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Figure 2 in Integrative taxonomy of the primitively segmented spider genus Ganthela (Araneae: Mesothelae: Liphistiidae): DNA barcoding gap agrees with morphology

Figure 2. DNA barcoding gap for Ganthela. Histograms show division of intraspecific (grey) and interspecific (black) COI sequence variation based on Kimura two-parameter (K2P, A) and uncorrected p-distance (B).

Figure 8 in Integrative taxonomy of the primitively segmented spider genus Ganthela (Araneae: Mesothelae: Liphistiidae): DNA barcoding gap agrees with morphology

Figure 8. Ganthela xianyouensis Xu, Kuntner & Chen sp. nov. A, female (XUX-2013-151). B, C, female genitalia (XUX- 2013-153): B, dorsal view; C, ventral view. RC, receptacular cluster. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

Figure 4 in Integrative taxonomy of the primitively segmented spider genus Ganthela (Araneae: Mesothelae: Liphistiidae): DNA barcoding gap agrees with morphology

Figure 4. Ganthela cipingensis (Wang, 1989). A, female (XUX-2013-516). B, C, female genitalia (XUX-2013-517): B, dorsal view; C, ventral view; RC, receptacular cluster. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

Figure 7 in Integrative taxonomy of the primitively segmented spider genus Ganthela (Araneae: Mesothelae: Liphistiidae): DNA barcoding gap agrees with morphology

Figure 7. Ganthela wangjiangensis Xu, Kuntner & Liu sp. nov. A, B, female genitalia (XUX-2013-159). A, dorsal view; B, ventral view. RC, receptacular cluster. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

Figure 3 in Integrative taxonomy of the primitively segmented spider genus Ganthela (Araneae: Mesothelae: Liphistiidae): DNA barcoding gap agrees with morphology

Figure 3. Haplotype networks of Ganthela under a 95% parsimony criterion. The size of each open circle indicates haplotype frequency, numbers preceded by 'H' indicate haplotype number, and numbers in brackets indicate population sizes. Open dots on lines connecting haplotypes indicate a substitution. Dashed lines enclosing haplotype networks correspond to morphological and consensus species.

Figure 6 in Integrative taxonomy of the primitively segmented spider genus Ganthela (Araneae: Mesothelae: Liphistiidae): DNA barcoding gap agrees with morphology

Figure 6. Ganthela qingyuanensis Xu, Kuntner & Liu sp. nov. A, female (XUX-2013-139). B, C, female genitalia (XUX- 2013-142). D, E, female genitalia (XUX-2013-148). B, D, dorsal view; C, E, ventral view. F–H, male (XUX-2012-228) palp: F, prolateral view; G, ventral view; H, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: Co, conductor; CT, contrategulum; E, embolus; PC, paracymbium; T, tegulum; Scale bars: B–E, 0.5 mm; F–H, 1 mm.

Figure 9 in Integrative taxonomy of the primitively segmented spider genus Ganthela (Araneae: Mesothelae: Liphistiidae): DNA barcoding gap agrees with morphology

Figure 9. Ganthela venus Xu sp. nov. A, B, female genitalia (XUX-2013-160): A, dorsal view; B, ventral view. RC, receptacular cluster. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

Figure 1. Bayesian COI gene tree for 51 in Integrative taxonomy of the primitively segmented spider genus Ganthela (Araneae: Mesothelae: Liphistiidae): DNA barcoding gap agrees with morphology

Figure 1. Bayesian COI gene tree for 51 terminals of Ganthela, with the results of five different species delimitation approaches, in addition to morphology (see legend). Numbers above branches show posterior probability and bootstrap supports, and values below branches show mean intraspecific (black) and interspecific genetic distances (red), calculated as Kimura two-parameter (K2P)/p-distance. Species names and locality group terminals (for specimen codes, see Table 1) according to consensus results of species delimitation approaches.

Figures 7–10 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figures 7–10. Global distribution of material examined (grey spots) and successfully sequenced (black spots) for Bombus personatus, and for the species of the melanurus group. The inset scatter plots show activity by phenology (x-axis: day of the year, letters refer to months) and elevation (y-axis: metres).

Figure 103 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figure 103. Distribution of the principal colour patterns of Bombus subterraneus. White spots show specimens with bands of white hair on the thoracic dorsum (Figs 39, 40, 84; dlabolai); grey spots show specimens with bands of yellow hair on the thoracic dorsum (Figs 41–45, 85–88; latreillellus); black spots show female specimens with no obvious bands of pale hair on the thoracic dorsum (Figs 46, 47; subterraneus s.s.; males from this region have yellow bands). Introductions to New Zealand are not shown.

Figure 3 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figure 3. Estimate of phylogeny for all 11 Subterraneobombus species by Bayesian analysis of a single consensus CO1 barcode sequence for each species (derived from the sequences in Figure 2), from a consensus of 18 002 sample trees after burn-in. The out-group (Bombus haemorrhoidalis, not shown) was chosen using the results of Cameron et al. (2007). Values next to the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities (see Fig. 2). The scale bar represents 0.02 expected substitutions per nucleotide site.

Figure 106 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figure 106. Estimate of the phylogeny for all 11 Subterraneobombus species by Bayesian analysis of the total evidence of 658 CO1 nucleotides, reduced to consensus sequences for each species, and of 27 morphological characters for the species (Fig. 4), but with morphological character-state changes (Appendix 1) optimized with WINCLADA (ASADO v.1.7; http://www.cladistics.com, accessed 2009): numbers above the branches are the character numbers; numbers below the branches are the character-state changes; solid squares show unique character-state changes; open squares show parallel or reverse character-state changes.

Figure 6 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figure 6. Global distribution of sample sites indicated as coloured spots, with the colours showing the elevation (scale at left). Cartesian orthonormal projection (as for the following maps): north at the top of the map.

Figures 11–13 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figures 11–13. Global distribution of material examined (grey spots) and successfully sequenced (black spots) for the species of the fragrans group. The inset scatter plots show activity by phenology (x-axis: day of the year, letters refer to months) and elevation (y-axis: metres).

Figure 4 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figure 4. Estimate of phylogeny for all 11 Subterraneobombus species by Bayesian analysis of 27 morphological characters (excluding autapomorphies, data in Appendix 1) from a consensus of 18 002 sample trees after burn-in. The out-group (Bombus haemorrhoidalis, not shown) was chosen using the results of Cameron et al. (2007). Values next to the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities (see Fig. 2). The scale bar represents 0.06 expected state changes per character.

Figure 99. A biogeographic scenario for all 11 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figure 99. A biogeographic scenario for all 11 species of Subterraneobombus by dispersal–vicariance analysis with DIVA using the tree from Figure 5 as an estimate of the phylogeny. Shaded branches above show simplified reconstructions of the ancestral distributions for each of the nodes that they precede (where area reconstructions are ambiguous, the more inclusive/widespread solution is accepted). See the text for details of the area units.

Figure 5 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figure 5. Estimate of phylogeny for all 11 Subterraneobombus species by Bayesian analysis of the total evidence of 658 CO1 nucleotides (Fig. 2), reduced to a single consensus sequence for each species, in combination with the 27 morphological characters for the species (Fig. 4), from a consensus of 18 002 sample trees after burn-in. The out-group (Bombus haemorrhoidalis, not shown) was chosen using the results of Cameron et al. (2007). Values next to the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities (see Fig. 2). The scale bar represents 0.02 expected changes per nucleotide site or character.

Figure 2 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figure 2. Estimate of phylogeny for 212 samples of all 11 Subterraneobombus species by Bayesian analysis of CO1 barcode data (frame length 658 nucleotides, sequence data available from BOLD, specimen data available from the DB#) from a consensus of 36 002 sample trees after burn-in. The out-group (Bombus haemorrhoidalis) was chosen using the results of Cameron et al. (2007). The codes following the taxon names are the four-figure specimen identifiers (DB#), or longer IDs from BOLD, with country abbreviations: BUL, Bulgaria; CAN, Canada; CHN, China; FRA, France; IND, India; IRN, Iran; KAZ, Kazakhstan; KYR, Kyrgyzstan; MON, Mongolia; NEP, Nepal; NZL, New Zealand; POL, Poland; RUS, Russia; SWE, Sweden; SYR, Syria; THA, Thailand; TUR, Turkey; UKB, Britain; USA, United States of America. Values next to the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities for groups (groups with values of less than 0.9 are considered unreliable); values of less than 0.5 within species have been removed. Asterisks mark individuals from sites closest to the type localities of the primary types for each of the species names, which were regarded as informal proxies for types when applying names within this analysis. The scale bar represents 0.3 expected substitutions per nucleotide site.

Figure 1 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figure 1. Estimate of phylogeny for eight of the 11 Subterraneobombus species (vouchers identified by PW) by Bayesian analysis of five genes (opsin, EF-1a, arginine kinase, PEPCK, and 16S) from Cameron et al. (2007), with divergence times estimated by Hines (2008) (the time scale is in millions of years before the present; values next to the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities/parsimony bootstrap values). Redrawn from Hines (2008).