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Fig. 22 in Phylogenetic Studies On Didelphid Marsupials Ii. Nonmolecular Data And New Irbp Sequences: Separate And Combined Analyses Of Didelphine Relationships With Denser Taxon Sampling

Fig. 22. Alternative resolutions of the ''other Marmosa'' + Micoureus clade based on parsimony analysis of the combined (nonmolecular + IRBP2) data. Among the 34 equally mostparsimonious trees whose strict consensus is illustrated in figure 21, resolution A is represented by 10 trees, B by 4 trees, C by 10 trees, D by 6 trees, and E by 4 trees.

Fig. 3 in Phylogenetic Studies On Didelphid Marsupials Ii. Nonmolecular Data And New Irbp Sequences: Separate And Combined Analyses Of Didelphine Relationships With Denser Taxon Sampling

Fig. 3. Facial markings of didelphid marsupials scored for characters 2–5. Top left, Marmosa robinsoni (dark midrostral stripe absent; circumocular mask present, contrasting with coloration of cheeks and crown; pale spot above each eye absent), score: 0100. Top right, Caluromys lanatus (dark midrostral stripe present; circumocular mask present, contrasting with coloration of cheeks and crown; pale spot above each eye absent), score: 1100. Bottom left, Lutreolina crassicaudata (dark midrostral stripe absent; circumocular mask absent; pale spot above each eye absent), score: 00–0. Bottom right, Philander opossum (dark midrostral stripe absent; circumocular mask present, continuous with dark coronal fur; pale spot above each eye present), score: 0111. Photographs by Pascual Soriano (top left, top right, bottom left) and Nancy B. Simmons (bottom right).

Fig. 14 in Phylogenetic Studies On Didelphid Marsupials Ii. Nonmolecular Data And New Irbp Sequences: Separate And Combined Analyses Of Didelphine Relationships With Denser Taxon Sampling

Fig. 14. Lingual views of anterior mandibular dentition illustrating taxonomic differences in lower incisor morphology. Top, Metachirus nudicaudatus (AMNH 266452) with distinct posterior accessory cusps on i1–i4. Bottom, Lutreolina crassicaudata (AMNH 210424) without distinct posterior accessory cusps on i1–i5.

Fig. 17 in Phylogenetic Studies On Didelphid Marsupials Ii. Nonmolecular Data And New Irbp Sequences: Separate And Combined Analyses Of Didelphine Relationships With Denser Taxon Sampling

Fig. 17. Strict consensus of 2161 equally mostparsimonious trees obtained by a heuristic analysis of nonmolecular characters described in this report (see table 4 for summary dataset characteristics and tree statistics). Bremer support and bootstrap values are provided above and below each branch, respectively. Outgroup taxa are indicated with asterisks.

Fig. 18 in Phylogenetic Studies On Didelphid Marsupials Ii. Nonmolecular Data And New Irbp Sequences: Separate And Combined Analyses Of Didelphine Relationships With Denser Taxon Sampling

Fig. 18. Strict consensus of 252 equally mostparsimonious trees obtained by a heuristic analysis of IRBP sequences described in this report (see table 4 for summary dataset characteristics and tree statistics). Bremer support and bootstrap values are provided above and below each branch, repectively. For simplicity, conspecific sequences (analyzed separately in PAUP*) have been condensed to single terminals in this diagram. Outgroup taxa are indicated with asterisks. All parsimonyequivalent resolutions of the basal ingroup polytomy are shown in figure 19A–E.

Fig. 19 in Phylogenetic Studies On Didelphid Marsupials Ii. Nonmolecular Data And New Irbp Sequences: Separate And Combined Analyses Of Didelphine Relationships With Denser Taxon Sampling

Fig. 19. All equally mostparsimonious resolutions of the basal didelphine polytomy in figures 18 and 21. A, Resolution supported by 72 mostparsimonious trees (MPTs) from the IRBP1 analysis and 6 MPTs from the IRBP2 analysis; B, resolution supported by 72 MPTs from the IRBP1 analysis and 6 MPTs from the IRBP2 analysis; C, resolution supported by 36 MPTs from the IRBP1 analysis and 3 MPTs from the IRBP2 analysis; D, resolution supported by 36 MPTs from the IRBP1 analysis, 6 MPTs from the IRBP2 analysis, and 8 MPTs from the combined analysis; E, resolution supported by 36 MPTs from the IRBP1 analysis, 6 MPTs from the IRBP2 analysis, and 8 MPTs from the combined analysis; F, resolution supported by 18 MPTs from the combined analysis only.

Fig. 13 in Phylogenetic Studies On Didelphid Marsupials Ii. Nonmolecular Data And New Irbp Sequences: Separate And Combined Analyses Of Didelphine Relationships With Denser Taxon Sampling

Fig. 13. Anterolingual views of left M3 illustrating taxonomic differences in cingular morphology. Left, Marmosa murina (AMNH 272870) with preprotocrista and anterolabial cingulum joined to form a continuous shelf along the anterior margin of the tooth crown. Right, Monodelphis adusta (AMNH 272781) with separate crista and cingulum (no continuous shelf).

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Fig. 3 in Phylogenetic relationships of Eurema butterflies from Peninsular Malaysia inferred from CO1 and 28S gene sequences with emphasis on Eurema hecabe

Fig. 3. Maximum Likelihood output phylogram for CO1-28S concatenated analysis showing seven major clades representing the seven Eurema species obtained from this study. Bootstrap scores are shown at the branching points. The tree was rooted with the genus Graphium. The butterfly figures show the comparison of morphology among the species corresponding to their respective clades. Figures of butterflies provided as upperside of the wings (left) and downside of wings (right).

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Fig. 1 in Phylogenetic relationships of Eurema butterflies from Peninsular Malaysia inferred from CO1 and 28S gene sequences with emphasis on Eurema hecabe

Fig. 1. The geographical sites where samplings have been conducted in Peninsular Malaysia. N, northern area; E, eastern area; W, western area; S, southern area. The dots indicate the distribution of various sampling sites in this study. Triplet letter represents the site code.

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Fig. 2 in Phylogenetic relationships of Eurema butterflies from Peninsular Malaysia inferred from CO1 and 28S gene sequences with emphasis on Eurema hecabe

Fig. 2. Phylogenetic tree of Maximum-Likelihood method showing the comparison of phylogram as inferred from partial sequences of mtDNA CO1 and 28S rDNA genes. The bootstrap scores obtained from 1,000 replicates for ML/MP analyses are shown at the branching point. The trees were rooted with the genus Graphium.

Fig. 5 in Phylogenetic relationships of the bumblebees Bombus moderatus, B. albocinctus, B. burjaeticus, B. florilegus and B. cryptarum based on mitochondrial DNA markers: a complex of closely related taxa with circumpolar distribution (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus))

Fig. 5: Tree topology calculated as Maximum-Likelihood tree using Bayesian MCMC analysis with the general time reversal model of base substitution and gamma distribution for degraded DNA of museum specimens, only parsimony informative triplets included.

Fig. 4 in Phylogenetic relationships of the bumblebees Bombus moderatus, B. albocinctus, B. burjaeticus, B. florilegus and B. cryptarum based on mitochondrial DNA markers: a complex of closely related taxa with circumpolar distribution (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus))

Fig. 4: Observed diagnostic character changes with position numbers mapped onto the Maximum- Likelihood tree. Black box = unambiguous diagnostic charactercharacter change, grey box = ambiguous diagnostic charactercharacter change, and white box = character change.

Fig. 3 in Phylogenetic relationships of the bumblebees Bombus moderatus, B. albocinctus, B. burjaeticus, B. florilegus and B. cryptarum based on mitochondrial DNA markers: a complex of closely related taxa with circumpolar distribution (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus))

Fig. 3: Alignment of all parsimonious informative triplets (with uninformative sites deleted -), and with a pointer for position number (numbered for total COI) and codon position. Diagnostic (= private) positions marked with colour green = Thymine, violet = Cytosine, red = Adenine and yellow = Guanine.

Fig. 2 in Phylogenetic relationships of the bumblebees Bombus moderatus, B. albocinctus, B. burjaeticus, B. florilegus and B. cryptarum based on mitochondrial DNA markers: a complex of closely related taxa with circumpolar distribution (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus))

Fig. 2: Tree topology calculated as Maximum-Likelihood tree using Bayesian MCMC analysis with the general time reversal model of base substitutions with gamma distribution.

FIG. 12 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 12. Maximum-likelihood reconstruction of geographic range evolution for the erethizontid crown clade. See table 1 (footnote) for range descriptors and table 8 for divergence-date estimates.

FIG. 10 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 10. Coendou prehensilis with erected cranial quills. The inflated nasofrontal sinuses of this species provide increased surface area for quill deployment, and their convex margins allow erected quills to point anteriorly and laterally to protect adjacent soft tissues. Photographed at the Frankfurt Zoo in 2008 (courtesy of Marek Polster).

FIG. 9 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 9. Maximum-likelihood reconstructions of ancestral phenotypes for three morphological characters of Recent erethizontids. Branch tips representing species of Coendou are labeled with corresponding epithets only. See text for character definitions and scoring criteria and table 8 for divergence-date estimates. Pie diagrams at internal nodes represent estimated probabilities of alternative states.

FIG. 8 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 8. Lateral cranial views: A, Coendou prehensilis (AMNH 134064); B, C. melanurus (AMNH 266565). The inflated nasofrontal sinuses of C. prehensilis (type species of the genus Coendou) result in a strongly convex dorsal profile by contrast with the flat dorsal profile of C. melanurus (referred to Sphiggurus by some authors; see text). Both skulls are life size (×1).

FIG. 7 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 7. Coendou rufescens (FMNH 88524), previously referred to Echinoprocta by many authors. This is a shorttailed species that (like C. prehensilis) appears completely spiny because the quills conceal its short, sparse fur.

FIG. 6 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 6. Coendou melanurus (AMNH 266565), referred to Sphiggurus by Husson (1978) and other authors. This is a long-tailed species in which the quills are concealed beneath long, dense fur.