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opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Archaeogenomic evidence from the southwestern US points to a pre-Hispanic scarlet macaw breeding colony

Hundreds of scarlet macaw (Ara macao cyanoptera) skeletons have been recovered from archaeological contexts in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico (SW/NW). The location of these skeletons, >1,000 km outside their Neotropical endemic range, has suggested a far-reaching pre-Hispanic acquisition network. Clear evidence for scarlet macaw breeding within this network is only known from the settlement of Paquimé in NW dating between 1250 and 1450 CE. Although some scholars have speculated on the probable existence of earlier breeding centers in the SW/NW region, there has been no supporting evidence. In this study, we performed an ancient DNA analysis of scarlet macaws recovered from archaeological sites in Chaco Canyon and the contemporaneous Mimbres area of New Mexico. All samples were directly radiocarbon dated between 900 and 1200 CE. We reconstructed complete or near-complete mitochondrial genome sequences of 14 scarlet macaws from five different sites. We observed remarkably low genetic diversity in this sample, consistent with breeding of a small founder population translocated outside their natural range. Phylogeographic comparisons of our ancient DNA mitogenomes with mitochondrial sequences from macaws collected during the last 200 years from their endemic Neotropical range identified genetic affinity between the ancient macaws and a single rare haplogroup (Haplo6) observed only among wild macaws in Mexico and northern Guatemala. Our results suggest that people at an undiscovered pre-Hispanic settlement dating between 900 and 1200 CE managed a macaw breeding colony outside their endemic range and distributed these symbolically important birds through the SW.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: Species selection and the macroevolution of coral coloniality and photosymbiosis

Differences in the relative diversification rates of species with variant traits is known as species selection. Species selection can produce a macroevolutionary change in the frequencies of traits by changing the relative number of species possessing each trait over time. But species selection is not the only process that can change the frequencies of traits, phyletic microevolution of traits within species and phylogenetic trait evolution among species, the tempo and mode of microevolution, can also change trait frequencies. Species selection, phylogenetic, and phyletic processes can all contribute to large-scale trends, reinforcing or canceling each other out. Even more complex interactions among macroevolutionary processes are possible when multiple covarying traits are involved. Here I present a multilevel macroevolutionary framework that is useful for understanding how macroevolutionary processes interact. It is useful for empirical studies using fossils, molecular phylogenies, or both. I illustrate the framework with the macroevolution of coloniality and photosymbiosis in scleractinian corals using a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny. I find that standing phylogenetic variation in coloniality and photosymbiosis deflects the direction of macroevolution from the vector of species selection. Variation in these traits constrains species selection and results in a 200 million-year macroevolutionary equilibrium.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: Nutrient distribution and absorption in the colonial hydroid Podocoryna carnea is sequentially diffusive and directional

The distribution and absorption of ingested protein was characterized within a colony of Podocoryna carnea when a single polyp was fed. Observations were conducted at multiple spatial and temporal scales at three different stages of colony ontogeny with an artificial food item containing Texas Red conjugated albumin. Food pellets were digested and all tracer absorbed by digestive cells within the first 2–3 hours post-feeding. The preponderance of the label was located in the fed polyp and in a transport-induced diffusion pattern surrounding the fed polyp. After 6 hours post-feeding particulates re-appeared in the gastrovascular system and their absorption increased the area over which the nutrients were distributed, albeit still in a pattern that was centered on the fed polyp. At later intervals, tracer became concentrated in some stolon tips, but not in others, despite the proximity of these stolons either to the fed polyp or to adjacent stolons receiving nutrients. Distribution and absorption of nutrients is sequentially diffusive and directional.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Within-group relatedness is correlated with colony-level social structure and reproductive sharing in a social fish.

In group-living species, the degree of relatedness among group members often governs the extent of reproductive sharing, cooperation and conflict within a group. Kinship among group members can be shaped by the presence and location of neighbouring groups, as these provide dispersal or mating opportunities that can dilute kinship among current group members. Here, we assessed how within-group relatedness varies with the density and position of neighbouring social groups in Neolamprologus pulcher, a colonial and group-living cichlid fish. We used restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) methods to generate thousands of polymorphic SNPs. Relative to microsatellite data, RADseq data provided much tighter confidence intervals around our relatedness estimates. These data allowed us to document novel patterns of relatedness in relation to colony-level social structure. First, the density of neighbouring groups was negatively correlated with relatedness between subordinates and dominant females within a group, but no such patterns were observed between subordinates and dominant males. Second, subordinates at the colony edge were less related to dominant males in their group than subordinates in the colony centre, suggesting a shorter breeding tenure for dominant males at the colony edge. Finally, subordinates who were closely related to their same-sex dominant were more likely to reproduce, supporting some restraint models of reproductive skew. Collectively, these results demonstrate that within-group relatedness is influenced by the broader social context, and variation between groups in the degree of relatedness between dominants and subordinates can be explained by both patterns of reproductive sharing and the nature of the social landscape.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: The selective myosin II inhibitor blebbistatin reversibly eliminates gastrovascular flow and stolon tip pulsations in the colonial hydroid Podocoryna carnea

Blebbistatin reversibly disrupted both stolon tip pulsations and gastrovascular flow in the colonial hydroid Podocoryna carnea. Epithelial longitudinal muscles of polyps were unaffected by blebbistatin, as polyps contracted when challenged with a pulse of KCl. Latrunculin B, which sequesters G actin preventing F actin assembly, caused stolons to retract, exposing focal adhesions where the tip epithelial cells adhere to the substratum. These results are consistent with earlier suggestions that non-muscle myosin II provides the motive force for stolon tip pulsations and further suggest that tip oscillations are functionally coupled to hydrorhizal axial muscle contraction.

opennotspecifiedSep 2014View details →

FIGURES 6L–7B. Gloeocapsopsis dvorakii. 6L. Colony collected from a rock. 7A. Colony collected from a rope. 7B. Colony collected from a in How diverse are coccoid cyanobacteria? A case study of terrestrial habitats from the Atlantic Rainforest (São Paulo, Brazil)

FIGURES 6L–7B. Gloeocapsopsis dvorakii. 6L. Colony collected from a rock. 7A. Colony collected from a rope. 7B. Colony collected from a roof.

opennotspecifiedSep 2014View details →

FIGURES 5A–5B. Chroococcus tenax. 5A. General colony habit highlighting the lamellated sheaths. 5B in How diverse are coccoid cyanobacteria? A case study of terrestrial habitats from the Atlantic Rainforest (São Paulo, Brazil)

FIGURES 5A–5B. Chroococcus tenax. 5A. General colony habit highlighting the lamellated sheaths. 5B. Desiccated cell showing concentrically lamellate sheaths and blue color.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Data from: Genetic structuring among colonies of a pantropical seabird: Implication for subspecies validation and conservation

Appendix S1 <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>Table S1</td> <td>Details of field researchers and licences under which they took blood samples from white-tailed tropicbirds from populations in the years of study</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Table S2</td> <td>Morphometrics of 616 individual white-tailed tropicbirds from 11 populations. Population codes are as described in Table 1.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Table S3</td> <td>Raw microsatellite genotypes for 382 individual White-tailed tropicbird from 13 populations. Population codes are as described in Table 1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Table S4</td> <td>Details of mtDNA sequences </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Table S5</td> <td>Tests of bottleneck (P-values for one-tailed Wilcoxon's signed rank test for heterozygosity excess) based on 10 microsatellites in 13 populations of Phaethon lepturus</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Table S6</td> <td>Pairwise FST estimates based on nuclear microsatellite variation (above diagonal), and ΦST estimates based on mtDNA sequence (below diagonal) for 11 populations with sample sizes >5 ('Pop's) of Phaethon lepturus (see Table 1 for population codes)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>

Figure 7 in Colonial ascidians from the Foveaux Strait region of New Zealand

Figure 7. Polyclinum novaezelandiae (NIWA68097): (a) abdomen and thorax; (b) a section of the branchial sac showing papillae on transverse vessels and hooked dorsal languets on the dorsal midline; (c) post-abdomen. Scale bars: a = 5.0 mm; b, c = 1.0 mm.

Figure 6 in Colonial ascidians from the Foveaux Strait region of New Zealand

Figure 6. In situ images of: (a) Diplosoma velatum (NIWA68092); (b) Polyclinum novaezealandiae (NIWA68097); (c) Synoicum stewartense (NIWA68089); (d) Aplidium benhami (NIWA68101); (e) Aplidium knoxi (NIWA68091); (f) Aplidium phortax (NIWA68109).

Figure 5 in Colonial ascidians from the Foveaux Strait region of New Zealand

Figure 5. Lissoclinum violaceum sp. nov.: (a, b) spicules (NIWA87177); (c) thorax; (d) abdomen (NIWA68100, holotype) showing course of the vas deferens across two testis follicles; (e) Lissoclinum notti spicule. Scale bars: a = 50 µm; b = 10 µm; c, d = 1.0 mm; e = 30 µm.

Figure 3 in Colonial ascidians from the Foveaux Strait region of New Zealand

Figure 3. Didemnum jucundum: (a) spicule (NIWA87152); (b) zooid; (c) testis; (d) larva. Scale bars: a = 20 µm; b = 1.0 mm; c = 0.5 mm; d = 1.0 mm.

Figure 2 in Colonial ascidians from the Foveaux Strait region of New Zealand

Figure 2. In situ images of: (a) Didemnum jucundum (NIWA87152); (b) Didemnum jucundum (NIWA87153) a red-ochre colour variant; (c) Didemnum marineae sp. nov. (NIWA68169); (d, e) Lissoclinum violaceum sp. nov. (NIWA87177, NIWA68100 (holotype), respectively); (f) Lissoclinum notti (NIWA87176).

Figure 10 in Colonial ascidians from the Foveaux Strait region of New Zealand

Figure 10. Aplidium sp. (NIWA68113): (a) zooid; (b) thorax and abdomen; (c) post-abdomen showing course of vas deferens and location of ovary. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.

Figure 8 in Colonial ascidians from the Foveaux Strait region of New Zealand

Figure 8. Aplidium knoxi (NIWA68091): (a) abdomen and thorax; (b) post-abdomen; (c) larva. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.

Figure 4 in Colonial ascidians from the Foveaux Strait region of New Zealand

Figure 4. Didemnum marineae sp. nov. (NIWA68103, holotype): (a) surface papillae and stellate branchial apertures; (b) spicules; (c); thorax; (d) abdomen showing conical testis and granulated developing egg; (e) larva (NIWA68169). Scale bars: a = 0.1 mm; b = 20 µm; c, d = 1.0 mm; e = 0.5 mm.

Figure 1 in Effects of different ant species on the attendance of neighbouring hemipteran colonies and the outcomes for the host plant

Figure 1. Frequency of ant visitation on mealybug aggregations during manipulative experiment (9 days) by (a) Camponotus crassus and (b) Ectatomma tuberculatum showing the treatment individuals (grey bars – with ant exclusion during manipulation period – days 4, 5 and 6) and control individuals (white bars – with ant access all time). The frequency of C. crassus visitation increased when prevented from tending the treatment aggregation [repeated-measures one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA); * p <0.05; means ± 1 standard error (SE) are presented].

Figure 4 in Effects of different ant species on the attendance of neighbouring hemipteran colonies and the outcomes for the host plant

Figure 4. Comparative analysis of abundance of mealybugs on plants with and without (a) Camponotus crassus and (b) Ectatomma tuberculatum on shrubs of Banisteriopsis campestris in a Brazilian tropical savanna. [T test; * indicates statistical difference; p <0.05; means ± 1 standard error (SE) are presented].

Figure 2 in Effects of different ant species on the attendance of neighbouring hemipteran colonies and the outcomes for the host plant

Figure 2. Comparative analysis of abundance of nymphs attended by (a) Camponotus crassus and (b) Ectatomma tuberculatum on individuals of Banisteriopsis campestris with and without ants over 76 days of monitoring (sampling: 1° – 5 February 2014; 2° – 26 February 2014; 3° – 19 March 2014; 4° – 9 April 2014). A statistical difference was observed for nymphs attended by C. crassus [Friedman test; * indicates statistical difference; p <0.05; means ± 1 standard error (SE) are presented].

Figure 3 in Effects of different ant species on the attendance of neighbouring hemipteran colonies and the outcomes for the host plant

Figure 3. Proportion of fruit production with (a) Camponotus crassus and (b) Ectatomma tuberculatum in the group with both mealybugs and ants, group with only ants, group with only mealybugs, and group without ants or mealybugs. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA, p <0.05) with the presence/absence of each group (ants and mealybugs) treated as a separate factor. Means + 1 standard error (SE) are presented. The asterisk (*) in (a) indicates a significant negative interactive effect by C. crassus and mealybugs on proportion of fruit production (p <0.05; see Table 1).