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Fig. 5 in Description, life cycle, and development of the myxozoan Myxobolus rasmusseni n. sp. in fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas: A possible emerging pathogen in southern Alberta, Canada

Fig. 5. Phylogenetic tree produced by Bayesian analysis of aligned partial 18S rDNA gene sequences of M. rasmusseni n. sp. and other Myxobolus spp. infecting cyprinid fishes in Canada, Europe, and Asia. The tree is rooted with Ceratonova shasta (AF001579.1). Nodes are denoted with bootstrap probabilities generated by Bayesian analyses. Species in taxa in groups I-III are highlighted in the pairwise percent identity matrix in Supplementary Table 1.

Fig. 4 in Description, life cycle, and development of the myxozoan Myxobolus rasmusseni n. sp. in fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas: A possible emerging pathogen in southern Alberta, Canada

Fig. 4. Transmission electron micrographs of plasmodia that contain M. rasmusseni n. sp. myxospores. Sections are from lesioned tissue (see inset in A) located in the circumorbital cavity of a fathead minnow. A. Side-on view of a couplet of Myxobolus rasmusseni n. sp. myxospores at 2500X magnification. Sp - Sporoplasm, Iv - Iodinophilous vacuole, Pc - Polar capsule, Pf - Polar filament; Black arrowheads indicate nuclei, orange arrowheads indicate sutural ridge along the midline of myxospore; blue arrowheads indicate posterior projections on the myxospore. B. Myxospores sectioned in various orientations with adjacent rodlet cells at 2000X magnification. Rc - Rodlet cell, Ms: myxospore.

Fig. 1 in Description, life cycle, and development of the myxozoan Myxobolus rasmusseni n. sp. in fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas: A possible emerging pathogen in southern Alberta, Canada

Fig. 1. Disfiguring lesions on the heads of 1-yr old fathead minnows infected with Myxobolus rasmusseni n. sp. Minnows were live-trapped from University Pond, Lethbridge, Ab in summer, 2022, placed into a single aquarium in the laboratory, then photographed with a digital camera. A) Unilateral exopthalmia of the right eye. B) Bilateral exopthalmia with additional lesions on dorsal surface of circumorbital cavity and on surface of left nares. C) Asymmetric exopthalmia of the left dorsal circumorbital cavity; hemorrhage within left vitreous humour, D) Severe hemorrhage of the right eye. E) Pathology of the epidermis of the left posterior circumorbital cavity and surface of left operculum.

Fig. 3. A in Description, life cycle, and development of the myxozoan Myxobolus rasmusseni n. sp. in fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas: A possible emerging pathogen in southern Alberta, Canada

Fig. 3. A. Myxospores of Myxobolus rasmusseni n. sp. prepared from a wet mount of a plasmodia-packed lesion located in the circumorbital cavity of an infected fathead minnow. A. Myxospores imaged with differential interference contrast microscope. Thin mucus coat envelopes posterior two thirds of myxospores. B. Composite line drawing of a Myxobolus rasmusseni n. sp. myxospore; PC – polar capsule; PF – polar filament; MC – mucus coat; SP – sporoplasm; IV – iodinophilous vacuole; N – nucleus.

Fig. 2 in Description, life cycle, and development of the myxozoan Myxobolus rasmusseni n. sp. in fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas: A possible emerging pathogen in southern Alberta, Canada

Fig. 2. In situ image of a school of surfacing 1-yr old fathead minnows in University Pond, Lethbridge, Ab. Each minnow has bilateral or unilateral exopthalmia associated with infection of myxospore-containing plasmodia of Myxobolus rasmusseni n. sp. Note additional large, whitish lesions located on the anterior epidermal surface of some minnows.

Fig. 9 in A new apheliscine "condylarth" mammal from the late Paleocene of Montana and Alberta and the phylogeny of "hyopsodontids"

Fig. 9. Phylogeny of Apheliscidae. This figure converts a simplified version of the cladogram in Fig. 8B into a phylogenetic tree, incorporating the authors' subjective opinions of the likelihood that certain taxa may be directly ancestral to taxa included in the analysis. The distinctive but poorly known louisinine Monshyus is excluded from this figure, as available material is insufficient to confidently reconstruct its phylogenetic position. Gray bars indicate taxa not included in the analysis that may help complete the record of potential lineages. Biochronology follows Lofgren et al. (2004). Temporal correlations of North American faunal zones follow Williamson (1996), Gingerich (2003), and Lofgren et al. (2004). Correlation of European faunas with North American faunas is largely based on the discussion in Lofgren et al. (2004) and on the correlations of European faunas to the marine record in Smith and Smith (2003).

Fig. 3 in A new apheliscine "condylarth" mammal from the late Paleocene of Montana and Alberta and the phylogeny of "hyopsodontids"

Fig. 3. Upper teeth of Gingerichia geoteretes gen. et sp. nov. from the early Tiffanian Glennie Quarry, Montana, USA. A. Right M1?, UM 54892 in occlusal view. B. Right P4, UM 54891 in occlusal (B1), posterior (B2), and buccal (B3) views.

Fig. 6 in A new apheliscine "condylarth" mammal from the late Paleocene of Montana and Alberta and the phylogeny of "hyopsodontids"

Fig. 6. Comparison of the dentitions of Gingerichia spp. from the early Tiffanian of Montana, USA and Alberta Canada (A–D) and Phenacodaptes sabulosus from the middle Tiffanian of Wyoming (E, F). A–C. Composite upper dentition of Gingerichia spp. in occlusal view. A. G. hystrix, left M2? (reversed), UALVP 43088. B. G. hystrix, right M1?, UALVP 42546. C. G. geoteretes, right P4, UM 54891. D. G. geoteretes, right dentary with p4–m3, UM 84535 in occlusal (D1, reversed) and buccal (D2) views. E. P. sabulosus, left maxilla with P4–M3, YPM:PU 17591 in occlusal view (reversed). F. P. sabulosus, left dentary with c, p2–m3 (p4–m3 shown), YPM:PU 14398 in occlusal (F1) and buccal (F2, reversed) views. Scales bars 5 mm.

Fig. 1 in A new apheliscine "condylarth" mammal from the late Paleocene of Montana and Alberta and the phylogeny of "hyopsodontids"

Fig. 1. Dentaries of Gingerichia geoteretes gen. et sp. nov. from the early Tiffanian Douglass Quarry, Montana, USA. A. Holotype, left p4–m3, UM 83932 in occlusal (A1, stereophotograph) and buccal (A2) views. B. Right p4–m3 (reversed), UM 84535 in occlusal (B1, stereophotograph) and buccal (B2) views.

Fig. 5 in A new apheliscine "condylarth" mammal from the late Paleocene of Montana and Alberta and the phylogeny of "hyopsodontids"

Fig. 5. Upper teeth of Gingerichia hystrix gen. et sp. nov. from the early Tiffanian Cochrane 2 locality, Alberta, Canada. A. Right M1?, UALVP 42546 in occlusal (A1), posterior (A2), and lingual (A3) views. B. Right M1 or M2, UALVP 25063 in buccal view. C. Left M2? (reversed), UALVP 43088 in occlusal view. D. Right M1 or M2, UALVP 43084 in anterior view.

Fig. 8 in A new apheliscine "condylarth" mammal from the late Paleocene of Montana and Alberta and the phylogeny of "hyopsodontids"

Fig. 8. Phylogenetic relationships of "hyopsodontids," mioclaenids, and Aphronorus. A. Results with all characters unordered. B. Results with some characters ordered. In A, black lines represent the strict consensus of six trees, while in B, black lines represent the strict consensus of ten trees. In both trees, the gray line indicates the position of Aphronorus when that taxon is included. In both cases, with Aphronorus included, the number of most parsimonious trees remains the same, while inclusion of Aphronorus does not affect the topology of the remainder of the ingroup. See text for tree statistics. The consensus presented in B is our preferred tree. Named nodes correspond to the new classification proposed in this work.

Fig. 2 in A new apheliscine "condylarth" mammal from the late Paleocene of Montana and Alberta and the phylogeny of "hyopsodontids"

Fig. 2. Lower teeth of Gingerichia geoteretes gen. et sp. nov. from the early Tiffanian Douglass (A, C) and Glennie (B) quarries, both Montana, USA. A. Left m2, UM 84536 in buccal (A1), occlusal (A2), lingual (A3), anterior (A4) and posterior (A5) views. B. Left p4, UM 54890 in buccal (B1), occlusal (B2), and lingual (B3) views. C. Right p2 or p3 (reversed), UM 83937 in buccal (C1), occlusal (C2), and lingual (C3) views.

Fig. 7 in A new apheliscine "condylarth" mammal from the late Paleocene of Montana and Alberta and the phylogeny of "hyopsodontids"

Fig. 7. Comparison of phylogenetically significant dental features in Apheliscidae, Hyopsodus, and other Hyopsodontidae to illustrate the differences between apheliscids and hyopsodontids. A. Litomylus dissentaneus, left m2, USNM 9318 (Torrejonian, Montana, USA). B. Phenacodaptes sabulosus, left m2, YPM:PU 19504 (Tiffanian, Wyoming, USA). C. Aletodon gunnelli, right M2, UM 63307 (Clarkforkian, Wyoming, USA). D. Hyopsodus latidens, left m2, USNM 525587 (Wasatchian, Wyoming, USA). E. Hyopsodus latidens, right M2, USNM 525388 (Wasatchian, Wyoming, USA). F. Choeroclaenus turgidunculus, left m2, USNM 15465 (Puercan, New Mexico, USA). G. Promioclaenus lemuroides, left m2, USNM 407572 (Torrejonian, New Mexico, USA). H. Litaletes disjunctus, right M2, USNM 9324 (Torrejonian, Montana, USA). The left column compares paraconids (asterisk) on left m2 in occlusal (A1, D1, F1) and lingual (A2, D2, F2) views. The D3 represents the oblique anterobuccal view of the tooth figured also in D1 and D2. The paraconid is low and median in apheliscids but tall, lingual, and basally fused with the metaconid in hyopsodontids. The center column compares postentocristids on left m2 in oblique anterobuccal view. The postentocristid is notched between the hypoconulid and entoconid in apheliscids, while it forms a smooth crest between the hypoconulid and entoconid in hyopsodontids. The right column compares the positions of the anterior cingulum (ant. cing.) and posterior cingulum (post. cing.) on right M2 in lingual view. In apheliscids, both cingula arise from the same level on the base of the protocone, while in hyopsodontids, the posterior cingulum arises higher on the protocone than does the anterior cingulum. Scale bars 1 mm.

Linked collectors and determiners for: An annotated list of the Lepidoptera of Alberta, Canada.

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "An annotated list of the Lepidoptera of Alberta, Canada". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/aa97d560-1969-4b79-93bb-2614b7835c0e">https://bionomia.net/dataset/aa97d560-1969-4b79-93bb-2614b7835c0e</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/aa97d560-1969-4b79-93bb-2614b7835c0e">https://gbif.org/dataset/aa97d560-1969-4b79-93bb-2614b7835c0e</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

Linked collectors and determiners for: University of Alberta Freshwater Invertebrate Collection (UAFIC).

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "University of Alberta Freshwater Invertebrate Collection (UAFIC)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/d3aa0bbe-b7f7-47fc-bd82-952c7cb24355">https://bionomia.net/dataset/d3aa0bbe-b7f7-47fc-bd82-952c7cb24355</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/d3aa0bbe-b7f7-47fc-bd82-952c7cb24355">https://gbif.org/dataset/d3aa0bbe-b7f7-47fc-bd82-952c7cb24355</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

Linked collectors and determiners for: University of Alberta E. H. Strickland Entomological Museum (UASM).

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "University of Alberta E. H. Strickland Entomological Museum (UASM)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/8971dfba-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a">https://bionomia.net/dataset/8971dfba-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/8971dfba-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a">https://gbif.org/dataset/8971dfba-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

Linked collectors and determiners for: University of Alberta Museum of Zoology Amphibian and Reptile Collection (UAMZ).

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "University of Alberta Museum of Zoology Amphibian and Reptile Collection (UAMZ)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/88d7437e-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a">https://bionomia.net/dataset/88d7437e-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/88d7437e-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a">https://gbif.org/dataset/88d7437e-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

Linked collectors and determiners for: University of Alberta Museum of Zoology Mammalogy Collection (UAMZ).

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "University of Alberta Museum of Zoology Mammalogy Collection (UAMZ)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/88d5d94e-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a">https://bionomia.net/dataset/88d5d94e-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/88d5d94e-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a">https://gbif.org/dataset/88d5d94e-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

Linked collectors and determiners for: University of Alberta Museum of Zoology Ichthyology Collection (UAMZ).

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "University of Alberta Museum of Zoology Ichthyology Collection (UAMZ)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/84f3b06c-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a">https://bionomia.net/dataset/84f3b06c-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/84f3b06c-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a">https://gbif.org/dataset/84f3b06c-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

Linked collectors and determiners for: University of Alberta Museum of Zoology Ornithology Collection (UAMZ).

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "University of Alberta Museum of Zoology Ornithology Collection (UAMZ)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/84f728be-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a">https://bionomia.net/dataset/84f728be-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/84f728be-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a">https://gbif.org/dataset/84f728be-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.