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100 results for “Aquatic plants”
Data from: Cascading effects of induced terrestrial plant defenses on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem function
Herbivores induce plants to undergo diverse processes that minimize costs to the plant, such as producing defences to deter herbivory or reallocating limited resources to inaccessible portions of the plant. Yet most plant tissue is consumed by decomposers, not herbivores, and these defensive processes aimed to deter herbivores may alter plant tissue even after detachment from the plant. All consumers value nutrients, but plants also require these nutrients for primary functions and defensive processes. We experimentally simulated herbivory with and without nutrient additions on red alder (Alnus rubra), which supplies the majority of leaf litter for many rivers in western North America. Simulated herbivory induced a defence response with cascading effects: terrestrial herbivores and aquatic decomposers fed less on leaves from stressed trees. This effect was context dependent: leaves from fertilized-only trees decomposed most rapidly while leaves from fertilized trees receiving the herbivory treatment decomposed least, suggesting plants funnelled a nutritionally valuable resource into enhanced defence. One component of the defence response was a decrease in leaf nitrogen leading to elevated carbon : nitrogen. Aquatic decomposers prefer leaves naturally low in C : N and this altered nutrient profile largely explains the lower rate of aquatic decomposition. Furthermore, terrestrial soil decomposers were unaffected by either treatment but did show a preference for local and nitrogen-rich leaves. Our study illustrates the ecological implications of terrestrial herbivory and these findings demonstrate that the effects of selection caused by terrestrial herbivory in one ecosystem can indirectly shape the structure of other ecosystems through ecological fluxes across boundaries.
Increased spatial-genetic structure in a population of the clonal aquatic plant Sagittaria latifolia (Alismataceae) following disturbance
<p>The spatial genetic structure (SGS) of plant populations is determined by the outcome of key ecological processes, including pollen and seed dispersal, the intensity of local resource competition among newly recruited plants, and patterns of mortality among established plants. Changes in the magnitude of SGS over time can provide insights into the operation of these processes. We measured SGS in a population of the clonal aquatic plant, <i>Sagittaria latifolia</i> that had been disturbed by flooding, both before and after the flood. . Over the four-year interval between measurements, we found substantial changes in the magnitude of SGS. In the first measurement (pre-flood), SGS was weak, even over short distances. By contrast, there was substantial SGS in the second measurement (post-flood), particularly over short distances. This change in SGS was accompanied by near complete turnover in the genotypic composition of the population. The genotypic richness of the population (the number of unique clones scaled by the sample size) was halved over the four-year interval. The clonal subrange – the distances between shoots within clones – also shrank considerably, with more than 5% of shoots having clone-mates at distances greater than 10 m before the flood, but fewer than 5% of shoots having clone-mates at distances beyond 2 m afterwards. Clonal turnover and the re-establishment of SGS in clonal populations are both expected following local extirpation and recruitment. These data reveal the genetic signatures of disturbance and a subsequent flush of seedling recruitment and subsequent clonal expansion.</p>
Data for: Aphids increase their rate of survival on emergent aquatic plants through niche construction
<p>Flooding or rain is a threat to many insects in nature, and herbivorous invertebrates whose hosts are emergent aquatic plants. They may thus have developed particular adaptations to enable them to withstand the flooding that is a feature of emergent plants' environment. The aphid <em>Hyalopterus</em> <em>pruni</em> (Hemiptera: Aphididae) modifies the physical and chemical conditions of its habitat by periodically spreading wax around itself with its hind legs. This behaviour constitutes a form of niche construction. We hypothesized that the aphid decreases its risk of death of own or around other individuals when submerged in water by spreading wax powder secreted from its body onto the leaves of its host plant <em>Phragmites australis</em>. We compared the hydrophobicity of waxed and normal leaf surfaces. Next, we compared the survival rates of wax-powdering and non-wax-powdering aphids under submerged and rainy conditions in the laboratory and in the field. Finally, we examined whether the aphids' wax powdering behaviour increased as a result of experiencing brief submergence or rain. The surface of the waxed area was significantly more water-repellent than the surface of unwaxed leaves. The waxed areas held bubbles of air when underwater. In experiments, aphids without wax around themselves exhibited lower survival rates: 22.9% in laboratory conditions and 15.7% in field conditions after 48 hours underwater. In contrast, aphids that secreted wax had higher survival rates, with 41.5% and 38.2% under laboratory and field conditions, respectively, after the same duration. Aphids exposed to rainfall showed similar results. Moreover, aphids that had experienced rain or submersion for 24 h engaged in increased wax powdering behaviour. These results indicate that aphids reduce their risk of drowning by powdering secreted wax onto the surface of leaves around them. Our findings suggest that niche construction by herbivorous invertebrates supports their ability to utilise host plants that grow under stressful conditions, such as emergent plants that are subject to periodic inundation.</p>
Supplementary material 2 from: Piria M, Radočaj T, Vilizzi L, Britvec M (2022) Climate change may exacerbate the risk of invasiveness of non-native aquatic plants: the case of the Pannonian and Mediterranean regions of Croatia. In: Giannetto D, Piria M, Tarkan AS, Zięba G (Eds) Recent advancements in the risk screening of freshwater and terrestrial non-native species. NeoBiota 76: 25-52. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.76.83320
Combined AS-ISK report for the 24 non-native aquatic plant species screened for their potential risk of invasiveness in the Pannonian and Mediterranean regions of Croatia.
FIGURE 5. CAPS assay for A in Aetokthonos hydrillicola gen. et sp. nov.: Epiphytic cyanobacteria on invasive aquatic plants implicated in Avian Vacuolar Myelinopathy
FIGURE 5. CAPS assay for A. hydrillicola. RsaI digestion of a PCR-amplified fragment of the16S rRNA gene produces a 247 bp sequence that is diagnostic for the species. At top, the sizes of RsaI digestion products from A. hydrillicola and related cyanobacteria are shown. Lane 1: RsaI digestion products of PCR-amplified DNA from an axenic culture of A. hydrillicola. Lane 2: PCR product from DNA of a field sample. Lane 3: RsaI digestion products of PCR-amplified DNA from a field sample. Arrowheads indicate the size (in base pairs) of the products of PCR and RsaI digestion. M = 100 bp DNA markers. Closed circles = PCR primer binding sites. Open circles = RsaI restriction sites.
FIGURE 1 in Aetokthonos hydrillicola gen. et sp. nov.: Epiphytic cyanobacteria on invasive aquatic plants implicated in Avian Vacuolar Myelinopathy
FIGURE 1. Locations (in order of confirmation) across the Southeastern United States where Aetokthonos hydrillicola, invasive plants (Hydrilla, Egeria, Myriophyllum), and bird deaths from AVM have been confirmed.
FIGURE 7 in Aetokthonos hydrillicola gen. et sp. nov.: Epiphytic cyanobacteria on invasive aquatic plants implicated in Avian Vacuolar Myelinopathy
FIGURE 7. Secondary structure of conserved domains in the 16S-23S ITS of true-branching Aetokthonos and Fischerella. A–C. D1–D1' helix, D–F. Box-B helix, G–I. V3 helix.
FIGURE 6 in Aetokthonos hydrillicola gen. et sp. nov.: Epiphytic cyanobacteria on invasive aquatic plants implicated in Avian Vacuolar Myelinopathy
FIGURE 6. Bayesian Analysis based on alignment of 318 OTU's. Posterior probabilities and bootstrap values from a parsimony analysis of the same alignment are shown above or in close proximity to the nodes that are supported at least at the 50% level. Asterisks (*) indicate 1.00 or 100% support, hyphens (-) indicate unsupported node. Nodes with no support from either analysis have no annotation. The six arrows indicate the clades in the tree consisting of true-branching taxa, and show that the former concept of Stigonematales or Section V
FIGURE 3 in Aetokthonos hydrillicola gen. et sp. nov.: Epiphytic cyanobacteria on invasive aquatic plants implicated in Avian Vacuolar Myelinopathy
FIGURE 3. Electron Microscope views of Aetokthonos hydrillicola. A–C. Scanning electron microscope views showing dehiscent apical caps (white arrows). D. Cells embedded in firm, thick, mucilage. Dark inclusions are likely cyanophycin bodies. E. Dehiscent apical cell showing initiation of dehiscence. F. Four thylakoids with characteristic electron dense and electron light areas, with dark areas associated with thylakoids representing phycobilisomes. G. Cell showing characteristic thylakoids, arrowed thylakoids shown at greater magnitude in Fig. 3F. H. High magnification views of cyanophycin and polyphosphate bodies.
FIGURE 2 in Aetokthonos hydrillicola gen. et sp. nov.: Epiphytic cyanobacteria on invasive aquatic plants implicated in Avian Vacuolar Myelinopathy
FIGURE 2. Light microscope views of Aetokthonos hydrillicola. A. Fluorescence microscopy of A. hydrillicola on leaf of Hydrilla, scale = 100 μm. B. Fluorescence microscopy of thallus morphology in culture, scale = 100 μm. C–D. Fluorescence microscopy of branching filaments, arrows show hormogonia production in sheath, Scale = 10 μm. E. Thallus showing apical caps (black arrow) and thick-walled enlarged cells possibly functioning as akinetes (white arrow), scale = 10 μm. F–G. Thallus showing typical branching pattern and dehiscent apical cells (hormocytes?) (arrows), scale=10 μm.
Figure 5 in Aquatic flies (Diptera) in phytotelmata of Neotropical Zingiberales plants
Figure 5. Pie charts depicting and comparing the percent occurrence of aquatic Diptera families from Zingiberales phytotelmata for Costa Rica in our study and published studies.
Figure 6 in Aquatic flies (Diptera) in phytotelmata of Neotropical Zingiberales plants
Figure 6. Pie charts depicting and comparing the percent occurrence of aquatic Diptera families from Zingiberales phytotelmata for Peru in our study and published studies.
Figure 2 in Aquatic flies (Diptera) in phytotelmata of Neotropical Zingiberales plants
Figure 2. Representative phytotelmata habitats for this study: (a) entire plant, leaves and flowers, Heliconia stricta Huber (b) leaf roll, Heliconia L., Trinidad, lateral view (photo: C.S. Chaboo); (c) leaf roll phytotelmata, Heliconia, dorsal view (photo: C.S. Chaboo) (d) flower, Heliconia rostrata Ruiz & Pavon (e) flower bract phytotelmata, Heliconia stricta Huber (photo: T. Förster); (f) dissected leaf bract, Heliconia, Trinidad, with an extremely flattened larva of a Cassidinae beetle at right (photo: C.S. Chaboo).
Figure 3 in Aquatic flies (Diptera) in phytotelmata of Neotropical Zingiberales plants
Figure 3. Pie charts depicting the relative abundance of Diptera families (620 individuals) collected and identified from Zingiberales phytotelmata in Costa Rica and Peru.
Figure 4 in Aquatic flies (Diptera) in phytotelmata of Neotropical Zingiberales plants
Figure 4. Dendrogram of a hierarchical cluster analysis using Ward's method and Euclidian distances (cophenetic correlation coefficient = 0.81). The cluster analysis represents similarity between communities and community relationships between samples of aquatic Diptera collected from phytotelmata in Costa Rica and Peru. Each sample has been coded to provide information on sample sites such that: CR = Costa Rica, PR = Peru, Ccapitata = Calathea capitata (Ruiz & Pav.) Lindl., Hrobusta = Heliconia robusta Pax, Hrostrata = Heliconia rostrata Ruiz & Pavon, Htortuosa = Heliconia tortuosa Griggs, Hstricta = Heliconia stricta Huber, HYunilateralis = Hylaeanthe unilateralis (Poepp. and Endl.), Renealmia = Renealmia L.f. sp., Zing = Zingiberaceae, MRBN = Monteverde Reserve Bosque Nuboso, MRBNS = Monteverde Reserve Bosque Nuboso: Sendero Camino, MRBNT = Monteverde Reserve Bosque Nuboso: Tosi Tr before Chomogo, VCBS = Villa Carmen Biological Station, A2- 6 = different phytotelmata habitats within a single plant, B1- 6 = different phytotelmata habitats within a single plant. Plants were collected within flower bracts unless denoted by an LR = leaf roll.
Figure 1 in Aquatic flies (Diptera) in phytotelmata of Neotropical Zingiberales plants
Figure 1. Zingiberales host plants of this study: (a) Calathea capitata (Ruiz & Pav.) Lindl. (b) Heliconia robusta Pax, Peru (photo: T. Förster); (c) Heliconia rostrata Ruiz & Pavon, Peru (photo: T. Förster); (d) Heliconia stricta Huber (photo: photo: T. Förster); (e) Heliconia tortuosa Griggs, Costa Rica (photo: C.S. Chaboo); (f) Hylaeanthe unilateralis (Poepp. & Endl.) A.M.E. Jonker & Jonker (photo: T. Förster); and (g) Renealmia L.f. sp. (photo: T. Förster).
Fig. 3 in Validation and uncertainty estimation of analytical method for quantification of phytochelatins in aquatic plants by UPLC-MS
Fig. 3. Contribution of the sources (%) to the total uncertainty for the quantification of GSH and PCs in the L. gibba.
Fig. 1. a in Validation and uncertainty estimation of analytical method for quantification of phytochelatins in aquatic plants by UPLC-MS
Fig. 1. a) Total ion chromatogram (TIC) for the L. gibba sample, b) Extracted ion chromatogram of GSH and PCs from the TIC of L. gibba, c) Extracted ion chromatogram of GSH and PCs from the standard solution at 10 μg mL 1.
Fig. 2 in Validation and uncertainty estimation of analytical method for quantification of phytochelatins in aquatic plants by UPLC-MS
Fig. 2. Ishikawa diagram representing the main sources of uncertainties for measuring GSH and PC concentration in aquatic plants.
Data from: Genetic uniformity characterizes the invasive spread of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), a clonal aquatic plant
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