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1,316 results for “Trade”
Supplementary material 3 from: Mandić R, Adžemović M, Marjanović Ž (2018) Conservation and trade of wild edible mushrooms of Serbia – history, state of art and perspectives. Nature Conservation 25: 31-53. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.25.21919
Annual amounts of mushrooms allowed to harvest (in kg, according to INCS) : Explanation note: The document provides table with official data on mushroom and truffle amounts that have been allowed to harvest since 1993, according to INCS.
Supplementary material 1 from: Mandić R, Adžemović M, Marjanović Ž (2018) Conservation and trade of wild edible mushrooms of Serbia – history, state of art and perspectives. Nature Conservation 25: 31-53. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.25.21919
Overview of mycological literature, research and herbaria collections on macro fungi of Serbia with reference list : Explanation note: The document provides brief descriptions of the scientific and hobbyist published data on epigeic and hypogeic macro fungi in Serbia, including the history of their recognition with reference lists. It also provides information on official herbaria collections of macro fungi.
Supplementary material 2 from: Mandić R, Adžemović M, Marjanović Ž (2018) Conservation and trade of wild edible mushrooms of Serbia – history, state of art and perspectives. Nature Conservation 25: 31-53. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.25.21919
The lists of strictly protected and protected species of macro fungi in Serbia : Explanation note: The document lists the legal acts that regulate macro fungi and their habitats in Serbia, as well as species that are regulated by The Regulation and The Bylaw.
Supporting data and code for: "Global unsustainable virtual water flows in agricultural trade"
<p>Supporting data and code for: "<strong>Global unsustainable virtual water flows in agricultural trade"</strong></p> <p>This file contains:</p> <p>-The code used to process trade and production data.</p> <p>- Crop- and country-specific unsustainable virtual water flows for years 2000 and 2015.</p> <p>-Crop- and country-specific sustainable and unsustainable irrigation water consumption.</p> <p> </p>
Continuous Non-Functional Requirements: Practices, Opportunities, and Trade-Offs for Small, Agile Organizations
<p>Contains the interview questions and codebook (including code counts) produced by our research.</p>
Investigating the "Too Bright" Issue Pertaining to Non-PBL Clouds over the South Pacific Trade-Wind Region in CMIP6 Global Climate Models
<p><a href="../api/records/13314147/draft/files/f09.C6.B-hist.SON_ANN.tar.gz/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">f09.C6.B-hist.SON_ANN.tar.g</a>z</p> <p>CESM2-CAM6 with falling ice radiative effects (FIREs), fully coupled run folloing CMIP6 historical run, same as CESM2-CAM6 in CMIP6 data port.</p> <p> </p> <p>The data includes with netcdf self description.</p> <p>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_AWNC_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_CLDHGH_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_CLDLIQ_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_CLDLOW_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_CLDMED_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_CLDTOT_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_CLOUD_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_CLOUDFRAC_CLUBB_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_CONCLD_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_FREQL_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_ICWMR_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_NUMLIQ_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_OMEGA_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_PRECC_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_PRECL_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_SST_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_tauy_ANN_climo-CDO.nc</p> <p><a href="../api/records/13314147/draft/files/f09.C6.B-hist.SON_ANN.tar.gz/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">f09.C6.B-hist.NOS_ANN.tar.g</a>z</p> <p>CESM2-CAM6 without falling ice radiative effects (FIREs), fully coupled run folloing CMIP6 historical run, same as CESM2-CAM6 in CMIP6 data port.</p> <p><br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_AWNC_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_CDNUMC_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_CLDHGH_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_CLDLIQ_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_CLDLOW_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_CLDMED_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_CLDTOT_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_CLOUD_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_CLOUDFRAC_CLUBB_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_CONCLD_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_FREQL_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_ICWMR_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_NUMLIQ_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_OMEGA_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_PRECC_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_PRECL_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_SST_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_taux_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_tauy_ANN_climo-CDO.nc</p>
Uranium supply chain trade data
<p>Global trade data for natural uranium, enriched uranium and depleted uranium from 2013 to 2024. </p> <p>Complex network indicator results for natural uranium, enriched uranium, and depleted uranium.</p>
Data for International trade sanctions imposed due to the Russia-Ukraine war may cause unequal distribution of environmental and health impacts
<p>Data for producing the figures in the study "International trade sanctions imposed due to the Russia-Ukraine war may cause unequal distribution of environmental and health impacts".</p>
Open Trade Statistics Database
<p>The Open Trade Statistics initiative was developed to ease access to international trade data by providing downloadable SQL database dumps, a public API, a dashboard, and an R package for data retrieval. This project was born out of the recognition that many academic institutions in Latin America lack access to academic subscriptions and comprehensive datasets like the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database. The OTS project not only offers a solution to this problem regarding international trade data but also emphasizes the importance of reproducibility in data processing. Through the use of open-source tools, the project ensures that its datasets are accessible and easy to use for research and analysis.</p> <p>OTS, based on the official correlation tables, provides a harmonized dataset where the values are converted to HS revision 2012 for the years 1980-2021 and it involved transforming some of the reported data to find equivalent codes between the different classifications. For instance, the HS revision 1992 code '271011' (aviation spirit) does not have a direct equivalent in HS revision 2012 and it can be converted to the more general code '271000' (oils petroleum, bituminous, distillates, except crude). The same process was applied to the SITC codes.</p> <p>Country codes are also standardized in OTS. For instance, missing ISO-3 country codes in the raw data were replaced by the values expressed in UN COMTRADE documentation. For instance, the numeric code '490' corresponds to 'e-490' but it appears as a blank value in the raw data, and UN COMTRADE documentation<br>indicates that 'e-490' corresponds to 'Other Asia, Not Elsewhere Specified (NES)'.</p> <p>Commercial purposes are strictly out of the boundaries of what you can do with this data according to UN Comtrade dissemination clauses.</p> <p>Visit <a href="https://tradestatistics.io/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tradestatistics.io</a> to access the dashboard and R package for data retrieval.</p>
FIGURE 1 in Andrew Beveridge Curror (1811-1844): collecting natural history specimens while preventing the slave trade along the west coast of Africa
FIGURE 1. Left: HMS Waterwitch. From a lithograph by H.J. Vernon, ca. 1850. © National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London. Reference PAF8063. Reproduced with permission. Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) licence. Middle: HMS Fantome. From a lithograph by N. E. Deey, 19th century. © National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London. Reference PW8084. Reproduced with permission. Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) licence. Right: Handwriting and signature of Andrew Beveridge Curror taken from his last known letter to W.J. Hooker (Curror 1844d), shortly before Curror set sail on HMS Larne on what was to be his final journey. © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Directors' Correspondence 58/24 KADC7431. Reproduced with the consent of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
FIGURE 2 in Andrew Beveridge Curror (1811-1844): collecting natural history specimens while preventing the slave trade along the west coast of Africa
FIGURE 2. Loch Fitty in the county Fife in Scotland, United Kingdom, close to Dunfermline, one of Curror's residential addresses when not at sea. The farm of the Curror family, Wester Craigduckie, is near Loch Fitty. Photograph: E. Figueiredo; taken on 29 August 2019.
Replication package for "Gravity with History: On Incumbency Effects in International Trade"
<p>This package contains the data, programs and instructions to replicate manuscript "Gravity with History: On Incumbency Effects in International Trade" by Egger, Foellmi, Schetter, and Torun forthcoming at JEEA.</p>
Datasets and the movie for the manuscript "Cold pools mediate mesoscale adjustments of trade-cumulus fields to changes in cloud-droplet number concentration"
<p>This file contains the basic profiles and time series of cloud-field properties, cloud organization metrics, and cold-pool properties associated with the project titled "Cold pools mediate mesoscale adjustments of trade-cumulus fields to changes in cloud-droplet number concentration".</p> <p>The numbers of simulations 104, 105, 1, 106, 107, and 108 are associated with the cloud-droplet number concentrations Nc of 20, 50, 70, 100, 200, and 1000 /cm3, respectively.</p> <p>The character "-cnstsun" at the end of a file name is related to simulations without the diurnal cycle of solar radiation.</p> <p>The movie (Nc20_Nc1000.mp4) shows the evolution of cloud albedo (1st column), mixed-layer height hmix (2nd column), total moisture anomaly qt' at the 200-m level (3rd column), and the vertical velocity w at the 200-m level (4th column) for simulations with Nc of 20 (1st row) and 1000 (2nd row) /cm3 and without the the diurnal cycle. </p>
Using participatory scenario planning to explore the synergies and trade-offs from upland treescape expansion.
<p>R scripts and summary data to accompany a manuscript understanding the synergies and trade-offs of upland treescape expansion using participatory scenarios.</p>
Data from: Trade-offs in lactation and milk intake by competing siblings in a fluctuating environment
Income breeders which forage without their offspring in attendance should adjust nursing frequency and the quantity and composition of milk to prevailing ecological conditions, and increase the quantity or quality of milk transferred if the frequency of nursing visits declines. When milk delivery to a litter is insufficient, sibling competition should skew milk consumption in favor of dominant litter members. We quantified milk nutritional composition and gross energy density, nursing bout durations, per capita milk transfer (kg), and milk transfer rate (g/min) per nursing bout in singletons and twins in a social carnivore, the spotted hyena. In our study population, the energetic cost of lactation is rank dependent and particularly high because large fluctuations in local prey abundance necessitate long-distance foraging, reducing nursing frequency and intensifying sibling competition, more frequently for low-ranking than high-ranking females. Females increased milk gross energy density, driven by fat content, and increased nursing bout durations as nursing frequency declined. Milk transfer increased as social status declined. Females below median rank also increased milk transfer as nursing frequency declined. Milk transfer was independent of nursing frequency in females above median rank and higher for singletons than cubs in twin litters. Dominant siblings achieved significantly higher amounts and rates of milk transfer than their paired subordinate littermates; this bias increased as sibling competition intensified. Our results show how the interplay between ecological and social constraints determines the quality and quantity of milk transferred, and how socially dominant siblings use aggression to skew milk intake in their favor.
Data from: A trait-based trade-off between growth and mortality: evidence from 15 tropical tree species using size-specific RGRs
A life-history trade-off between low mortality in the dark and rapid growth in the light is one of the most widely accepted mechanisms underlying plant ecological strategies in tropical forests. Differences in plant functional traits are thought to underlie these distinct ecological strategies; however, very few studies have shown relationships between functional traits and demographic rates within a functional group. We present 8 years of growth and mortality data from saplings of 15 species of Dipterocarpaceae planted into logged-over forest in Malaysian Borneo, and the relationships between these demographic rates and four key functional traits: wood density, specific leaf area (SLA), seed mass, and leaf C:N ratio. Species-specific differences in growth rates were separated from seedling size effects by fitting nonlinear mixed-effects models, to repeated measurements taken on individuals at multiple time points. Mortality data were analyzed using binary logistic regressions in a mixed-effects models framework. Growth increased and mortality decreased with increasing light availability. Species differed in both their growth and mortality rates, yet there was little evidence for a statistical interaction between species and light for either response. There was a positive relationship between growth rate and the predicted probability of mortality regardless of light environment, suggesting that this relationship may be driven by a general trade-off between traits that maximize growth and traits that minimize mortality, rather than through differential species responses to light. Our results indicate that wood density is an important trait that indicates both the ability of species to grow and resistance to mortality, but no other trait was correlated with either growth or mortality. Therefore, the growth mortality trade-off among species of dipterocarp appears to be general in being independent of species crossovers in performance in different light environments.
Data from: Three's a crowd: trade-offs between attracting pollinators and ant bodyguards with nectar rewards in Turnera
Many plants attract insect pollinators with floral nectar (FN) and ant "bodyguards" with extrafloral nectar (EFN). If nectar production is costly or physiologically linked across glands, investment in one mutualism may trade off with investment in the other. We confirmed that changes in FN and EFN availability alter pollination and ant defense mutualisms in a field population of Turnera ulmifolia. Plants with additional FN tended to produce more seeds, while plants with reduced EFN production experienced less florivory. We then mimicked the consumptive effects of mutualists by removing FN or EFN daily for 50 days in a full factorial design using three Turnera species (T. joelii, T. subulata, and T. ulmifolia) in a glasshouse experiment. For T. ulmifolia and T. subulata, but not T. joelii, removing either nectar reduced production of the other, showing for the first time that EFN and FN production can trade off. In T. subulata, increased investment in FN decreased seed set, suggesting that nectar production can have direct fitness costs. Through the linked expression of EFN and FN, floral visitors may negatively affect biotic defense, and extrafloral nectary visitors may negatively affect pollination.
Data from: Specialized avian Haemosporida trade reduced host breadth for increased prevalence
Parasite specialization on one or a few host species leads to a reduction in the total number of available host individuals, which may decrease transmission. However, specialists are thought to be able to compensate by increased prevalence in the host population and increased success in each individual host. Here, we use variation in host breadth among a community of avian Haemosporida to investigate consequences of generalist and specialist strategies on prevalence across hosts. We show that specialist parasites are more prevalent than generalist parasites in host populations that are shared between them. Moreover, the total number of infections of generalist and specialist parasites within the study area did not vary significantly with host breadth. This suggests that specialists can infect a similar number of host individuals as generalists, thus compensating for a reduction in host availability by achieving higher prevalence in a single host species. Specialist parasites also tended to infect older hosts, whereas infections by generalists were biased towards younger hosts. We suggest that this reflects different abilities of generalists and specialists to persist in hosts following infection. Higher abundance and increased persistence in hosts suggest that specialists are more effective parasites than generalists, supporting the existence of a trade-off between host breadth and average host use among these parasites.
Data from: Understanding the biological invasion risk posed by the global wildlife trade: propagule pressure drives the introduction and establishment of Nearctic turtles
Biological invasions are a key component of human-induced global change. The continuing increase in global wildlife trade has raised concerns about the parallel increase in the number of new invasive species. However, the factors that link the wildlife trade to the biological invasion process are still poorly understood. Moreover, there are analytical challenges in researching the role of global wildlife trade in biological invasions, particularly issues related to the under-reporting of introduced and established populations in areas with reduced sampling effort. In this work, we use high-quality data on the international trade in Nearctic turtles (1999–2009) coupled with a statistical modelling framework, which explicitly accounts for detection, to investigate the factors that influence the introduction (release, or escape into the wild) of globally traded Nearctic turtles and the establishment success (self-sustaining exotic populations) of slider turtles (Trachemys scripta), the most frequently traded turtle species. We found that the introduction of a species was influenced by the total number of turtles exported to a jurisdiction and the age at maturity of the species, while the establishment success of slider turtles was best associated with the propagule number (number of release events), and the number of native turtles in the jurisdiction of introduction. These results indicate both a direct and indirect association between the wildlife trade and the introduction of turtles and establishment success of slider turtles, respectively. Our results highlight the existence of gaps in the number of globally recorded introduction events and established populations of slider turtles, although the expected bias is low. We emphasize the importance of researching independently the factors that affect the different stages of the invasion pathway. Critically, we observe that the number of traded individuals might not always be an adequate proxy for propagule pressure and establishment success.
Life-history trade-offs, density, lay date—not personality—explain multibroodedness in great tits
In various taxa, multibroodedness is a common breeding strategy. Life-history theory predicts that individuals can increase fitness by producing multiple broods within a season. Despite the apparent increase in the number of offspring parents might produce per season, not all individuals are multibrooded, suggesting a trade-off. We studied ecological and behavioral factors influencing the initiation of second clutches in great tits (Parus major), an optionally multibrooded bird species, by distinguishing two types of clutches: replacement vs. true second clutches, produced after failure vs. successful first breeding attempts, respectively. We predicted that lay date, density, and investment in first clutches would decrease the probability of initiating a second clutch, but that faster exploring behavioral types with a faster pace-of-life would be more likely to be multibrooded. The probability of initiating true second clutches varied negatively within-individuals with lay date and breeding density. The initiation of replacement clutches instead varied negatively among-individuals with lay date and density, suggesting non-random settlement of behavioral types across environments. Individuals were less likely to be multibrooded when producing many offspring from their first clutch, suggesting within-year reproductive trade-offs, similar to previous studies. No previous research has linked personality to multibroodedness; here we show that neither the repeatable nor the plastic part of an individual's exploratory behavior predicted multibroodedness. We confirmed our prediction that the resolution of trade-offs may occur either at the within- or among-individual level. Our research contributes to the understanding of life-history evolution in the wild by studying the mechanisms shaping multibroodedness within seasons. --
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