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opennotspecifiedJun 2011View details →

Figure 1 in Diverse plant taxa used by arboreal succineid snails as microhabitats

Figure 1. Study sites: (A) Ogasawara Islands (circle); (B) study routes (dotted lines) on the island Haha-jima.

Figure 10 in Molecular phylogeny, diagnostics, and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Hemicycliophora (Nematoda: Hemicycliophoridae)

Figure 10. Ancestral state reconstructions for the genus Hemicycliophora based on parsimony (left maximum parsimony tree) and Bayesian inference (BI; right: BI tree) of A, vulval lip structure; B, tail shape; C, presence of males. Posterior probabilities for each character state are indicated as pie charts in the majority consensus BI tree.

Figure 9 in Molecular phylogeny, diagnostics, and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Hemicycliophora (Nematoda: Hemicycliophoridae)

Figure 9. Ancestral state reconstructions for the genus Hemicycliophora based on parsimony (left maximum parsimony tree) and Bayesian inference (BI; right: BI tree) of A, average body length; B, average stylet length; C, average R (total number of body annuli); D, average RV (number of annuli between posterior end of body and vulva). Posterior probabilities for each character state are indicated as pie charts in the majority consensus BI tree.

Figure 7 in Molecular phylogeny, diagnostics, and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Hemicycliophora (Nematoda: Hemicycliophoridae)

Figure 7. Phylogenetic relationships within populations and species of the genus Hemicycliophora as inferred from Bayesian analysis using the D2-D3 of the 28S rRNA gene sequence data set with the general time reversible substitution model with estimation of invariant sites and assuming a gamma distribution with four categories. Posterior probabilities of over 70% are given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences are indicated in bold.

Figure 5 in Molecular phylogeny, diagnostics, and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Hemicycliophora (Nematoda: Hemicycliophoridae)

Figure 5. Photomicrographs of specimens of a Spanish population of Hemicycliophora obtusa Thorne, 1955. A, entire female body; B, female pharyngeal region; C, female anterior region; D, detail of lateral field; E, F, vulval and tail regions; G, pharyngeal region of pre-adult male showing absence of stylet; H, I, detail of spicules and bursa of pre-adult male. Scale bars: A = 100 μm; B, C, E–I = 20 μm; D = 10 μm.

Figure 3 in Molecular phylogeny, diagnostics, and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Hemicycliophora (Nematoda: Hemicycliophoridae)

Figure 3. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs of specimens of populations of selected Hemicycliophora species. A–D, lip region; E–L, lateral field. A, Hemicycliophora wyei (North Carolina, USA) (CD683); B, Hemicycliophora poranga (California, USA) (CD714); C, Hemicycliophora sp. 3 (Arizona, USA) (CD715); D, Hemicycliophora californica (California, USA) (CD826B); E, Hemicycliophora gracilis (California, USA) (CD45); F, H. wyei (North Carolina, USA) (CD679); G, H. californica (CD826B); H, H. wyei (CD683); I, H. poranga (CD714); J, Hemicycliophora sp. 3 (CD715); K, Hemicycliophora sp. 4 (North Carolina, USA) (CD675); L, H. californica CD826B). Scale bars: A–C, E, G–J, L = 5 μm; D = 2 μm; F, K = 10 μm.

Figure 2 in Molecular phylogeny, diagnostics, and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Hemicycliophora (Nematoda: Hemicycliophoridae)

Figure 2. Photomicrographs of specimens of populations of selected Hemicycliophora species. A–E, anterior region; F–J, lateral field: K–O, posterior region. A, F, K, Hemicycliophora floridensis (topotype, Florida, USA); B, G, L, Hemicycliophora poranga (California, USA); C, H, M, Hemicycliophora sp. 11 (Florida, USA), D, I, N, Hemicycliophora sp. 4 (North Carolina, USA); E, J, O, Hemicycliophora wyei (North Carolina, USA). Scale bars: A–E, K–O = 10 μm; F–J = 5 μm.

Figure 4 in Molecular phylogeny, diagnostics, and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Hemicycliophora (Nematoda: Hemicycliophoridae)

Figure 4. Photomicrographs of specimens of a new Spanish population of Hemicycliophora iberica Castillo et al., 1989. A, entire female body; B, female pharyngeal region; C, female anterior region; D, posterior region; E, detail of lateral field; F–I, female tail tips. Scale bars: A = 100 μm; B–D, F–I = 20 μm; E = 10 μm. ep, excretory pore.

Figure 1 in Molecular phylogeny, diagnostics, and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Hemicycliophora (Nematoda: Hemicycliophoridae)

Figure 1. Photomicrographs of specimens of populations of selected Hemicycliophora species. A–F, anterior region; G–L, lateral field; M–R, posterior region. A, G, M, Hemicycliophora conida (Washington State, USA); B, H, N, Hemicycliophora sp. 3 (Arizona, USA); C, I, O, Hemicycliophora sp. 8 (California, USA); D, J, P, Hemicycliophora raskii (California, USA); E, K, Q, Hemicycliophora sp. 10 (California, USA); F, L, R, Hemicycliophora californica (California, USA). Scale bars: A–F, M–R = 10 μm; G–L = 5 μm.

Figure 8 in Molecular phylogeny, diagnostics, and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Hemicycliophora (Nematoda: Hemicycliophoridae)

Figure 8. Phylogenetic relationships within populations and species of the genus Hemicycliophora as inferred from Bayesian analysis using the internal transcribed spacer rRNA gene sequence data set with the general time reversible substitution model with estimation of invariant sites and assuming a gamma distribution with four categories. Posterior probabilities of over 70% are given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences are indicated in bold.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

Data from: Plant diversity in giant panda habitat

Understanding the relative importance of the factors driving the patterns of biodi- versity is a key research topic in community ecology and biogeography. However, the main drivers of plant species diversity in montane forests are still not clear. In addi- tion, most existing studies make no distinction between direct and indirect effects of environmental factors and spatial constraints on plant biodiversity. Using data from 107 montane forest plots in Sichuan Giant Panda habitat, China, we quantified the direct and indirect effects of abiotic environmental factors, spatial constraints, and plant functional traits on plant community diversity. Our results showed significant correlations between abiotic environmental factors and trees (r = .10, p value = .001), shrubs (r = .19, p value = .001), or overall plant diversity (r = .18, p value = .001) in mon- tane forests. Spatial constraints also showed significant correlations with trees and shrubs. However, no significant correlations were found between functional traits and plant community diversity. Moreover, the diversity (richness and abundance) of shrubs, trees, and plant communities was directly affected by precipitation, latitude, and altitude. Mean annual temperature (MAT) had no direct effect on the richness of tree and plant communities. Further, MAT and precipitation indirectly affected plant communities via the tree canopy. The results revealed a stronger direct effect on montane plant diversity than indirect effect, suggesting that single-species models may be adequate for forecasting the impacts of climate factors in these communities. The shifting of tree canopy coverage might be a potential indicator for trends of plant diversity under climate change.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Data for: Mechanisms of fire-maintained plant species diversity in species-rich wet pine savannas

Temperate savannas and grasslands maintained by frequent, low-intensity disturbances such as fire contain among the most species-rich plant communities in the world. Precisely how these disturbances maintain such high fine-scale diversity is poorly understood. This study examined the effects of the frequency of simulated fire (clipping combined with litter removal) and the relative importance of recruitment and survival on species diversity and trait and species composition at each of two pine savannas in southeastern Mississippi (USA) that had not been recently burned. Ten 2 × 2 m plots at each site were clipped/cleared annually from 2014 to 2019 and again in spring 2021 (annual frequency). The other 10 clipping plots were not clipped from 2018 to 2020 (reduced frequency). Vegetation in small subplots in annual frequency and reduced frequency plots was compared in August 2021 to test the effects of a short period without clipping on diversity and composition. To test the relative importance of recruitment and survival on diversity and composition, four 0.25 × 0.25 m quarter plots were established within each of 10 annual-frequency plots per site following a clipping treatment in fall 2019 and assigned a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of transplantation of sods from long-unburned areas and herbicide application. Reducing the frequency of clipping reduced plant diversity and altered composition at both sites. A comparison of diversity and trait composition responses to transplant and herbicide treatments revealed how recruitment and survival combined to affect species diversity. Partial or complete recovery of diversity following clipping and litter removal at both sites was driven by rapid increases in short-lived, resilient species that show fire-stimulated emergence from a seed bank and the persistence of long-lived species capable of surviving the prolonged period without fire or clipping. Species with reduced resilience and persistence were more likely to be lost in the reduced frequency treatment. Results are consistent with a model of short-term coexistence of maximum species diversity maintained by the most frequent fire regimes fuels will permit.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Functional diversity of experimental annual plant assemblages drives plant responses to biological soil crusts in gypsum systems

1. Biological soil crusts (BSC) are complex biotic aggregates comprised of lichens, cyanobacteria, algae, and other microorganism that are known to differently affect plant development along life cycle by selecting plant functional traits based on species-specific effects. In addition, functional differences between interacting species should modulate their response ability to other environmental factors. Thus, it should be expected that the effects of the BSC on plants will be significantly determined by the own functional diversity in the community. 2. To understand the multiple effects of BSC and the extent to which the functional diversity of interacting plant species can modulate their effects on the development of coexisting species, we applied an experimental approach by manipulating the initial functional diversity of the entire annual plant community and BSC conditions in a common garden trial. We crossed three sorts of assemblages built on the basis of plant stature (combinations of only large, or only small, or diverse sized plant species in pots) with three lichen-dominated BSC disturbance scenarios (intact, or tiny mechanically disaggregated, or absent portions of BSC). 3. Biological soil crusts strongly affected the establishment and development of gypsophilous annual plants in a complex, multifaceted manner, which shifted throughout the plant life cycle. We demonstrated that lichen-dominated BSC could act as a major physical barrier to the establishment of annual plants at a heterogeneous fine spatial scale. Such a restrictive effect was particularly marked in presence of intact BSC. However, after annual plants overcame the restrictions imposed by BSC, the same biotic layer facilitated plant growth and fitness, regardless of its physical integrity, resulting in larger plants producing more fruits. 4. Importantly, our results suggest that the functional diversity structure of the community may also drive growth and fitness of coexisting species by activating alternative coexistence mechanisms such as niche partitioning or competition symmetry. This study highlights the importance of plant neighbourhood features for the performance of interacting species, and confirms a novel, experimental way to explore the effects of community diversity on plants for the interpretation of assembly mechanisms.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

The origins of climate-diversity relationships and richness patterns in Chinese plants

A major goal of ecology and evolutionary biology is to explain geographic patterns of species richness. Richness is often correlated with climatic variables. However, the processes underlying these climate-diversity relationships remain poorly understood. Two potential hypotheses to explain these relationships involve: (i) faster diversification rates (speciation minus extinction) in high-richness climates, and (ii) earlier colonization of high-richness climates, allowing more time for speciation to build up richness. Few studies have tested these hypotheses directly, and most focused on animal clades with limited richness. In this study we test these hypotheses in Chinese angiosperms, encompassing ~10% of Earth's plant species, using large-scale phylogenetic, climatic, and distributional data including 26,977 species. We find that climatic zones that were colonized earlier have higher species richness. In contrast, relationships between diversification rates and richness of climatic zones are often non-significant or negative. Our study reveals that even when richness is strongly correlated with climate, the underlying explanation may still be rooted in phylogenetic history. We also show that the timing of colonization can be crucial for explaining richness patterns. Yet, most recent studies have ignored this explanation and instead have focused solely on rates of speciation and diversification as drivers of diversity gradients.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

Data from: Observed and dark diversity dynamics over millennial time scales: Fast-life history traits linked to expansion lags of plants in northern Europe

Global change drivers (e.g. climate and land use) affect the species and functional traits observed in a local site but also its dark diversity—the set of species and traits locally suitable but absent. Dark diversity links regional and local scales and, over time, reveals taxa under expansion lags by depicting the potential biodiversity that remains suitable but is absent locally. Since global change effects on biodiversity are both spatially and temporally scale dependent, examining long-term temporal dynamics in observed and dark diversity would be relevant to assessing and foreseeing biodiversity change. Here, we used sedimentary pollen data to examine how both taxonomic and functional observed and dark diversity changed over the past 14500 years in northern Europe. We found that taxonomic and functional observed and dark diversity increased over time, especially after the Late Glacial and during the Late Holocene. However, dark diversity dynamics revealed expansion lags related to species' functional characteristics (dispersal limitation and stress intolerance) and an extensive functional redundancy when compared to taxa in observed diversity. We highlight that assessing observed and dark diversity dynamics is a promising tool to examine biodiversity change across spatial scales, its possible causes, and functional consequences.

opennotspecifiedJul 2023View details →

FIGURE 7. Epidendrum centralense. A. Plant. B. Inflorescence. C in Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species

FIGURE 7. Epidendrum centralense. A. Plant. B. Inflorescence. C. Habitat. Photographs by Harold Rusbelth Quispe-Melgar.

Fig. 28 in Glucosinolate structural diversity, identification, chemical synthesis and metabolism in plants

Fig. 28. The desulfation reaction catalyzed by sulfatase and used for derivatization in glucosinolate analysis.

Fig. 26 in Glucosinolate structural diversity, identification, chemical synthesis and metabolism in plants

Fig. 26. Mixed reaction catalyzed by "nitrilase" enzymes in crucifers. (A) The strict functional definition of nitrilase activity (E.C. 3.5.5.1). (B) A side reaction catalyzed by crucifer nitrilases to variable degree, probably caused by premature termination of the reaction after the first round of addition of water (Jandhyala et al., 2005), functionally defined as nitrile hydratase activity (E.C. 4.2.1.84).

Fig. 24 in Glucosinolate structural diversity, identification, chemical synthesis and metabolism in plants

Fig. 24. Examples of glucosinolate-derived indole phytoalexins and biosynthetic connections. Asterisks indicate a selected example of a labeling study of the brassinin biosynthesis (Pedras and Yaya, 2013). Question marks above some arrows signify steps that are demonstrated in vivo but for which specific enzymes are not yet known. MYR, myrosinase.

Fig. 25 in Glucosinolate structural diversity, identification, chemical synthesis and metabolism in plants

Fig. 25. Examples of crucifer non-indole phytoalexins derived from phenethyl isothiocyanate (Pedras and To, 2018). Question marks above some arrows signify steps that are demonstrated in vivo but for which specific enzymes are not yet known. MYR, myrosinase.