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200 results for “Agroecosystem”
Local habitat complexity and its effects on herbivores and predators in urban agroecosystems
<p>In urban community gardens, cultivated vegetation provides variable levels of habitat complexity, which can suppress pests by promoting predator diversity and improving pest control. In this study, we examine three components of the structural complexity of garden vegetation (cover, diversity, and connectivity) to investigate whether higher garden vegetation complexity leads to fewer herbivores, more predators, and higher predation. We worked in eight community gardens where we quantified vegetation complexity, sampled the arthropod community, and measured predation on cornworm eggs. We found that plots with high vegetation cover supported higher species richness and greater abundance of predatory insects. High vegetation cover also supported a greater abundance and richness of spiders. In contrast, high vegetation diversity was negatively associated with predator abundance. While high predator abundance was positively associated with egg predation, greater predator species richness had a negative impact on egg predation, suggesting that antagonism between predators may limit biological control. Community gardeners may thus manipulate vegetation cover and diversity to promote higher predator abundance and diversity in their plots. However, the species composition of predators and the prevalence of interspecific antagonism may ultimately determine subsequent impacts on biological pest control.</p>
Arthropods in urban agroecosystems Seattle 2019
<p>Like other urban green spaces, urban community gardens can act as biodiversity refugees, especially for small organisms like arthropods. In turn, arthropods can provide important ecosystem pest control services to these agroecosystems. Thus, an often-asked question among urban gardeners is how to improve gardens and surrounding areas for natural enemies and associated pest control services. We examine how local vegetation and garden characteristics, as well as the surrounding landscape composition affect ground-dwelling beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae and Staphylinidae), spiders (Aranea), opilionids (Opilionida), and ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), all of which are important predators. In the summer 2019, we collected predators, vegetation, ground cover, and garden and landscape characteristic data of ten community gardens in the city of Seattle, Washington. We found that different groups of natural enemies are associated with different environmental variables and at different scales; probably related to differences in their dispersal capabilities, habits, and diets. Floral variables (# of flowers, # of species in flower) had a negative effect on non-flying natural enemies (spiders, opilionids, and ground-dwelling beetles), but not on flying ones (ladybird beetles). The only taxa that was significantly affected by a landscape-scale variable was Opilionida, the only group examined that exclusively disperses by ground. Our results show contrasting results to similar studies in different regions and highlight the need to expand the taxa and regions of study.</p>
Landscape context affects patch habitat contributions to biodiversity in agroecosystems
<p>Effective conservation schemes are needed to advance dual objectives of biodiversity conservation and agronomic production in agricultural landscapes. Understanding how plant and arthropod taxa respond to both local habitat patch characteristics and landscape complexity is crucial for planning effective agri-environment schemes. This study investigated the relative effects of local (≤ 100 m from patch habitat center) and landscape (≤ 5 km from patch habitat center) variables on diversity of plants and arthropods within non-crop habitat patches (i) at different spatial extents ranging from 0.1 km to 5 km, while (ii) quantifying differential effects of local and landscape variables on unique components of diversity (i.e. species richness and abundance), and accounting for (iii) unique components of landscape extent (0.1, 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 km radii) and complexity (i.e. landscape composition and configuration). Landscape variables were significantly correlated with local plant and arthropod species richness and abundance at all spatial extents. Biodiversity responses to landscape variables were largely scale-dependent, as pairwise comparisons were significantly different between all spatial extents except between 1-km and 2-km extents, and correlations were lowest at the 5-km extent. Partial R-squared values for predicting local biodiversity were highest when both local and landscape variables were included as predictors of species richness and abundance, underscoring the importance of considering both local and landscape effects on local diversity. Landscape configuration variables accounted for more variation in plant and arthropod species richness than composition variables. However, models performed best when composition and configuration were considered together rather than alone, suggesting that both components of landscape complexity should be considered for identifying and managing conservation areas in crop fields. Conservation schemes that incentivize farmers to create or conserve small patch habitat within crop fields may be more effective when combined with landscape-scale designs that enhance landscape complexity across the Northern Great Plains. Local conservation efforts should be coordinated with landscape-level efforts to ultimately enhance biodiversity and desired ecosystem service outcomes across agricultural landscapes.</p>
Fig. 3 in Helminth communities from amphibians inhabiting agroecosystems in the Pampean Region (Argentina)
Fig. 3. Similarity matrix and dendrogram.
Data from: Landscape heterogeneity filters functional traits of rice arthropods in tropical agroecosystems
<p>Biological control services of agroecosystems depend on the functional diversity of species traits. However, the relationship between arthropod traits and landscape heterogeneity is still poorly understood, especially in tropical rice agroecosystems which harbour a high diversity of often specialized species. We investigated how landscape heterogeneity, measured by three metrics of landscape composition and configuration, influenced body size, functional group composition, dispersal ability and vertical distribution of rice-arthropods in the Philippines.</p> <p> </p> <p>We found that landscape composition and configuration acted to filter arthropod traits in tropical rice agroecosystems. Landscape diversity and rice habitat fragmentation were the two main gradients influencing rice-arthropod traits, indicating that different rice-arthropods have distinct habitat requirements. Whereas small parasitoids and species mostly present in the rice-canopy were favoured in landscapes with high compositional heterogeneity, predators and medium-sized species occupying the base of the rice plant, including planthoppers, mostly occurred in highly fragmented rice habitats. We demonstrate the importance of landscape heterogeneity as an ecological filter for rice-arthropods, identifying how the different components of landscape heterogeneity selected for or against specific functional traits. However, the contrasting effects of landscape parameters on different groups of natural enemies indicate that not all beneficial rice-arthropods can be promoted at the same time when using a single land management strategy. Increasing compositional heterogeneity in rice landscapes can promote parasitoids but may also negatively affect predators. Future research should focus on identifying trade-offs between fragmented rice habitats and structurally diverse landscapes to maximize the presence of multiple groups of beneficial arthropods.</p>
Characterization and biodiversity of native Azotobacter in semi-arid agroecosystems of Eastern Kenya
<p>Declining food production in the African agroecosystems is attributable to changes in weather patterns, soil infertility, and limited farming inputs. The exploitation of plant growth-promoting soil microbes could remedy these problems. Azotobacter, a free-living, nitrogen-fixing bacterium, confers stress tolerance, avails phytohormones, and aids in soil bioremediation. The study aimed to isolate, characterize and determine the biodiversity of native Azotobacter isolates from soils in semi-arid Eastern Kenya. The isolation was conducted on nitrogen-free Ashby's agar and the morphological, biochemical and molecular attributes were evaluated. The isolates were sequenced using DNA amplicons of 27F and 1492R primers of the 16SrRNA gene loci. The Basic Local alignment search Tool (BLASTn) analysis of their sequences, revealed the presence of three main Azotobacter species viz., Azotobacter vinelandii, Azotobacter salinestris, and Azotobacter tropicalis. Azotobacter vinelandii was the most dominant species. Kitui County had the highest number of recovered Azotobacter isolates (45.4%) with the lowest diversity index (0.8761). Tharaka Nithi County showed the lowest occurrence (26.36%) with a diversity index of (1.057). The diversity was influenced by the soil pH, texture, and total organic content. This study revealed the presence of native strains of Azotobacter species in Kenyan soils with the potential for utilization as a bioinoculant.</p>
Variable relationships between trait diversity and avian ecological functions in agroecosystems
<p>1) The diversity of traits within animal assemblages has been shown to affect the magnitude of animal-provided ecological functions. However, little is known about how consistent trait diversity effects are across ecological functions and ecosystems. More importantly, the importance of trait diversity in driving ecosystem functioning, relative to other components of biodiversity, has rarely been assessed. It also remains unclear how environmental gradients filter trait diversity and, ultimately, modulate ecological functions. </p> <p>2) Here we test how different biodiversity components (i.e., trait diversity, phylogenetic diversity and abundance) affect the magnitude of avian seed dispersal and insect predation along large environmental gradients. We sampled frugivorous and insectivorous birds and their ecological functions across gradients of forest cover and fruit and insect abundances in woodland pastures and apple orchards in Northern Spain. We measured 6 morphological traits and compiled phylogenetic information on 43 bird species. We used Structural Equation Models to disentangle the effects of environmental gradients and biodiversity components on ecological functions.</p> <p>3) We found that different avian functions in the same agroecosystem were controlled by different biodiversity components. While seed dispersal was positively driven by bird abundance in woodland pastures, insect predation responded positively to trait and phylogenetic diversity. The positive effects of trait diversity on insect predation were, on the other hand, consistent across woodland pastures and apple orchards.</p> <p>4) Our results also pinpointed forest cover and resource availability as filters of the different components of avian diversity, suggesting that environmental gradients condition the effects of biodiversity on avian ecological functions.</p> <p>5) Our findings reveal variable effects of trait diversity on two different avian ecological functions, but consistent effects on the same function across agroecosystems. Consolidating the generalities of trait diversity effects will require further multi-function studies, as well as a unifying framework for animal-driven functions that integrates the causal links between environmental gradients, the different biodiversity components, and ecological functions.</p> <p> </p>
Fig. 5 in Seasonal Carbon Emissions And Sequestration In Agroecosystems Of Organic Crops In Central Lithuania
Fig. 5. Net ecosystem production (NEP) in organic agroecosystems (mean±SE).
Fig. 4 in Seasonal Carbon Emissions And Sequestration In Agroecosystems Of Organic Crops In Central Lithuania
Fig. 4. Atmospheric CO2 sequestration in crops GPP (mean±SE).
Fig. 3 in Seasonal Carbon Emissions And Sequestration In Agroecosystems Of Organic Crops In Central Lithuania
Fig. 3. LAI and SLA in crops agroecosystems (mean±SE).
Fig. 2 in Seasonal Carbon Emissions And Sequestration In Agroecosystems Of Organic Crops In Central Lithuania
Fig. 2. Plant respiration (Ra) in organic agroecosystems, 2014-2016 (mean±SE).
Raw data for: Evaluating the impact of alyssum flower strips on biological control of key pests in flue-cured tobacco agroecosystems
<p>Flue-cured tobacco, <em>Nicotiana tabacum</em> (L.) is often attacked by various pests such as aphids, whiteflies, and tobacco budworms. Insecticide application has been the primary method in managing these pests in Yunnan province. However, it is necessary to look for more sustainable strategies that can help control pests. In this context, conservation biological control is a highly promising alternative, involving the cultivation or conservation of flowering plants within the agricultural ecosystem to attract and support natural enemies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of alyssum, <em>Lobularia maritima</em> (L.) Desv. in attracting natural enemies and managing pests in flue-cures tobacco cultivation. The study conducted two field experiments over successive years, each with two treatments and three replicates, arranged in a completely randomized design. The treatments were (1) tobacco monoculture, and (2) tobacco intercropped with alyssum flower strips. The population density of natural enemies and pests was monitored weekly throughout the study period. The results showed that the presence of alyssum flowers in the tobacco + alyssum treatment significantly increased the abundance of generalist predators such as syrphids, rove beetles, carabids, <em>Orius</em> sp., and spiders during both experiments. This increase in predator population led to a substantial reduction in tobacco pests, particularly aphids. Intercropping alyssum with tobacco can serve as an effective strategy for managing pests specific to the Nicotiana plant, as well as addressing the limited availability of approved insecticides for this crop. This approach may help to mitigate pest-related issues and reduce the reliance on insecticides in tobacco cultivation, contributing to more sustainable pest management practices.</p>
Fig. 1 in Distribution of carabid beetles in agroecosystems across spatial scales - A review
Fig. 1. Nested relations between the spatial levels (after Ettema, Wardle (2002), with changes).
Figure 1 in Effects of agroecosystems on insect and insectivorous bat activity: a preliminary finding based on light trap and mist net captures
Figure 1. Map of Sekyere Central District showing study area (Kwamang) in Ghana.
Data from: The roles of non-production vegetation in agroecosystems: a research framework for filling process knowledge gaps in a social-ecological context
<p>1. An ever-expanding human population, climatic changes, and the spread of intensive farming practices is putting increasing pressure on agroecosystems and their inherent biodiversity. Non-production vegetation elements, such as woody patches, riparian margins, and restoration plantings, are vital for conserving agroecosystem biodiversity. Further, such elements are key building blocks that are manipulated via land management, thereby influencing the biotic and abiotic processes that underpin functioning agroecosystems.</p> <p>2. Despite this critical role, there has been a lack of synthesis on which types of vegetation elements drive and/or support ecological processes, and the mechanisms by which this occurs. Using a systematic, quantitative literature review of 342 articles, we asked: what are the effects of non-production vegetation on agroecosystem processes and how are these processes measured within global agroecosystems?</p> <p>3. Woody patches, hedgerows and borders, riparian margins, and shelterbelts were the most studied types of non-production vegetation. The majority (61%) of studies showed positive effects of non-production vegetation on ecological processes, where the presence, level or rate of the studied process was increased or enhanced.</p> <p>4. However, four key research gaps were revealed: (1) most studies (83%) used proxies for, instead of direct measurements of, ecosystem processes related to non-production vegetation; (2) study designs used to investigate non-production vegetation effects on ecosystem processes directly were largely limited to observational comparisons of non-production vegetation types, farm-scale vegetation configurations, and different proximities to vegetation in terms of the effect on ecological processes; relatively few studies used manipulative experiments (3) the relatively few studies directly measuring ecosystem processes were dominated by four process categories: invertebrate biocontrol, predator and natural enemy spillover, animal movement, and ecosystem cycling, and (4) the methods used to directly measure non-production vegetation effects comprised a surprisingly limited set of approaches.</p> <p>5. To fill key research gaps that will inform the use of non-production vegetation to enhance agroecosystem processes, we present a framework for future research that emphasises the need to combine an understanding of human decision making with carefully-designed and targeted investigations into the roles of taxa, ecosystem processes, and landscape heterogeneity related to non-production vegetation, at multiple spatial scales within agroecosystems.</p>
Agroecosystem diversification with legumes or non-legumes improves differently soil fertility according to soil type
<p>Plant diversification through crop rotation or agroforestry is a promising way to improve sustainability of agroecosystems. Nonetheless, criteria to select the most suitable plant communities for agroecosystems diversification facing contrasting environmental constraints need to be refined. Here, we compared the impacts of 24 different plant communities on soil fertility across six tropical agroecosystems: either on highly weathered Ferralsols, with strong P limitation, or on partially weathered soils derived from volcanic material, with major N limitation. In each agroecosystem, we tested several plant communities for diversification, as compared to a matching low diversity management for their cropping system. Plant residue restitution, N, P and lignin contents were measured for each plant community. In parallel, the soil under each community was analyzed for organic C and N, inorganic N, Olsen P, soil pH and nematode community composition. Soil potential fertility was assessed with plant bioassays under greenhouse controlled climatic conditions.<br> Overall, plant diversification had a positive effect on soil fertility across all sites, with contrasting effects depending on soil type and legumes presence in the community. Communities with legumes improved soil fertility indicators of volcanic soils, which was demonstrated through significantly higher plant biomass production in the bioassays (+18%) and soil inorganic N (+26%) compared to the low diversity management. Contrastingly, communities without legumes were the most beneficial in Ferralsols, with increases in plant biomass production in the bioassays (+39%), soil Olsen P (+46%), soil C (+26%), and pH (+5%). Piecewise structural equation models with Shipley's test revealed that plant diversification impacts on volcanic soil fertility were related to soil N availability, driven by litter N. Meanwhile, Ferralsols fertility was related to soil P availability, driven by litter P. These findings underline the importance of multifactorial and multi-sites experiments to inform trait-based frameworks used in designing optimal plant diversification in agroecological systems.</p>
FIGURE 3 in Diversity Of Mites (Acari) In Vineyard Agroecosystems (Vitis Vinifera) In Two Viticultural Regions Of Rio Grande Do Sul State, Brazil
FIGURE 3: Bray-Curtis clustering analysis dendrograms of mite communities observed on grapevine (A) and on non-cultivated plants (B), in four plots planted with Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) or Pinot Noir (PN), in Bento Gonçalves (BG) and Candiota (CA) regions, Rio Grande do Sul.
FIGURE 2 in Diversity Of Mites (Acari) In Vineyard Agroecosystems (Vitis Vinifera) In Two Viticultural Regions Of Rio Grande Do Sul State, Brazil
FIGURE 2: Bray-Curtis clustering analysis dendrograms of mite communities observed in four plots (agroecosystems) planted with Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) or Pinot Noir (PN) in the two vine-producing regions Bento Gonçalves (BG) and Candiota (CA), Rio Grande do Sul: A – All mite families; B – Phytoseiidae; C – Stigmaeidae; D – Eriophyidae.
FIGURE 1 in Diversity Of Mites (Acari) In Vineyard Agroecosystems (Vitis Vinifera) In Two Viticultural Regions Of Rio Grande Do Sul State, Brazil
FIGURE 1: Abundance of main mite species found on grapevine in Bento Gonçalves (A - Cabernet Sauvignon; B - Pinot Noir) and Candiota (C - Cabernet Sauvignon; D - Pinot Noir) municipalities, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Data from: Seasonality of floral resources in relation to bee activity in agroecosystems
<p>The contribution of wild insects to crop pollination is becoming increasingly important as global demand for crops dependent on animal pollination increases. If wild insect populations are to persist in agricultural landscapes, there must be sufficient resources over time and space. The temporal, within‐season component of floral resource availability has rarely been investigated, despite growing recognition of its likely importance for pollinator populations. Here, we examined the visitation rates of common bee genera and the spatiotemporal availability of floral resources in agroecosystems over one season to determine whether local wild bee activity was limited by landscape floral resource abundance, and if so, whether it was limited by the present or past abundance of landscape floral resources. Visitation rates and landscape floral resources were measured in 27 agricultural sites in Ontario and Québec, Canada, across four time periods and three spatial scales. Floral resources were determined based on species‐specific floral volume measurements, which we found to be highly correlated with published measurements of nectar sugar mass and pollen volume. Total floral volume at varying spatial scales predicted visits for commonly observed bee genera. We found <i>Lasioglossum</i> and <i>Halictus</i> visits were highest in landscapes that provided either a stable or increasing amount of floral resources over the season. <i>Andrena</i> visits were highest in landscapes with high floral resources at the start of the season, and <i>Bombus</i> visits appeared to be positively related to greater cumulative seasonal abundance of floral resources. These findings together suggest the importance of early‐season floral resources to bees. <i>Megachile</i> visits were negatively associated with the present abundance of floral resources, perhaps reflecting pollinator movement or dilution. Our research provides insight into how seasonal fluctuations in floral resources affect bee activity and how life history traits of bee genera influence their responses to food availability within agroecosystems.</p>
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