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Fig. 7 in New data on the early stages and behaviour of the endangered species Callophrys mystaphia (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) and its first larval parasitoid, Cotesia sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Fig. 7. Distribution map of Callophrys mystaphia Miller, 1913 (black circle: records based on scientific papers, empty circle: records of butterfly watchers) and Rheum ribes (square).

Fig. 2 in New data on the early stages and behaviour of the endangered species Callophrys mystaphia (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) and its first larval parasitoid, Cotesia sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Fig. 2. Feeding larvae of Callophrys mystaphia Miller, 1913 on Rheum ribes host plant. (a–b – fully grown larvae, 20.vi.2020; c–d – final instar larvae approaching pupation, 4.vi.2020).

Fig. 6. a in New data on the early stages and behaviour of the endangered species Callophrys mystaphia (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) and its first larval parasitoid, Cotesia sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Fig. 6. a – Parasitised larva of Callophrys mystaphia Miller, 1913; b–c – cocoons of the parasitoid; c – intentionally removed larva to reveal the cocoons, d–g – reared parasitoids of the genus Cotesia (Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from various perspectives.

Fig. 1 in New data on the early stages and behaviour of the endangered species Callophrys mystaphia (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) and its first larval parasitoid, Cotesia sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Fig. 1. Habitus of Callophrys mystaphia Miller, 1913 (a – 29.iv.2020 during a field study, b–c – stretched specimen).

Fig. 4 in New data on the early stages and behaviour of the endangered species Callophrys mystaphia (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) and its first larval parasitoid, Cotesia sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Fig. 4. Pupae of Callophrys mystaphia Miller, 1913 on 13.vi.2020 (a – dorsal, b – ventral, c – lateral view).

Fig. 8 in New data on the early stages and behaviour of the endangered species Callophrys mystaphia (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) and its first larval parasitoid, Cotesia sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Fig. 8. Habitat of Callophrys mystaphia Miller, 1913 in Şirvan district, Siirt Prov., south-eastern Turkey, 1400 m a.s.l. (a – 1.vi.2020, b – 29.iv.2021).

Griffiths Phase, Re-Entrant Spin-Glass Behaviour and Schottky Anomaly in Anti-Site Disordered Double Perovskite Pr2MnNiO6

In the present study, the effect of anti-site disorder is explored on the magnetic properties of Pr2MnNiO6. Due to anti-site disorder, a reduced TC preceded by a Griffith phase has been observed. At low temperatures, we also report the development of the unconventional spin glass phase in co-existence with the cluster-like ferromagnetic order. The signature of the re-entrant spin glass phase is revealed by the frequency-dependent ac-susceptibility measurements. The spin glass behavior is also supported by the slow decay of thermo-remanent magnetization. A broad Schottky anomaly has been observed in the specific heat data near 10 K, along with a linear spin-glass term that was suppressed in the magnetic field of 5T. The analysis of the specific heat data indicates the presence of true singlet state of ground state of Pr3+ in Pr2MnNiO6

Observations of visits and behaviour at supplemental feeders on Tiritiri Matangi Island Scientific Reserve by hihi (Notiomystis cincta) and korimako (Anthornis melanura)

Database of visitation rates and behavioural interactions at supplementary sugar-water feeders on Tiritiri Matangi Island Scientific Reserve, Auckland, New Zealand, by two species, hihi (Notiomystis cincta) and korimako (Anthornis melanura). Observations were recorded from video captured from April to September 2010. Observations were taken from every alternate hour from 0700 to 1700 hours.   Legend: mkm = Male korimako (Anthornis melanura) fkm = Female korimako (Anthornis melanura) mhh = Male hihi (Notiomystis cincta) fhh = Female hihi (Notiomystis cincta)   Column key: feeder = Name of feeder month = Month feeder recorded time = Time feeder recorded      extrapolated = Whether data was rescaled due to one full hour not being recorded (y = yes, n = no) empty = Whether it appeared that the sugar-water bottles were empty during this hour of recording (y = yes, n = no) mkm.visits = Number of visits made by male korimako in this time period fkm.visits = Number of visits made by female korimako in this time period mhh.visits = Number of visits made by male hihi in this time period fhh.visits = Number of visits made by female hihi in this time period mkm.displace.mkm = Number of observations of male korimako displacing another male korimako mkm.displace.fkm = Number of observations of male korimako displacing female korimako mkm.displace.mHH = Number of observations of male korimako displacing male hihi mkm.displace.fHH = Number of observations of male korimako displacing female hihi fkm.displace.mkm = Number of observations of female korimako displacing male korimako fkm.displace.fkm = Number of observations of female korimako displacing another female korimako fkm.displace.mhh = Number of observations of female korimako displacing male hihi fkm.displace.fhh = Number of observations of female korimako displacing female hihi mhh.displace.mkm = Number of observations of male hihi displacing male korimako mhh.displace.fkm = Number of observations of male hihi displacing female korimako mhh.displace.mhh = Number of observations of male hihi displacing another male hihi mhh.displace.fhh = Number of observations of male hihi displacing female hihi fhh.displace.fkm = Number of observations of female hihi displacing female korimako fhh.displace.mhh = Number of observations of female hihi displacing male hihi fhh.displace.fhh = Number of observations of female hihi displacing another female hihi mkm.fight = Number of observations of two male korimako fighting fkm.mbb.fight = Number of observations of a female korimako and a male korimako fighting fkm.fight.mhh = Number of observations of a female korimako and a male hihi fighting fkm.fight.fhh = Number of observations of a female korimako and a female hihi fighting mhh.fight = Number of observations of two male hihi fighting fhh.fight = Number of observations of two female hihi fighting    hihi.forced.copulation.fight = Number of observations of a male hihi instigating forced copulation onto a female hihi and resulting fight of female struggling to get away korimako.copulation = Number of observations of a female korimako and a male korimako engaging in copulation mkm.display = Number of observations of male korimako displaying fkm.display = Number of observations of female korimako displaying mhh.display = Number of observations of male hihi displaying fhh.display = Number of observations of female hihi displaying notes = Any notes relevant to the recording, such as, start or end time of the recording, presence of tūī (Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae), etc.

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

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Toxic temperatures: Bee behaviours exhibit divergent pesticide toxicity relationships with warming

Climate change and agricultural intensification are exposing insect pollinators to temperature extremes and increasing pesticide usage. Yet, we lack good quantification of how temperature modulates the sublethal effects of pesticides on behaviours vital for fitness and pollination performance. Consequently, we are uncertain if warming decreases or increases the severity of different pesticide impacts, and whether separate behaviours vary in the direction of response. Quantifying these interactive effects is vital in forecasting pesticide risk across climate regions and informing pesticide application strategies and pollinator conservation. This multi-stressor study investigated the responses of six functional behaviours of bumblebees when exposed to either a neonicotinoid (imidacloprid) or a sulfoximine (sulfoxaflor) across a standardised low, mid, and high temperature. We found the neonicotinoid had a significant effect on five of the six behaviours, with a greater effect at the lower temperature(s) when measuring responsiveness, the likelihood of movement, walking rate, and food consumption rate. In contrast, the neonicotinoid had a greater impact on flight distance at the higher temperature. Our findings show that different organismal functions can exhibit divergent thermal responses, with some pesticide-affected behaviours showing greater impact as temperatures dropped, and others as temperatures rose. We must therefore account for environmental context when determining pesticide risk. Moreover, we found evidence of synergistic effects, with just a 3°C increase causing a sudden drop in flight performance, despite seeing no effect of pesticide at the two lower temperatures. Our findings highlight the importance of multi-stressor studies to quantify threats to insects, which will help to improve dynamic evaluations of population tipping points and spatiotemporal risks to biodiversity across climate regions.

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Increased water temperature and turbidity act independently to alter social behaviour in guppies (Poecilia reticulata)

Changes in environmental conditions can shift the costs and benefits of aggregation or interfere with the sensory perception of near neighbours. This affects group cohesion with potential impacts on the benefits of collective behaviour such as reduced predation risk. Organisms are rarely exposed to one stressor in isolation, yet there are only a few studies exploring the interactions between multiple stressors and their effects on social behaviour. Here we tested the effects of increased water temperature and turbidity on refuge use and three measures of aggregation in guppies (Poecilia reticulata), increasing temperature and turbidity in isolation or in combination. When stressors were elevated in isolation, the distribution of fish within the arena as measured by the index of dispersion became more aggregated at higher temperatures but less aggregated when turbidity was increased. Another measure of cohesion at the global scale, the mean inter-individual distance, also indicated that fish were less aggregated in turbid water. This is likely due to turbidity acting as a visual constraint, as there was no evidence of a change in risk perception as refuge use was not affected by turbidity. Fish decreased refuge use and were closer to their nearest neighbour at higher temperatures. However, nearest-neighbour distance was not affected by turbidity, suggesting that local-scale interactions can be robust to the moderate increase in turbidity used here (5 NTU) compared to other studies which show a decline in shoal cohesion at higher turbidity (>100 NTU). We did not observe any significant interaction terms between the two stressors, indicating no synergistic or antagonistic effects. Our study suggests that the effects of environmental stressors on social behaviour may be unpredictable and dependent on the metric used to measure cohesion, highlighting the need for mechanistic studies to link behaviour to the physiology and sensory effects of environmental stressors.

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2023View details →

Dataset used for upcoming paper: The effects of mild disturbances on sleep behaviour in laying hens

2 Excel .csv files for statistical analysis using R-Studio. The first is a constants file for temporal coding, the second is the raw data.

Fig. 8 in Habitat use and behaviour of the Irrawaddy dolphin, Orcaella brevirostris and the Indo-Pacific finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides off the west coast of Penang Island, Malaysia

Fig. 8. Mean activity index (AI) of Irrawaddy dolphins and finless porpoises for each quadrat in the west Penang Island study.

Fig. 6 in Habitat use and behaviour of the Irrawaddy dolphin, Orcaella brevirostris and the Indo-Pacific finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides off the west coast of Penang Island, Malaysia

Fig. 6. Coefficient of Area Use (AU) for both species in west Penang Island. A, AU for the Irrawaddy dolphin, B, AU for the finless porpoise and C, combination and overlap of area use for both Irrawaddy dolphin and finless porpoise

Fig. 2 in Habitat use and behaviour of the Irrawaddy dolphin, Orcaella brevirostris and the Indo-Pacific finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides off the west coast of Penang Island, Malaysia

Fig. 2. Two survey routes where the research boat travelled, consisting of a parallel line route and a zig–zag route in west Penang

Fig. 3 in Habitat use and behaviour of the Irrawaddy dolphin, Orcaella brevirostris and the Indo-Pacific finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides off the west coast of Penang Island, Malaysia

Fig. 3. Cetacean encounters in the western coastal waters of Penang Island (February 2019–April 2021) during on-effort surveys. A, Irrawaddy dolphin group size; and B, finless porpoise group size.

Fig. 4 in Habitat use and behaviour of the Irrawaddy dolphin, Orcaella brevirostris and the Indo-Pacific finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides off the west coast of Penang Island, Malaysia

Fig. 4. Comparison of Irrawaddy dolphin and finless porpoise sightings across distance from the shore (km) and depth of water (m) in west Penang Island, Malaysia.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2023View details →

Questionnaire: Co-occurrence of behavioural risk factors for non-communicable diseases among 40-year and above aged community members in three regions of Myanmar

This questionnaire was applied as data collection tool for the dataset of "Co-occurrence of behavioural risk factors for non-communicable diseases among 40-year and above aged community members in three regions of Myanmar".

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2022View details →

Datasets and R source code of manuscript "From behaviour to complex communities: Resilience to anthropogenic noise in a fish-induced trophic cascade" by Emilie Rojas et al.

Datasets and R source code of manuscript "From behaviour to complex communities: Resilience to anthropogenic noise in a fish-induced trophic cascade"  by Emilie Rojas et al.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2023View details →

Figure 2 in Origin of adaptations to open environments and social behaviour in sabretoothed cats from the northeastern border of the Tibetan Plateau

Figure 2. Tip-dating phylogeny of Machairodontinae. Biogeographic hypotheses (BioGeoBEARS implemented in RASP 4.2) are located at the nodes, with pie charts indicating the posterior probabilities of that node being present in a given geograpical region. The dispersal curves (for Machairodontini only, from M. aphanistus to Homotheriina) are located at the bottom of the figure. See the posterior probability of each node of the tip-dating phylogenetic analysis in the electronic supplementary material, appendix. The reconstruction of Homotherium serum from data in digimorph (http://www.digimorph.org/index.phtml). The photo of Machairodus aphanistus from Batallones comes from https://fossilhuntress.blogspot.com/2016/10/, the others are by the authors.