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Figure 4 in Short-time salinity fluctuations are strong activators of oxidative stress in Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis)
Figure 4. Short-time salinity fluctuations modulate DNA damage in hemocytes of mussels. Mussels were acclimated to high (24-40 ‰, HS) and low (6-14‰, LS) environmental salinity. DNA damages in hemocytes were evaluated based on Comet assay. Bars indicate mean±SE. Results were considered significant when p<0.05 by Mann-Whitney test (n=10).
Figure 5 in A new species Unionicola (Dimockatax stat. rev.) haungthayawensis sp. nov. (Trombidiformes: Unionicolidae) from the freshwater mussel Lamellidens generosus (Gould, 1847) in Myanmar
Figure 5. Unionicola (Dimockatax stat. rev.) haungthayawensis sp. nov. ventral side of idiosoma with coxal plates and genital fields: (A) holotype male RMBH Hyd 363; (B) paratype female RMBH Hyd 363_1. Scale bar = 200 µm (Graphics: Yulia E. Chapurina).
Figure 3 in A new species Unionicola (Dimockatax stat. rev.) haungthayawensis sp. nov. (Trombidiformes: Unionicolidae) from the freshwater mussel Lamellidens generosus (Gould, 1847) in Myanmar
Figure 3. The shell of Lamellidens generosus [RMBH biv363_3], the host of Unionicola haungthayawensis sp. nov. Scale bar = 10mm. (Photos: Ekaterina S. Konopleva).
Data from: Evidence for adaptation from standing genetic variation on an antimicrobial peptide gene in the mussel Mytilus edulis
Genome scans of population differentiation identify candidate loci for adaptation but provide little information on how selection has influenced the genetic structure of these loci. Following a genome scan, we investigated the nature of the selection responsible for the outlying differentiation observed between populations of the marine mussel Mytilus edulis at a leucine/arginine polymorphism (L31R) in the antimicrobial peptide MGD2. We analysed DNA sequence polymorphisms, allele frequencies and population differentiation of polymorphisms closely linked to L31R, and pairwise and third-order linkage disequilibria. An outlying level of population differentiation was observed at L31R only, while no departure from panmixia was observed at linked loci surrounding L31R, as in most of the genome. Selection therefore seems to affect L31R directly. Three hypotheses can explain the lack of differentiation in the chromosomal region close to L31R: (i) hitchhiking has occurred but migration and recombination subsequently erased the signal, (ii) selection was weak enough and recombination strong enough to limit the hitchhiking effect to a very small chromosomal region or (iii) selection acted on a pre-existing polymorphism (i.e. standing variation) at linkage equilibrium with its background. Linkage equilibrium was observed between L31R and linked polymorphisms in every population analysed, as expected under the three hypotheses. However, linkage disequilibrium was observed in some populations between pairs of loci located upstream and downstream to L31R, generating a complex pattern of third-order linkage disequilibria which is best explained by the hypothesis of selection on a pre-existing polymorphism. We hypothesise that selection could be either balanced, maintaining alleles at different frequencies depending on the pathogen community encountered locally by mussels, or intermittent, resulting in sporadic fluctuations in allele frequency.
Figure 1 in Characteristics of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) populations in infested reservoirs, northwest Bulgaria
Figure 1. Study region and sampling sites in the Ogosta and Rabisha reservoirs.
Figure 1 in Molecular data reveal cryptic lineages within the northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean small mussel drills of the Ocinebrina edwardsii complex (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Muricidae)
Figure 1. Location map of the sampling sites. Numbers of the sites as in Table 1.
Figure 18 in Palaeoheterodont diversity (Mollusca: Trigonioida + Unionoida): what we know and what we wish we knew about freshwater mussel evolution
Figure 18. Representatives of the Unionidae. A, Unio pictorum UMMZ 9320. B, Pyganodon grandis UMMZ 205535. C, Amblema plicata INHS 12149. D, Obliquaria reflexa INHS 5892. E, Coelatura aegyptiaca FMNH 11597. F, Pilsbryoconcha exilis ANSP 48270. G, Lampsilis cardium UMMZ 130005.
Targeted and passive environmental DNA approaches outperform established methods for detection of quagga mussels, Dreissena rostriformis bugensis in flowing water
<ol> <li>The early detection of invasive non-native species (INNS) <span><span>is important for informing management actions</span></span>. Established monitoring methods require the collection or observation of specimens, which is unlikely at the beginning of an invasion when densities are likely to be low. Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis is a highly promising technique for the detection of INNS – particularly during the early stages of an invasion. </li> <li>Here, we compared the use of traditional kick-net sampling with two eDNA approaches (targeted detection using both conventional and quantitative PCR, and passive detection via metabarcoding with conserved primers) for detection of quagga mussel, <i>Dreissena rostriformis bugensis;</i> a high priority INNS, along a density gradient on the River Wraysbury, UK. </li> <li>All three molecular tools outperformed traditional sampling in terms of detection. Conventional PCR and qPCR both had 100% detection rate in all samples, and outperformed metabarcoding when the target species was at low densities. Additionally, quagga mussel DNA copy number (qPCR) and relative read count (metabarcoding) were significantly influenced by both mussel density and distance from source population, with distance being the most significant predictor. </li> <li> <i>Synthesis and application.</i> All three molecular approaches were more sensitive than traditional kick-net sampling for the detection of the quagga mussel in flowing water, and both qPCR and metabarcoding enabled estimates of relative abundance. Targeted approaches were more sensitive than metabarcoding, but metabarcoding has the advantage of providing information on the wider community, and consequently impacts of INNS. </li> </ol>
Fig. 4 in Molecular phylogeny reveals a new genus of freshwater mussels from the Mekong River Basin (Bivalvia: Unionidae)
Fig. 4. Namkongnaia inkhavilayi gen. et sp. nov. A. Holotype MUMNH-UNI2831. B. Paratype MUMNH-UNI2836, both from the type localty in Xe Bangfai River, Kammoune Province, Laos. Scale bars: 10 mm.
Figure 5 from: Kongim B, Sutcharit C, Panha S (2015) Cytotaxonomy of unionid freshwater mussels (Unionoida, Unionidae) from northeastern Thailand with description of a new species. ZooKeys 514: 93-110. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.514.8977
Figure 5 - Shell valves of A, B Scabies songkramensis sp. n., A holotype ZMMSU 00500 and B paratype ZMMSU 00501. C Scabies crispata, Brandt collection SMF 188682 from Bangkok, Thailand D Scabies nucleus Brandt collection SMF 198394 from Mekong River, Pakse, Laos E Scabies phaselus Brandt collection SMF 188695 from Takrong River, Nakon Ratchsrima, and F hinge plates of Scabies songkramensis sp. n., holotype, with illustrating and measurements terminology. Abbreviations: aa, anterior adductor muscle scar; lt, lateral teeth; pa, posterior adductor muscle scar; pl, pallial line; pt, pseudocardinal tooth; H, height of valves; L, length of valves; and W, width of valves.
Figure 4 from: Kongim B, Sutcharit C, Panha S (2015) Cytotaxonomy of unionid freshwater mussels (Unionoida, Unionidae) from northeastern Thailand with description of a new species. ZooKeys 514: 93-110. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.514.8977
Figure 4 - Karyotypes of unionids studied: A Chamberlainia hainesiana B Hyriopsis bialatus C Scabies crispata D Scabies songkramensis sp. n. E Pseudodon mouhoti F Ensidens ingallsianus G Physunio inornatus H Trapezoideus exolescens. Abbreviations: m, metacentric; sm, submetacentric; st, subtelocentric; t, telocentric; numbers 1, 5, 10, 11, 15 represent the pair numbers.
Figure 1 from: Kongim B, Sutcharit C, Panha S (2015) Cytotaxonomy of unionid freshwater mussels (Unionoida, Unionidae) from northeastern Thailand with description of a new species. ZooKeys 514: 93-110. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.514.8977
Figure 1 - Sampling locations for unionids in northeastern Thailand: 1 Ban Tha Nanglian, Chonnabot, Khon Kaen (16°1'21"N; 102°33'34"E) 2 Ban Tha Khonyang, Kantharawichai, Maha Sarakham (16°14'1"N; 103°16'1"E) 3 Ban Tha Krai, Selaphum, Roi Et (16°2'0"N; 103°56'2"E) 4 Ban Klang Charern, Pangkon, Sakon Nakorn (17°24'22"N; 103°50'1"E) 5 Kamtakla, Sakon Nakorn (17°49'32"N; 103°47'10"E).
Figure 3 from: Kongim B, Sutcharit C, Panha S (2015) Cytotaxonomy of unionid freshwater mussels (Unionoida, Unionidae) from northeastern Thailand with description of a new species. ZooKeys 514: 93-110. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.514.8977
Figure 3 - Mitotic chromosomes of unionids studied: A Chamberlainia hainesiana B Hyriopsis bialatus C Scabies crispata D Scabies songkramensis sp. n. E Pseudodon mouhoti F Ensidens ingallsianus G Physunio inornatus H Trapezoideus exolescens.
Figure 2 from: Kongim B, Sutcharit C, Panha S (2015) Cytotaxonomy of unionid freshwater mussels (Unionoida, Unionidae) from northeastern Thailand with description of a new species. ZooKeys 514: 93-110. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.514.8977
Figure 2 - Comparative external views of shell valves of unionids studied: A Chamberlainia hainesiana B Hyriopsis bialatus C Scabies crispata D Pseudodon mouhoti E Ensidens ingallsianus F Physunio inornatus G Trapezoideus exolescens.
Figures 6 from: Oliver PG (2015) Description and morphology of the "Juan de Fuca vent mussel", Benthomodiolus erebus sp. n. (Bivalvia, Mytilidae, Bathymodiolinae): "Phylogenetically basal but morphologically advanced". Zoosystematics and Evolution 91(2): 151-165. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.91.5417
Figures 6 - a–d Shells of Benthomodiolus geikotsucola Okutani and Miyazaki, 2007. a exterior of left valve of holotype (NSMT-Mo-7670349), b–d of the dissected paratype (NSMT Mo-76704j).
Figure 3 from: Oliver PG (2015) Description and morphology of the "Juan de Fuca vent mussel", Benthomodiolus erebus sp. n. (Bivalvia, Mytilidae, Bathymodiolinae): "Phylogenetically basal but morphologically advanced". Zoosystematics and Evolution 91(2): 151-165. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.91.5417
Figure 3 - Anatomical details of Benthomodiolus erebus sp. n. a exhalant aperture interior, b exhalant aperture exterior, c posterior viewed from the ventral, d anterior mantle edge, e middle mantle edge, f labial palps, g the alimentary system and heart.
Figure 7 from: Oliver PG (2015) Description and morphology of the "Juan de Fuca vent mussel", Benthomodiolus erebus sp. n. (Bivalvia, Mytilidae, Bathymodiolinae): "Phylogenetically basal but morphologically advanced". Zoosystematics and Evolution 91(2): 151-165. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.91.5417
Figure 7 - Gross anatomy of Benthomodiolus geikotsucola stained with methylene green. a after removal of left valve and mantle, b after further removal of the ctenidium, c diagram of the adductor, pedal and byssal musculature.
Figure 2 from: Oliver PG (2015) Description and morphology of the "Juan de Fuca vent mussel", Benthomodiolus erebus sp. n. (Bivalvia, Mytilidae, Bathymodiolinae): "Phylogenetically basal but morphologically advanced". Zoosystematics and Evolution 91(2): 151-165. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.91.5417
Figure 2 - Gross anatomy of Benthomodiolus erebus sp. n. a after removal of left valve and mantle, b after further removal of the ctenidium, c diagram of the adductor, pedal and byssal musculature.
Figure 1 from: Oliver PG (2015) Description and morphology of the "Juan de Fuca vent mussel", Benthomodiolus erebus sp. n. (Bivalvia, Mytilidae, Bathymodiolinae): "Phylogenetically basal but morphologically advanced". Zoosystematics and Evolution 91(2): 151-165. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.91.5417
Figure 1 - Shells of Benthomodiolus erebus sp. n. a–d holotype, a external of left valve, b external of right valve, c internal of left valve, d dorsal (CMNML 097165), e paratype external of right valve (NMW.Z.2015.013.1a).
Figures 5 from: Oliver PG (2015) Description and morphology of the "Juan de Fuca vent mussel", Benthomodiolus erebus sp. n. (Bivalvia, Mytilidae, Bathymodiolinae): "Phylogenetically basal but morphologically advanced". Zoosystematics and Evolution 91(2): 151-165. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.91.5417
Figures 5 - a–b Images of the benthic habitat at the Endeavour segment and Middle Valley. a showing a clump of Ridgeia and many dead vesicomyid clams, b a clump of Ridgeia around a sulphide block
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OpenNeuro
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