of the Zbąszynek Beds, which have a palynomorph assemblage characteristic for the mid–late Norian in the biostratigraphic schemes of the Germanic Basin. Using a synapomorphy-based approach, we evaluate several isolated dinosauriform specimens from Poręba. This assemblage includes a silesaurid, a herrerasaurid and remains of another type of theropod (potentially a neotheropod). The Poręba herrerasaurid is the first record of this rare group of primitive dinosaurs from Europe and one of the youngest records worldwide, whereas the silesaurid is the youngest record of a silesaurid from Europe. These findings indicate that silesaurids persisted alongside true dinosaurs into the mid–late Norian of Europe and that silesaurid–herrerasaurid–neotheropod assemblages (which are also known from the Norian of North America, at low latitudes) were more widespread geographically and latitudinally than previously thought. Silesaurid–herrerasaurid–neotheropod assemblages may have been a common ecological structuring of dinosaurs during their early evolution, and their widespread distribution may indicate weak palaeolatitudinal controls on early dinosaur biogeography during the latest Triassic.
FIGURE 10 in A new specimen of the theropod dinosaur Baryonyx from the early Cretaceous of Portugal and taxonomic validity of Suchosaurus
FIGURE 10. Pedal ungual phalanx of Baryonyx walkeri Charig & Milner, 1986 (ML1190) in lateral (A) and ventral (palmar) (B), and proximal views (C). Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIGURE 9 in A new specimen of the theropod dinosaur Baryonyx from the early Cretaceous of Portugal and taxonomic validity of Suchosaurus
FIGURE 9. Right calcaneum of Baryonyx walkeri Charig & Milner, 1986 (ML1190) in anterior (A), medial (B), proximal (C), and lateral (D) views. Abbreviations: ast.fa, astragalar facet; fib.fa, fibular facet; tib.fa, tibial facet. Scale bar: 10 cm.
FIGURE 8 in A new specimen of the theropod dinosaur Baryonyx from the early Cretaceous of Portugal and taxonomic validity of Suchosaurus
FIGURE 8. Baryonyx walkeri Charig & Milner, 1986 (ML1190). A–C, right scapula in lateral (A), posterior (B), and medial (C) views. D–G, right pubis in anterior (D), lateral (E), posterior (F), and medial (G) views. Scale bar: 5 cm.
FIGURE 7 in A new specimen of the theropod dinosaur Baryonyx from the early Cretaceous of Portugal and taxonomic validity of Suchosaurus
FIGURE 7. Dorsal ribs (ML1190) of Baryonyx walkeri Charig & Milner, 1986 in proximal (A), anterior (B, E), posterior (C, G), medial (D), lateral (F), and cross sectional (H) views. Scale bar: 10 cm.
FIGURE 6 in A new specimen of the theropod dinosaur Baryonyx from the early Cretaceous of Portugal and taxonomic validity of Suchosaurus
FIGURE 6. Caudal vertebrae (ML1190) of Baryonyx walkeri Charig & Milner, 1986. A–F, most anterior caudal vertebra (A) to more posterior vertebrae. Abbreviations: Ant./Post., anterior and posterior views; Lat.L., left lateral view; Lat. R, right lateral view. Note perforation in the lateral side of centrum D, probably due to tooth mark from a large predator or scavenger. Scale bar: 10 cm.
FIGURE 4 in A new specimen of the theropod dinosaur Baryonyx from the early Cretaceous of Portugal and taxonomic validity of Suchosaurus
FIGURE 4. Left dentary (ML1190) of Baryonyx walkeri in dorsal (A), lateral (B), ventral (C), medial (D), and anterior (E) views. Scale bar: 10 cm.
FIGURE 5 in A new specimen of the theropod dinosaur Baryonyx from the early Cretaceous of Portugal and taxonomic validity of Suchosaurus
FIGURE 5. Posterior dorsal vertebral neural arch (ML1190) of Baryonyx walkeri Charig & Milner, 1986 in lateral (A) and posterior views (B). Scale bar: 10 cm.
FIGURE 3 in A new specimen of the theropod dinosaur Baryonyx from the early Cretaceous of Portugal and taxonomic validity of Suchosaurus
FIGURE 3. Tooth (ML1190) of Baryonyx walkeri Charig & Milner, 1986. Isolated tooth (A) with detailed inset of the vertical flutes (B), wrinkled enamel (C), denticles (D), and carina (E, F) Scale bars: 1 cm (A) and 0.5 cm (C–E).
FIGURE 2. Geology and stratigraphy context. A in A new specimen of the theropod dinosaur Baryonyx from the early Cretaceous of Portugal and taxonomic validity of Suchosaurus
FIGURE 2. Geology and stratigraphy context. A, Stratigraphic log at Praia das Aguncheiras; B, Cretaceous geological formations at Espichel Cape (based on Manuppella 1994); C, Lisbon and Tagus Valley Mesozoic sedimentary rocks based on Liñán, 2001; D, Portuguese Mesozoic sedimentary rocks based on Liñán, 2001. Abbreviations: C2Ga, Galé Formation; C1Ro, Rodízio Formation; C1Cr, Cresmina Formation; C1Re, Regatão Formation; C1HB, Ladeiras, Rochadouro, Areia do Mastro, Papo-Seco and Boca do Chapim Formations; C1Ma, Maceira marls and reefal limestones; C1GL, Vale de Lobos and Guia grés, mudstones and limestones; C1Ca - Mudstones and sandstones of Porto da Calada Fm.
FIGURE 1. A in A new specimen of the theropod dinosaur Baryonyx from the early Cretaceous of Portugal and taxonomic validity of Suchosaurus
FIGURE 1. A, Tooth of possible Baryonychinae indet. (NHM R36536), holotype of the nomen dubium Suchosaurus cultridens (Owen, 1840–45). Scale bar: 2 cm; B, Jaw and teeth of Baryonychinae indet., possibly referable to Baryonyx walkeri (MG324), holotype specimen of the nomen dubium Suchosaurus girardi Sauvage, 1897–1898. Scale bar: 10 cm.
FIGURE 6 in The first well-preserved coelophysoid theropod dinosaur from Asia
FIGURE 6. Phylogenetic placement of Panguraptor lufengensis gen. et sp. nov., based on strict consensus tree obtained in this study. Absolute bootstrap frequencies and decay index values are indicated.
FIGURE 5 in The first well-preserved coelophysoid theropod dinosaur from Asia
FIGURE 5. Distal portions of ischia and right hind limb of Panguraptor lufengensis gen. et sp. nov. LFGT-0103. Abbreviations: as, astragalus; ca, calcaneum; dt IV, distal tarsal IV; fdt III, fused distal tarsus III; fi, fibula; lis, left ischium; mt IV, metatarsal IV; mt V, metatarsal V; ris, right ischium; ti, tibia.
FIGURE 2 in The first well-preserved coelophysoid theropod dinosaur from Asia
FIGURE 2. Skull and lower jaw of Panguraptor lufengensis gen. et sp. nov. (LFGT-0103) in right lateral view. a, photo; b, interpretive line drawing. Abbreviations: af, additional fenestra; ar, alveolar ridge; at, atlas; ax, axis; dr, diagonal ridge; emf, external mandibular fenestra; f, frontal; gd, groove on dentary; iaf, internal antorbital fenestra; itf, infratemporal fenestra; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; or, orbit; pa, parietal; pf, promaxillary fenestra; po, postorbital; pr, prefrontal; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rsur, ridge on surangular; sq, squamosal; stf, supratemporal fossa.
FIGURE 1 in The first well-preserved coelophysoid theropod dinosaur from Asia
FIGURE 1. Skeleton of Panguraptor lufengensis gen. et sp. nov. (LFGT-0103). a, photo; b, interpretive line drawing. Abbreviations: as, astragalus; ax, axis; ca, calcaneum; cer 3–10, cervical 3-10; dor 7, dorsal 7; dt IV, distal tarsal IV; fdt III, fused distal tarsal III; fi, fibula; hu, humerus; il, ilium; lfe, left femur; lj, lower jaw; is, ischia; ma, manus; mt IV, metatarsal IV; mt V, metatarsal V; pd III, pedal digit III; ph IV-1, phalanx 1 of pedal digit IV; ra, radius; rfe, right femur; sac 1, sacral 1; sc, scapula; sk, skull; ti, tibia; ul, ulna.
FIGURE 4 in The first well-preserved coelophysoid theropod dinosaur from Asia
FIGURE 4. Forelimb of Panguraptor lufengensis gen. et sp. nov. LFGT-0103. Abbreviations: dhu, distal end of humerus; dpc, deltopectoral crest; mtc I, metacarpal I; mtc IV, metacarpal IV; ph I-1, phalanx 1 of digit I; ph III-3, phalanx 3 of digit III; ph IV- 1, phalanx 1 of digit IV; pra, proximal end of radius.
FIGURE 3. Cervical vertebrae 2-6 in The first well-preserved coelophysoid theropod dinosaur from Asia
FIGURE 3. Cervical vertebrae 2-6 of Panguraptor lufengensis gen. et sp. nov. (LFGT-0103) in right lateral view. Abbreviations: a rib, axial rib; C4-C6, cervicals 4–6; cp, caudal pleurocoel; rib of cer 3, rib of cervical 3; rp, rostral pleurocoel; sg, shallow groove on axis.
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