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Figure 13 in Phylogenetic position of the poorly known montane cascade frog Amolops monticola (Ranidae) and description of a new closely related species from Northeast India

Figure 13. Male advertisement calls of Amolops adicola sp. nov.: (a) 10 s oscillogram showing a call group comprising pulsatile calls; (b) 0.5 s oscillogram for a single call; (c) 0.1 s oscillogram for a call segment; (d) 0.5 s spectrogram for a single call.

Figure 14 in Phylogenetic position of the poorly known montane cascade frog Amolops monticola (Ranidae) and description of a new closely related species from Northeast India

Figure 14. (a) Habitat at the collection locality for topotypes of Amolops monticola in south Sikkim; (b) habitat at the holotype locality of Amolops adicola sp. nov. in Arunachal Pradesh. Thumbnail images of the species indicate the site of collection.

Figure 12 in Phylogenetic position of the poorly known montane cascade frog Amolops monticola (Ranidae) and description of a new closely related species from Northeast India

Figure 12. (a) Plot of first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) from principal component analysis based on morphometric data for Amolops adicola sp. nov. and A. monticola; (b–e) total contributions of the first four principal components: (b) PC1 (38.3% variance); (c) PC2 (22% variance); (d) PC3 (12.9% variance); (e) PC4 (7.8% variance). The red dashed line on the histograms indicates the expected average contribution.

Figure 11 in Phylogenetic position of the poorly known montane cascade frog Amolops monticola (Ranidae) and description of a new closely related species from Northeast India

Figure 11. Paratype (BNHS 6123, male) of Amolops adicola sp. nov. in preservation: (a) dorsal view; (b) ventral view; (c) dorsal view of head; (d) ventral view of hand; (e) dorsal view of hand showing nuptial pad on finger I; (f) illustration of tip morphology on finger I; (g) illustration of tip morphology on finger III; (h) ventral view of foot; (i) schematic illustration of webbing on foot.

Figure 10 in Phylogenetic position of the poorly known montane cascade frog Amolops monticola (Ranidae) and description of a new closely related species from Northeast India

Figure 10. Holotype (BNHS 6121, female) of Amolops adicola sp. nov. in preservation: (a) dorsal view; (b) ventral view; (c) lateral view of head; (d) front view of the snout showing light-coloured snout with dark spots; (e) ventral view of hand; (f) ventral view of foot; (g) schematic illustration of webbing on foot.

Figure 9 in Phylogenetic position of the poorly known montane cascade frog Amolops monticola (Ranidae) and description of a new closely related species from Northeast India

Figure 9. Holotype and paratypes of Amolops adicola sp. nov. in life (photographed under captive conditions): (a–d) holotype (BNHS 6121, female): (a) dorsal view; (b) ventral view; (c) posterior view of thighs; (d) dorsolateral view of head; (e, f) paratype (BNHS 6123, male): (e) dorsal view; (f) ventral view. Photographs: AD.

Figure 8 in Phylogenetic position of the poorly known montane cascade frog Amolops monticola (Ranidae) and description of a new closely related species from Northeast India

Figure 8. Amolops adicola sp. nov. in life: (a) dorsolateral view (holotype, BNHS 6121, female); (b) dorsolateral view of amplected pair (paratype, BNHS 6125, female, male not preserved); (c) dorsolateral view of amplected pair (paratype, BNHS 6124, female; paratype, BNHS 6122, male).

Figure 7 in Phylogenetic position of the poorly known montane cascade frog Amolops monticola (Ranidae) and description of a new closely related species from Northeast India

Figure 7. (a) Distribution map of all known members of the Amolops monticola species group found in India; (b) inset rectangle enlarged to show the type locality of Amolops monticola 'Darjeeling' and the rediscovered locality in south Sikkim. An asterisk (*) after the species name indicates members whose type locality is in India. A question mark (?) indicates a doubtful record. Geographical coordinates and their source information are referenced in Table S2.

Figure 4 in Phylogenetic position of the poorly known montane cascade frog Amolops monticola (Ranidae) and description of a new closely related species from Northeast India

Figure 4. Topotypes of Amolops monticola in life: (a, b) adult female, BNHS 6120: (a) dorsolateral view; (b) dorsal view; (c–e) adult male, WIIADA 544: (c) lateral view; (d) dorsolateral view; (e) dorsal view; (f) dorsolateral view (adult male, WIIADA 545); (g) lateral view of head (adult female, BNHS 6120); (h) ventral view of head showing loose skin of the vocal sacs (adult male, WIIADA 544). Photographs: NGP.

Figure 6 in Phylogenetic position of the poorly known montane cascade frog Amolops monticola (Ranidae) and description of a new closely related species from Northeast India

Figure 6. Topotype of Amolops monticola in preservation, an adult male, WIIADA 544: (a) dorsal view; (b) ventral view; (c) lateral view of head; (d) dorsal view of hand showing nuptial pad on finger I; (e) ventral view of hand; (f) illustration of tip morphology on finger I; (g) illustration of tip morphology on finger III; (h) ventral view of foot; (i) schematic illustration of webbing on foot.

Figure 2 in Phylogenetic position of the poorly known montane cascade frog Amolops monticola (Ranidae) and description of a new closely related species from Northeast India

Figure 2. (a) The type localities of all known members of the Amolops monticola species group. Geographical coordinates and their source information are referenced in Table S2. Illustrations for species are prepared based on type images or subsequently published photographs. (b) The number of A. monticola group species originally described from different Asian countries, based on their type localities. (c) The number of A. monticola group species currently recognised to occur in different countries. An asterisk (*) after the species name indicates a provisionally grouped species.

Figure 1. Bayesian consensus phylogram for 167 in Phylogenetic position of the poorly known montane cascade frog Amolops monticola (Ranidae) and description of a new closely related species from Northeast India

Figure 1. Bayesian consensus phylogram for 167 taxa representing members of the genus Amolops and five outgroup species, based on 2001 bp of concatenated mitochondrial DNA (16S, COI, and ND2 genes). Voucher numbers and associated details are referenced in Table S1. Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) and RAxML bootstrap support (BS) values>50% are denoted above and below the branches, or separated by an oblique (/) mark, respectively. Black vertical bars beside the terminal nodes indicate Amolops species recognised based on Bayesian and ML inferences; grey bars and open rectangles indicate putative species delimited in the bPTP analysis with support values of>90% or <90%, respectively. The genus comprises eight major species groups following Wu et al. (2020), as indicated with coloured bars on the extreme right and corresponding circles on the internal and terminal nodes. Four subgroups are observed within the focal Amolops monticola group. Illustrations representing species groups were prepared based on published photographs.

Figure 3 in Phylogenetic position of the poorly known montane cascade frog Amolops monticola (Ranidae) and description of a new closely related species from Northeast India

Figure 3. Holotype (ZSIC 10036, adult female) of Amolops monticola in preservation: (a) dorsal view; (b) ventral view; (c) lateral view of head; (d) ventral view of hand; (e) ventral view of foot; (f) schematic illustration of webbing on foot.

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Data from: Integrating fitness components reveals that survival costs outweigh other benefits and costs of group living in two closely related species

Group living can be beneficial when individuals reproduce or survive better in the presence of others, but simultaneously there might be costs due to competition for resources. Positive and negative effects on various fitness components might thus counteract each other, so integration is essential to determine their overall effect. Here, we investigated how an integrated fitness measure (reproductive values; RV) based on six fitness components varied with group size among group members in cooperatively-breeding red-winged and superb fairy-wrens (Malurus elegans and M. cyaneus). Despite life historie differences between the species, patterns of RVs were similar, suggesting that the same behavioural mechanisms are important. Group living reduced RVs for dominant males, but for other group members this was only true in large groups. Decomposition analyses showed that our integrated fitness proxy was most strongly affected by group size effects on survival, which was amplified through carry-over effects between years. Our study shows that integrative consideration of fitness components and subsequent decomposition analysis provide much needed insights into the key behavioural mechanisms shaping the costs and benefits of group living. Such attribution is crucial if we are to synthesize the relative importance of the myriad group size costs and benefits currently reported in the literature.

FIGURE 28 in Deep sea without limits-four new closely related species of Emertonia Wilson 1932 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Paramesochridae) show characters with a worldwide distribution

FIGURE 28. Emertonia berndi sp. nov. Female (holotype). A, P5 (holotype); B, P6 and genital field. Scale bar = 0.02 mm.

FIGURE 27 in Deep sea without limits-four new closely related species of Emertonia Wilson 1932 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Paramesochridae) show characters with a worldwide distribution

FIGURE 27. Emertonia berndi sp. nov. Female (holotype). A, P1; B, P2 with intercoxal sclerite; C, P3; D, P4. Scale bar = 0.02 mm.

FIGURE 26 in Deep sea without limits-four new closely related species of Emertonia Wilson 1932 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Paramesochridae) show characters with a worldwide distribution

FIGURE 26. Emertonia berndi sp. nov. Female. A, antenna (paratype 1); B, mandibular palp (paratype 3); C, maxillule, disarticulated (paratype 2); D, maxilla (paratype 2); E, maxilliped (paratype 1). Scale bar = 0.01 mm.

FIGURE 25 in Deep sea without limits-four new closely related species of Emertonia Wilson 1932 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Paramesochridae) show characters with a worldwide distribution

FIGURE 25. Emertonia berndi sp. nov. Female (holotype). A, antennule (armature omitted); B, disarticulated antennulary segments showing armature. Scale bar = 0.02 mm.

FIGURE 24 in Deep sea without limits-four new closely related species of Emertonia Wilson 1932 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Paramesochridae) show characters with a worldwide distribution

FIGURE 24. Emertonia berndi sp. nov. Female (holotype). A, habitus, dorsal view; B, habitus, lateral view; C, caudal ramus, dorsal view. Scale bars = a, b, 0.1 mm; c, 0.02 mm.

FIGURE 23 in Deep sea without limits-four new closely related species of Emertonia Wilson 1932 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Paramesochridae) show characters with a worldwide distribution

FIGURE 23. Emertonia hessleri sp. nov. Male (paratype 3). A, right antennule, ventral view; B, left antennule (not all segments illustrated). Scale bar = 0.02 mm.