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openCC0Jul 2024View details →

Seasonal and annual summary statistics of urbanization, vegetation, land surface temperature, and bioclimatic variables derived from remotely-sensed imagery in areas surrounding long-term bird monitoring locations in the greater Phoenix, Arizona, USA metropolitan area (1997-2023)

This data package consists of 26 years (1998-2023) of environmental data and 22 years (2000-2022) years of bioclimatic data associated with CAP-LTER long-term point-count bird censusing sites (https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/4777d7f0a899f506d6d4f9b5d535ba09), temporally aggregated by year and by four meteorological seasons (Winter, Spring, Summer, Fall). The environmental variables include land surface temperature (LST), three spectral indices of vegetation and water – the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), and modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) – and four spectral indices of impervious surface/urbanization. Impervious surface indices include the normalized difference built-up index (NDBI), the normalized difference impervious surface index (NDISI), the enhanced normalized differences impervious surface index (ENDISI), and the normalized impervious surface index (NISI). LST and all spectral indices were derived from annual and seasonal composites of 30-m resolution Landsat 5-9 Level-2 Surface Reflectance imagery. The seven bioclimatic variables (e.g., air temperature, precipitation) were sourced from 1-km resolution gridded estimates of daily climatic data from NASA Daymet V4. We created temporally-aggregated Daymet raster images by calculating mean pixel-values for each season and year, as well as seasonally and annually summed precipitation. We summarized the values of each environmental variable by generating variously-sized (100-m, 500-m, 1000-m) buffers around each bird point count location and extracting weighted mean values of each environmental variable, with each pixel's values weighted by the proportion of its area falling within the buffer. All imagery retrieval and data processing were completed with Google Earth Engine (Gorelick et al. 2017) and program R. A complete description of data processing methods, including the aggregation of imagery by year and season and the calculation of s

openCC0Sep 2024View details →

Seasonal and annual vegetation surveys of wetlands along the Salt River in and near the greater metropolitan area of Phoenix, Arizona

The Salt River Biodiversity Project collects vegetation data in several urban wetlands across the Phoenix area (Arizona) along the historic channel of the Salt River. This study, along with bird and reptile monitoring (Bateman and Childers 2022, Bateman and Warren 2022), began in 2012. These biodiversity monitoring initiatives help understand how community composition, biodiversity, and ecosystem structure are changing as a result of pressures such as urbanization, climate change, and land management decisions. This dataset contains vegetation assessments from 2012 as well as a reassessment ten years later (2022 and 2023). Bateman, H. and D. Childers. 2022. Long-term monitoring of herpetofauna along the Salt and Gila Rivers in and near the greater Phoenix metropolitan area, ongoing since 2012 ver 8. Environmental Data Initiative. <https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/3cc81cce91185cdeeded320c4a3528df> Accessed 2024-09-11. Bateman, H. and P. Warren. 2022. Point-count bird censusing: long-term monitoring of bird abundance and diversity along the Salt River in the greater Phoenix metropolitan area, ongoing since 2013 ver 8. Environmental Data Initiative. <https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/070c0bec46e1336684c534f9a4034334> Accessed 2024-09-11.

openCC0Nov 2024View details →

Long-term composited Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) for the greater Phoenix, Arizona, USA, metropolitan area and the surrounding Sonoran desert derived from annual and seasonal Landsat imagery, 1998 to 2023

Abstract ======== This data package consists of multiple decades of modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) raster data across the Central Arizona-Phoenix Long-Term Ecological Research (CAP LTER) study area within metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona (USA), temporally aggregated by year and by four meteorological seasons (Winter, Spring, Summer, Fall). By providing a metric by which to reliably identify bodies of open water, these MNDWI data are intended to facilitate analyses of land-based environmental variables (e.g., urbanization, vegetation, land surface temperature) and can also be used to track long-term and seasonal change in the coarse extent of open water as a land-cover type. MNDWI was derived, following the methods of Xu (2006), from annual and seasonal composites of 30-m resolution Landsat 5-9 Level-2 Surface Reflectance imagery. All imagery retrieval and data processing were completed with Google Earth Engine (Gorelick et al. 2017) and program R. A complete description of data processing methods, including the aggregation of imagery by year and season and the calculation of the spectral index, can be found in the data package metadata (see \'Methods and Protocols\') and accompanying Javascript code. **Citations:** - Gorelick N, Hancher M, Dixon M, et al. (2017) Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone. Remote Sensing of Environment 202:18--27. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.06.031> - Xu, H. (2006). Modification of normalised difference water index (NDWI) to enhance open water features in remotely sensed imagery. *International Journal of Remote Sensing*, *27*(14), 3025--3033. <https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160600589179>

openCC0Feb 2025View details →

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations in downtown Phoenix, Arizona (USA) on August 20, 2024

This dataset contains a collection of estimated particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations for downtown Phoenix, Arizona (USA), on a typical summer day (August 20, 2024) at three critical times of day (7 a.m., 1 p.m., and 5 p.m.). The 100-m resolution estimates were generated using a pre-trained support vector regression model. This dataset can inform public health interventions related to air quality.

openCC0Feb 2025View details →

Mean radiant temperature along a common route for people experiencing homelessness in downtown Phoenix, Arizona (USA) on August 20, 2024

This tabular dataset contains mean radiant temperature (Tmrt) measurements collected using MaRTy, a mobile biometeorological, along a route frequently traveled by people experiencing homelessness in downtown Phoenix, Arizona (USA). It includes Tmrt, air temperature (Tair), relative humidity (RH), wind speed, and wind direction at pedestrian height at 2-second intervals for a typical summer day (August 20, 2024; peak air temperature of 43.3 degrees Celsius) at 0700, 1300, and 1700 (local times). This dataset can inform heat mitigation strategies for vulnerable populations in Phoenix.

zenodo48/100

Co-registered U. Arizona HiRISE DTM and ORI over Sakarya Vallis, Gale Crater, Mars

Local digital terrain model (DTM) and orthorectified image (ORI) of Sakarya Vallis, west of Aeolis Mons in Gale crater, Mars. The DTM was originally processed by the University of Arizona (DTEEC_006855_1750_007501_1750_A01, https://www.uahirise.org/dtm/dtm.php?ID=PSP_006855_1750); this product is co-registered to CTX DTMs which were themselves co-registered to HRSC DTMs (Persaud et al. 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5808357) using Ames Stereo Pipeline. The ORI was processed using Ames Stereo Pipeline and adjusted with GDAL. Format: GeoTiff Projection: Equidistant cylindrical Datum: Spheroid (r = 3396.190 km) Bit depth: Float32 DTM grid-spacing: 1 m/pixel ORI resolution: 0.25 m/pixel Stereo pairs (from University of Arizona): PSP_006855_1750_RED, PSP_007501_1750_RED <ul> </ul> Image ID of the ORI: PSP_007501_1750_RED

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

openCC0Jun 2022View details →

Food-chain length in desert streams of central and southern Arizona, USA

## overview Food chain length (FCL) is a key measure of the vertical structure of food webs that determines energy flow through ecosystems, carbon exchange between freshwater ecosystems and the atmosphere, and rates of nutrient cycling. FCL also has a strong bearing on the biomass of green plants in ecosystems and hence on water quality in aquatic ecosystems. Broad-scale syntheses of controls on FCL in stream ecosystems indicate that FCL declines with discharge variation but, counter to theory, does not vary significantly with energy supply. The mechanisms linking discharge and energy to FCL are largely unresolved in streams. We propose that lack of a relationship between energy supply and FCL may be due to variation in efficiency of energy transfer caused by constraints of food quality, or to a temporal mismatch between measures of energy inputs and FCL. Alternatively, the effects of flow variation on FCL may simply be paramount to energy supply, but potential mechanisms linking flow to FCL remain untested. Regime shifts—punctuated change between strings of high- and low-flow events—may cause comprehensive faunal replacement across trophic levels and collapse of the vertical structure of food webs. FCL may change as a result of loss (or gain) of an apex predator, or as a result of changes in feeding relationships leading to apex predators that eat higher on the food chain. Finally, flow variation may indirectly influence FCL through inputs of limiting nutrients during floods. In desert streams, algae typically provide the primary source of energy, and algal production is limited by nitrogen (N). N loading from terrestrial ecosystems is strongly related to flow variation, particularly to the inter-flood interval (IFI) or duration of baseflow between floods. Long IFI leads to larger N pulses and potentially greater net ecosystem production (NEP), thereby providing an indirect effect of flow variation on FCL. Specific aims of the research include: 1) Quantify the effe

openCustomSep 2021View details →

Ecological Survey of Central Arizona: a survey of key ecological indicators in parcels of residential areas in the greater Phoenix metropolitan area, ongoing since 2010 (Reformatted to the ecocomDP Design Pattern)

This data package is formatted as an ecocomDP (Ecological Community Data Pattern). For more information on ecocomDP see https://github.com/EDIorg/ecocomDP. This Level 1 data package was derived from the Level 0 data package found here: https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/metadata/eml/knb-lter-cap/653/2. The abstract below was extracted from the Level 0 data package and is included for context: The Ecological Survey of Central Arizona (ESCA) is an extensive field survey and integrated inventory designed to capture key ecological indicators of the CAP LTER study area consisting of the urbanized, suburbanized, and agricultural areas of metropolitan Phoenix, and the surrounding Sonoran desert. The survey is conducted every five years at approximately 200 sample plots (30m x 30m) that were located randomly using a tessellation-stratified dual-density sampling design. Study plots cover habitats throughout the CAP LTER study area ranging from native Sonoran desert sites to residential yards to an airport tarmac. In 2010, the survey was expanded to include an assessment of residential parcels overlapping the survey plot at sites in residential areas. Many of the same variables that are measured in the 30m x 30m survey plot are measured in the parcel, including an inventory of perennial plants, and the biovolume of trees. In addition, a detailed assessment of characteristics of the parcel is performed. Investigators interested in data from the broader Ecological Survey of Central Arizona that includes all survey plots should should search the data catalog for 'ecological survey of central arizona' or 'survey 200' to locate those and other data related to the CAP LTER's ESCA.

openCC0Mar 2025View details →

Arizona Motus Prioritization Tool Data

Addressing survival and movement of priority migratory avian species of concern along the Pacific Flyway is paramount for their conservation. Yet, the migratory life stage is understudied in many avian species. The Motus radiotelemetry receiver network is an established system for tracking survival and movement of avian species. This network is an international collaborative that successfully identifies stopover site duration, connected migratory routes, post-fledging dispersal and survival, and adult survival and fidelity on a landscape-scale; parameters that cannot be easily estimated using non-tagged birds. While the Motus network is highly connected in eastern North America, the western part of the continent is lagging in coverage and connectivity, limiting the ability to obtain sample sizes large enough to robustly model demographic parameters from tagged birds. Thus, the expansion of the Motus network is a high priority for Pacific Flyway State Agencies. To date, no method exists for determining priority locations for new Motus receiving stations. With collaborations from States and the Canadian Province of British Columbia, we used eBird citizen scientist data to prioritize strategic locations for new Motus receiving stations throughout the Pacific Flyway. We model priority species’ co-occupancy of varying abundance states (i.e., absent, present, abundant, abundant in multiple weeks) with spatially varying Landsat (red and near infrared), water, land cover types, and weather covariates while accounting for variable detection with temporally varying survey effort covariates. Using occupancy model predictions, we identify high-use areas of the Pacific Flyway for establishing new Motus receiving towers that have high probabilities of intercepting high presence and /or abundance of multiple species of interest in a series of predictive occupancy maps. This package contains all the necessary files to recreate the data analysis, print out maps based on predictions

openCustomSep 2021View details →

Ecological Survey of Central Arizona: a survey of key ecological indicators in the greater Phoenix metropolitan area and surrounding Sonoran desert, ongoing since 1999 (Reformatted to the ecocomDP Design Pattern)

This data package is formatted as an ecocomDP (Ecological Community Data Pattern). For more information on ecocomDP see https://github.com/EDIorg/ecocomDP. This Level 1 data package was derived from the Level 0 data package found here: https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/metadata/eml/knb-lter-cap/652/3. The abstract below was extracted from the Level 0 data package and is included for context: The Ecological Survey of Central Arizona (ESCA) is an extensive field survey and integrated inventory designed to capture key ecological indicators of the CAP LTER study area consisting of the urbanized, suburbanized, and agricultural areas of metropolitan Phoenix, and the surrounding Sonoran desert. The survey, formerly known as the survey 200 and renamed to ESCA in 2015, is conducted every five years at approximately 200 sample plots (30m x 30m) that were located randomly using a tessellation-stratified dual-density sampling design. Study plots cover habitats throughout the CAP LTER study area ranging from native Sonoran desert sites to residential yards to an airport tarmac. Measurements include an inventory of all plants (identified to the lowest possible taxonomic unit, typically species), plant biovolume, soil coring for physicochemical properties, arthropod sweep-net sampling, photo documentation, and a visual survey of site and area characteristics. The objectives of the survey are to (1) characterize patches in terms of key biotic, physical, and chemical variables, and (2) examine relationships among land use, general plant diversity, native plant diversity, plant biovolume, soil nutrient status, and social-economic indices along an indirect urban gradient. A pilot survey was conducted in 1999, and the first full ESCA was conducted in 2000. The maiden survey in 2000 featured a suite of measurements that were not assessed in later surveys, including data from a portable weather station set up during the field survey at each location, organic matter decomposition, pollen,

openCC0Apr 2020View details →

Public Transit Infrastructure and Heat Perceptions in Hot and Dry Climates (June-July, 2018; Phoenix, Arizona, USA)

Increasing the use of public transit is an important sustainability goal targeted by many cities worldwide. However, cities in hot and warming climates risk to compromise residents’ health and thermal comfort by incentivizing public transit use and, thus, subjecting them to prolonged heat exposure. This dataset contains data collected during a study on the relationships between public transit infrastructures, microclimate and heat perceptions in the hot and dry city of Phoenix, Arizona. A field campaign at six Phoenix bus stops was held between June 6 and July 27, 2018. Filed campaign consisted of surveying bus riders at bus stops and measuring microclimate variables at sun exposed and shaded locations at bus stops. Standard, advertising and art bus stop types along an arterial Phoenix road in South Mountain Village neighborhood were sampled. Standard and advertising bus stop shelters were metal with no landscaping, art stops had a larger polycarbonate canopy, integrated artwork, trees and landscaping features. Eighty-three participants filled out the survey, 241 microclimate measurements and 1003 surface temperatures at bus stops were taken. Data were collected at three intervals: 7:00-9:00am, 12:00-2:00pm, and 3:00-5:00pm. Differences between sun and shade, as well as heat perceptions were analyzed using statistical methods. The research team has found that certain infrastructure types are more effective in reducing particular microclimate variables, for instance, trees were most effective in reducing air temperature by as much as 1.3°C on average, and shade from vertical advertising sign was most effective in reducing mean radiant temperature by an average of 11°C. Many surface temperatures of sun exposed materials sampled at bus stops exceeded skin burn thresholds. Study participants perceived stops with improved infrastructure and landscaping as slightly cooler. Data collected in this study gives a glimpse of current microclimate conditions at Phoenix bus stops

openCC0Feb 2021View details →

Hohokam canals as multi-use facilities: Pre-historic canal system in the central Arizona-Phoenix metropolitan area

This is the digitized version of a map of the Hohokam canal system in what is now the Phoenix metropolitan area. It is based on the thesis research by J. B. Howard (Howard, J. (1990). Paleohydraulics : techniques for modeling the operation and growth of prehistoric canal systems. Thesis (M.A.)--Arizona State University, 1990). The original paper map is based on previous archaeological data, overlayed onto USGS 7.5 minute quadrangle maps to recreate the canal pattern.

openCC0Apr 2022View details →

Long-term monitoring of wet, dry, and bulk atmospheric deposition in central Arizona-Phoenix, ongoing since 1999

The aims of this study are to examine (1) the magnitude and spatial variability in the concentration and flux of wet deposited major ions (NO3-N, NH4-N, DOC, PO4-P, Cl, SO4, H+, Ca, Mg, Na, K) across the greater Phoenix metropolitan area, including the developed urban core and outlying desert, and (2) patterns of coarse dry particulate deposition across stated area and provide some minimum estimates on levels of dry deposition of these ions. This study was designed particularly to answer the question: 'To what extent are concentrations and fluxes of these ions enhanced at sites within the urban core relative to undeveloped desert sites upwind and downwind of the city?'. At the outset, the project featured eight wet-dry collectors positioned spatially so as to form a transect running approximately west-to-east across the central Arizona region from outlying desert to the west, upwind of the prevailing synoptic wind direction, through agriculture to urban core sites, and, finally, to two downwind sites in the desert to the east and northeast. As much as possible, these collectors were co-located with Maricopa County or Arizona Department of Environmental Quality monitoring stations. Monitoring at most sampling locations ran from 1999 through the mid-2000s when sampling was discontinued at several sites. Sampling continued at the Lost Dutchman State Park, also a Desert Fertilization experiment site with a focus on atmospheric deposition, through 2016. Sampling continues at a site on the Arizona State University Tempe campus that was added to the program in 2009.

Modeled dry deposition flux of nitrogen (NO) in central Arizona, USA (1998)

The role of urban vegetation on NOx-derived dry deposition fluxes was investigated for the arid Phoenix (Arizona, USA) metropolitan area using the Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) (9-13 June 1998). A new land cover classification and updated land cover data were introduced in the model to account for spatial extent and heterogeneity of urban land cover. Adjustments were made in the deposition velocity calculations to consider the adaptation of local plants to the environmental conditions of Central Arizona. According to the simulations 25 % of the NOx derived dry deposition fluxes in the urban area were deposited on vegetation. When urban vegetation was excluded from the simulations NO2 deposition was reduced by 57 % because of the significantly lower deposition velocities of impervious compared to vegetated surfaces; nitric acid deposition was relatively unchanged. Using a diagnostic model with input data from urban air quality monitoring sites, hourly NO and NO2 dry N deposition fluxes were simulated for the entire year 1998 to ~6 kg ha-1 yr-1. Dry deposition declined during the summer months, due to lower pollutant concentrations and temperature-induced closure of the plant stomata during afternoon hours.

Modeled dry deposition flux of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in central Arizona, USA (1998)

Modeled dry deposition flux of nitrogen (HNO3) in central Arizona, USA (1998)

Modeled dry deposition flux of total nitrogen in central Arizona, USA (1998)

openCC0Jul 2020View details →

Macroinvertebrate collections following floods in Sycamore Creek, Arizona, USA 1985-1999

The primary objective of this project is to understand how long-term climate variability influences the structure and function of desert streams. Climate and hydrology are intimately linked in arid landscapes; for this reason, desert streams are particularly well suited for both observing and understanding the consequences of climate variability and directional change. Arid regions are characterized by high interannual variation in precipitation, and these climate patterns drive the overall disturbance regime (in terms of flooding and drying) and nutrient status of desert stream ecosystems. At long time scales, the number and size of floods in a given year or cluster of years dictate nutrient delivery to streams from the surrounding catchment, and also influence the biogeomorphic structure of the stream-riparian corridor. Embedded within this decadal-scale hydrologic regime, flash floods scour stream channels and initiate a series of rapid successional changes by benthic algae and macroinvertebrates at short time scales (i.e., within a year). An important goal of this research is to determine how recovery following discrete events is influenced by both stream nutrient status and channel structure and to thus better understand how long-term climate variability and change guide the interactions among slow (biogeomorphic change) and fast (post-flood succession) features and processes characteristic of desert stream ecosystems.

openCC0May 2024View details →

Long-term record of streamwater chemistry in Sycamore Creek, Arizona, USA (1977-1999)

The primary objective of this project is to understand how long-term climate variability and change influence the structure and function of desert streams via effects on hydrologic disturbance regimes. Climate and hydrology are intimately linked in arid landscapes; for this reason, desert streams are particularly well suited for both observing and understanding the consequences of climate variability and directional change. Researchers try to (1) determine how climate variability and change over multiple years influence stream biogeomorphic structure (i.e., prevalence and persistence of wetland and gravel-bed ecosystem states) via their influence on factors that control vegetation biomass, and (2) compare interannual variability in within-year successional patterns in ecosystem processes and community structure of primary producers and consumers of two contrasting reach types (wetland and gravel-bed stream reaches). This specific dataset was collected to monitor long-term changes in dissolved nutrient concentrations (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus) and other water-quality parameters by sampling surface water.