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Figure 2 from: Galgani-Barraza P, Moreno JE, Lobo S, Tribaldos W, Roubik DW, Wcislo WT (2019) Flower use by late nineteenth-century orchid bees (Eufriesea surinamensis, Hymenoptera, Apidae) nesting in the Catedral Basílica Santa María la Antigua de Panamá. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 74: 65-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.74.39191
Figure 2 Panama City's waterfront and surrounding area as seen from the shoreline of Casco Viejo, Panamá in 1875. The large building in the left foreground is La Casa de la Marina, near El Palacio de las Garzas (Presidential Palace). The bees were nesting approximately 160 m in-land. The peak of Cerro Ancón is approximately 1.6 km distant. Photo by Eadweard Muybridge, courtesy of the Smithsonian American Art Museum; gift of Mitchell and Nancy Steir.
Figure 3 from: Galgani-Barraza P, Moreno JE, Lobo S, Tribaldos W, Roubik DW, Wcislo WT (2019) Flower use by late nineteenth-century orchid bees (Eufriesea surinamensis, Hymenoptera, Apidae) nesting in the Catedral Basílica Santa María la Antigua de Panamá. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 74: 65-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.74.39191
Figure 3 Locations of nest cell aggregations of Eufriesea surinamensis within the Cathedral in Casco Viejo, Panamá A restored reredos showing the capitals above the columns where the historical bee cells were found (black arrows) B a scroll removed during the contemporary restoration, showing bee cells within its crevices and golden material applied during the nineteenth-century restoration C close-up of scrolls on a capital showing painted bee cells from the prior restoration.
Plate 5 from: Galgani-Barraza P, Moreno JE, Lobo S, Tribaldos W, Roubik DW, Wcislo WT (2019) Flower use by late nineteenth-century orchid bees (Eufriesea surinamensis, Hymenoptera, Apidae) nesting in the Catedral Basílica Santa María la Antigua de Panamá. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 74: 65-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.74.39191
Plate 5 Tetrameristaceae: Pelliciera rhizophorae (39) Monocots. Arecaceae: Undetermined sp.1 (40) Undetermined sp.2 (41) Bromeliaceae: Vriesea sp. (42) Costaceae: Costus sp.1 (43) Costus sp.2 (44) Costus sp.3 (45) Costus sp.4 (46) Poaceae: aff. Zea mays (47) Undetermined sp. (48) FERN SPORES. Cyatheaceae: Cyathea sp. (49) Selaginellaceae: Selaginella sp. (50) UNDETERMINED. Fungal sp.1 (51) Fungal sp.2 (52) Fungal sp.3 (53) (×100) (Blue circle = 60X) (Red circle = DIC photo)
Figure 1 from: Galgani-Barraza P, Moreno JE, Lobo S, Tribaldos W, Roubik DW, Wcislo WT (2019) Flower use by late nineteenth-century orchid bees (Eufriesea surinamensis, Hymenoptera, Apidae) nesting in the Catedral Basílica Santa María la Antigua de Panamá. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 74: 65-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.74.39191
Figure 1 Environs of the Eufriesea surinamensis nesting site in Casco Viejo, Panamá in 1875, as seen from the summit of Cerro Ancón. A white tower of the Cathedral where bees were nesting is visible in the distant background in the center of the peninsula. Photo by Eadweard Muybridge, courtesy of the Smithsonian American Art Museum; gift of Mitchell and Nancy Steir.
Plate 4 from: Galgani-Barraza P, Moreno JE, Lobo S, Tribaldos W, Roubik DW, Wcislo WT (2019) Flower use by late nineteenth-century orchid bees (Eufriesea surinamensis, Hymenoptera, Apidae) nesting in the Catedral Basílica Santa María la Antigua de Panamá. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 74: 65-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.74.39191
Plate 4 Rubiaceae: aff. Faramea sp. (30) Genipa americana (31) Macrocnemum glabrescens (32) Psychotria sp. (33) Sapindaceae: Cupania sp. (34) Serjania sp.1 (35) Serjania sp.2 (36) Sapotaceae: Pouteria sp. (37) Solanaceae: Solanum sp. (38) (×100) (Red circle = DIC photo).
Plate 2 from: Galgani-Barraza P, Moreno JE, Lobo S, Tribaldos W, Roubik DW, Wcislo WT (2019) Flower use by late nineteenth-century orchid bees (Eufriesea surinamensis, Hymenoptera, Apidae) nesting in the Catedral Basílica Santa María la Antigua de Panamá. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 74: 65-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.74.39191
Plate 2 Bignoniaceae: aff. Ceratophytum tetragonolobum (11) Tabebuia sp. (12) Boraginaceae: Cordia sp. aff. C. spinescens (13) Heliotropium procumbens (14) Cannabaceae: Celtis sp. (15) Combretaceae: Conocarpus erectus (16) Laguncularia racemosa (17) Euphorbiaceae: Alchornea sp. aff. A. latifolia (18) Croton sp. (19) (×100) (Red circle = DIC photo).
Figure 5 from: Galgani-Barraza P, Moreno JE, Lobo S, Tribaldos W, Roubik DW, Wcislo WT (2019) Flower use by late nineteenth-century orchid bees (Eufriesea surinamensis, Hymenoptera, Apidae) nesting in the Catedral Basílica Santa María la Antigua de Panamá. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 74: 65-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.74.39191
Figure 5 Eufriesea surinamensis reared from cells A head, lateral, dorsal and ventral views of recovered bees B habitus drawing and head of exemplar (STRI-Portal; https://www.stricollections.org/portal/taxa/index.php?taxon=48960).
Plate 3 from: Galgani-Barraza P, Moreno JE, Lobo S, Tribaldos W, Roubik DW, Wcislo WT (2019) Flower use by late nineteenth-century orchid bees (Eufriesea surinamensis, Hymenoptera, Apidae) nesting in the Catedral Basílica Santa María la Antigua de Panamá. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 74: 65-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.74.39191
Plate 3 Fabaceae-Caesalpinioideae: Mimosa sp. (20) Fabaceae-Cercidoideae: Bauhinia guianensis (21) Bauhinia reflexa (22) Fabaceae-Papilionoideae: Dioclea reflexa (23) Machaerium sp. (24) Malvaceae-Bombacoideae: Bombacopsis quinata (25) Pseudobombax septenatum (26) Malvaceae-Grewioideae: aff. Heliocarpus sp. (27) Melastomataceae: Miconia sp. (28) Myrtaceae: Eugenia sp. (29) (×100) (Red circle = DIC photo).
Plate 1 from: Galgani-Barraza P, Moreno JE, Lobo S, Tribaldos W, Roubik DW, Wcislo WT (2019) Flower use by late nineteenth-century orchid bees (Eufriesea surinamensis, Hymenoptera, Apidae) nesting in the Catedral Basílica Santa María la Antigua de Panamá. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 74: 65-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.74.39191
Plate 1 Eudicots. Acanthaceae: Avicennia germinans (1) Amaranthaceae: aff. Chenopodium sp. (2) Anacardiaceae: Spondias sp. aff. S. mombin (3) Apocynaceae: Malouetia guatemalensis (4) Mandevilla sp. aff. M. villosa (5) Prestonia sp. (6) Stemmadenia grandiflora (7) Thevetia ahouai (8) Asteraceae: undetermined (9) Bignoniaceae: Arrabidaea sp. (10) (×100) (Red circle = DIC photo).
Figure 3 from: Aung YL, Mu AT, Aung MH, Liu Q, Jin X-H (2020) An annotated checklist of Myanmar orchid flora. In: Jin X-H, Xia N-H, Tan Y-H (Eds) Plant diversity of Southeast Asia-II. PhytoKeys 138: 49-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.138.36144
Figure 3 New species discovered from Myanmar AGastrodia kachinensis X.H.Jin & L.A.Ye. BOdontochilus putaoensis X.H.Jin, L.A.Ye & A.T.Mu. Photos by X.H. Jin.
Figure 2 from: Aung YL, Mu AT, Aung MH, Liu Q, Jin X-H (2020) An annotated checklist of Myanmar orchid flora. In: Jin X-H, Xia N-H, Tan Y-H (Eds) Plant diversity of Southeast Asia-II. PhytoKeys 138: 49-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.138.36144
Figure 2 Coelogyne putaoensis X.H.Jin, L.A.Ye & Schuit., new species discovered from Myanmar A habit of Coelogyne putaoensisB close-up of flower of Coelogyne putaoensis. Photos by X.H. Jin.
Figure 4 from: Aung YL, Mu AT, Aung MH, Liu Q, Jin X-H (2020) An annotated checklist of Myanmar orchid flora. In: Jin X-H, Xia N-H, Tan Y-H (Eds) Plant diversity of Southeast Asia-II. PhytoKeys 138: 49-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.138.36144
Figure 4 New records discovered from Myanmar AOdontochilus poilanei (Gagnep.) Ormerod BCryptostylis arachnites (Blume) Hassk. Photos by Ye Lwin Aung.
Data from: Divergent selection on flowering phenology but not on floral morphology between two closely related orchids
<ol> <li>Closely related species often differ in traits that influence reproductive success, suggesting that divergent selection on such traits contribute to the maintenance of species boundaries.</li> <li>G<i>ymnadenia conopsea</i> ss. and <i>Gymnadenia densiflora</i> are two closely related, perennial orchid species that differ in (1) floral traits important for pollination, including flowering phenology, floral display and spur length, and (2) dominant pollinators. If plant-pollinator interactions contribute to the maintenance of trait differences between these two taxa, we expect current divergent selection on flowering phenology and floral morphology between the two species.</li> <li>We quantified phenotypic selection via female fitness in one year on flowering start, three floral display traits (plant height, number of flowers and corolla size) and spur length, in six populations of <i>G. conopsea</i> s.s. and in four populations of <i>G. densiflora.</i> There was indication of divergent selection on flowering start in the expected direction, with selection for earlier flowering in two populations of the early-flowering <i>G. conopsea </i>s.s. and for later flowering in one population of the late-flowering <i>G. densiflora</i>. No divergent selection on floral morphology was detected, and there was no significant stabilizing selection on any trait in the two species. The results suggest ongoing adaptive differentiation of flowering phenology, strengthening this premating reproductive barrier between the two species.</li> <li> <i>Synthesis</i>: This study is among the first to test whether divergent selection on floral traits contribute to the maintenance of species differences between closely related plants. Phenological isolation confers a substantial potential for reproductive isolation, and divergent selection on flowering time can thus greatly influence reproductive isolation and adaptive differentiation.</li> </ol>
Figure 1 in Moth floral visitors of the three rewarding Platanthera orchids revealed by interval photography with a digital camera
Figure 1. Floral visitors of Platanthera species. (A) Mabra charonialis visiting Platanthera ussuriensis; (B) Polychrysia splendida with Platanthera sachalinensis pollinia attached on the proboscis; (C) Paratalanta sp. visiting P. sachalinensis; (D) Lampropteryx sp. with Platanthera florentii pollinia attached on the eyes; (E) Scopariinae sp. visiting P. florentii and (F) Paratalanta sp. visiting P. florentii.
Figs. 7–11 in Description of a new species of Anthocoris (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) from southern India, associated with striped mealybug on purple orchid tree
Figs. 7–11. Anthocoris muraleedharani Yamada, sp. nov., male (7–10) and female (11) genitalia. 7 – pygophore with paramere, dorsal view; 8–10 – paramere, three different orientations; 11 – copuratory tube, dorsal view. 7 – holotype; 8–11 – paratypes. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
Data from: Actuarial senescence in a long-lived orchid challenges our current understanding of ageing
The dominant evolutionary theory of actuarial senescence—an increase in death rate with advancing age—is based on the concept of a germ cell line that is separated from the somatic cells early in life. However, such a separation is not clear in all organisms. This has been suggested to explain the paucity of evidence for actuarial senescence in plants. We used a 32 year study of Dactylorhiza lapponica that replaces its organs each growing season, to test whether individuals of this tuberous orchid senesce. We performed a Bayesian survival trajectory analysis accounting for reproductive investment, for individuals under two types of land use, in two climatic regions. The mortality trajectory was best approximated by a Weibull model, showing clear actuarial senescence. Rates of senescence in this model declined with advancing age, but were slightly higher in mown plots and in the more benign climatic region. At older ages, senescence was evident only when accounting for a positive effect of reproductive investment on mortality. Our results demonstrate actuarial senescence as well as a survival–reproduction trade-off in plants, and indicate that environmental context may influence senescence rates. This knowledge is crucial for understanding the evolution of demographic senescence and for models of plant population dynamics.
Data from: Phylogenetic utility of ycf1 in orchids: a plastid gene more variable than matK
Plastid DNA sequences have been widely used by systematists for reconstructing plant phylogenies. The utility of any DNA region for phylogenetic analysis is determined by ease of amplification and sequencing, confidence of assessment in phylogenetic character alignment, and by variability across broad taxon sampling. Often, a compromise must be made between using relatively highly conserved coding regions or highly variable introns and intergenic spacers. Analyses of a combination of these types of DNA regions yield phylogenetic structure at various levels of a tree (i.e., along the spine and at the tips of the branches). Here, we demonstrate the phylogenetic utility of a heretofore unused portion of a plastid protein-coding gene, hypothetical chloroplast open reading frame 1 (ycf1), in orchids. All portions of ycf1 examined are highly variable, yet alignable across Orchidaceae, and are phylogenetically informative at the level of species. In Orchidaceae, ycf1 is more variable than matK both in total number of parsimony informative characters and in percent variability. The nrITS region is more variable than ycf1, but is more difficult to align. Although we only demonstrate the phylogenetic utility of ycf1 in orchids, it is likely to be similarly useful among other plant taxa.
Data from: PbbHLH4 regulates floral monoterpene biosynthesis in Phalaenopsis orchids
Floral scent is an important factor in attracting pollinators and repelling florivores. In Phalaenopsis bellina (Orchidaceae), the major floral scent components are monoterpenoids. Previously, we have identified that expression of GERANYL DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (PbGDPS) is highly correlated with monoterpene biosynthesis in Phalaenosis orchids. Here, we showed that both cis- and trans-regulation were present on the GDPS promoters, with trans-regulation playing a key role. To investigate the regulation of floral scent biosynthesis, we compared the transcriptomic data of two Phalaenopsis orchids with contrasting scent phenotypes. Eight transcription factors (TFs) with sequential elevation expressions through floral development stages in P. bellina were identified, and their transcript levels were higher in the scent orchid than the scentless one. Five of these TFs transactivated several structural genes involved in monoterpene biosynthesis pathway to various extent, including PbbHLH4, PbbHLH6, PbbZIP4, PbERF1, and PbNAC1. Ectopic transient expression of these TFs in scentless orchids revealed that terpenoid biosynthesis was all stimulated. PbbHLH4 most profoundly induced the monoterpene phenotype with a 950-fold increase of monoterpenoid production in the scentless orchid. In conclusion, the orchid floral monoterpenes biosynthesis was regulated sequentially and elaborately, and with PbbHLH4 playing a crucial role for monoterpene phenotype.
Data from: Effect of pollination strategy, phylogeny and distribution on pollination niches of Euro-Mediterranean orchids
1. Pollination niches are important components of ecological niches and have played a major role in the diversification of Angiosperms. In this study, we focused on Euro-Mediterranean orchids, which use diverse pollination strategies and interact with various functional groups of insects. In these orchids, we investigated the determinants of pollination niche breadth and overlap by analysing the orchid-pollinator network and the factors that may have shaped it. 2. We constructed a database reporting 1278 interactions between 243 orchid and 773 pollinator species based on a thorough literature review. We then focused on 153 orchid species for which phylogenetic data were available. We used Bayesian phylogenetic mixed models to study the relationship between specialisation (as estimated by the degree and degree in the projected network), pollination strategy and breadths of orchids' spatial and temporal distributions, while correcting for the effect of phylogenetic relationships among orchid species and sampling effort. We then used a singular value decomposition of the orchid-pollinator matrix combined to a redundancy and variation partitioning analyses to investigate the determinants of similarity in pollination niches between orchids. 3. Specialisation was higher in deceptive than in nectar-producing orchids and decreased with the breadth of orchids' spatial distribution. When interactions were considered at the insect family level, similarity in pollination niches between orchids was solely explained by their pollination strategy and phylogeny. By contrast, when they were considered at the insect species level, this similarity was primarily explained by their geographical range and flowering time, although other factors had significant effects as well, with orchids using the same pollination strategy, being closely related and growing in the same habitats sharing more insect species than expected. 4. Synthesis. Specialisation in orchid-pollinator interactions depends on orchids' pollination strategy and geographical range. The pool of insect families with which orchids interact depends on their pollination strategy and phylogeny, with consistent associations between some functional or phylogenetic groups of orchids and some families of pollinators. By contrast, the pool of insect species with which orchids interact depends on their spatio-temporal distribution, suggesting that at a finer scale, orchid-pollinator interactions are more opportunistic than previously thought.
Data from: Amino acid change in an orchid desaturase enables mimicry of the pollinator's sex pheromone
Mimicry illustrates the power of selection to produce phenotypic convergence in biology [ 1 ]. A striking example is the imitation of female insects by plants that are pollinated by sexual deception of males of the same insect species [ 2–4 ]. This involves mimicry of visual, tactile, and chemical signals of females [ 2–7 ], especially their sex pheromones [ 8–11 ]. The Mediterranean orchid Ophrys exaltata employs chemical mimicry of cuticular hydrocarbons, particularly the 7-alkenes, in an insect sex pheromone to attract and elicit mating behavior in its pollinators, males of the cellophane bee Colletes cunicularius [ 11–13 ]. A difference in alkene double-bond positions is responsible for reproductive isolation between O. exaltata and closely related species, such as O. sphegodes [ 13–16 ]. We show that these 7-alkenes are likely determined by the action of the stearoyl-acyl-carrier-protein desaturase (SAD) homolog SAD5. After gene duplication, changes in subcellular localization relative to the ancestral housekeeping desaturase may have allowed proto-SAD5's reaction products to undergo further biosynthesis to both 7- and 9-alkenes. Such ancestral coproduction of two alkene classes may have led to pollinator-mediated deleterious pleiotropy. Despite possible evolutionary intermediates with reduced activity, amino acid changes at the bottom of the substrate-binding cavity have conferred enzyme specificity for 7-alkene biosynthesis by preventing the binding of longer-chained fatty acid (FA) precursors by the enzyme. This change in desaturase function enabled the orchid to perfect its chemical mimicry of pollinator sex pheromones by escape from deleterious pleiotropy, supporting a role of pleiotropy in determining the possible trajectories of adaptive evolution.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.