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232 results for “Australasia”
FIGURE 3 in Whartonstigma subgen. nov., a new subgenus of the genus Orthostigma Ratzeburg 1844 from Australasia (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Alysiinae)
FIGURE 3. Mesoscutum in dorsal view. A. Notauli well developed dorsally and almost complete [Orthostigma (Patrisaspilota) glabrifaciale (Fischer, 2010)]. B. Notauli absent dorsally on most part of mesoscutum [O. (Papuastigma) papuae sp. nov.].
FIGURE 2. Fore wing. A. Vein 2 in Whartonstigma subgen. nov., a new subgenus of the genus Orthostigma Ratzeburg 1844 from Australasia (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Alysiinae)
FIGURE 2. Fore wing. A. Vein 2-SR present [Orthostigma (Orthostigma) mandibulare (Tobias, 1962)]. B. Vein 2-SR absent [Orthostigma (Papuastigma) papuae sp. nov.].
Data from: Inflation of molecular clock rates and dates: molecular phylogenetics, biogeography, and diversification of a global cicada radiation from Australasia (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini)
Dated phylogenetic trees are important for studying mechanisms of diversification, and molecular clocks are important tools for studies of organisms lacking good fossil records. However, studies have begun to identify problems in molecular clock dates caused by uncertainty of the modeled molecular substitution process. Here we explore Bayesian relaxed-clock molecular dating while studying the biogeography of ca. 200 species from the global cicada tribe Cicadettini. Because the available fossils are few and uninformative, we calibrate our trees in part with a cytochrome oxidase I (COI) clock prior encompassing a range of literature estimates for arthropods. We show that tribe-level analyses calibrated solely with the COI clock recover extremely old dates that conflict with published estimates for two well-studied New Zealand subclades within Cicadettini. Additional subclade analyses suggest that COI relaxed-clock rates and maximum-likelihood branch lengths become inflated relative to EF-1α intron and exon rates and branch lengths as clade age increases. We present corrected estimates derived from (1) an extrapolated EF-1α exon clock derived from COI-calibrated analysis within the largest New Zealand subclade, (2) post-hoc scaling of the tribe-level chronogram using results from subclade analyses, and (3) exploitation of a geological calibration point associated with New Caledonia. We caution that considerable uncertainty is generated due to dependence of substitution estimates on both the taxon sample and the choice of model, including gamma category number and the choice of empirical versus estimated base frequencies. Our results suggest that diversification of the tribe Cicadettini commenced in the early- to mid-Cenozoic and continued with the development of open, arid habitats in Australia and worldwide. We find that Cicadettini is a rare example of a global terrestrial animal group with an Australasian origin, with all non-Australasian genera belonging to two distal clades. Within Australia, we show that Cicadettini is more widely distributed than any other cicada tribe, diverse in temperate, arid and monsoonal habitats, and nearly absent from rainforests. We comment on the taxonomic implications of our findings for thirteen cicada genera.
Data from: Out of Africa: the slow train to Australasia
We used mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences to test biogeographic hypotheses for Patiriella exigua (Asterinidae), one of the world's most widespread coastal sea stars. This small intertidal species has an entirely benthic life history and yet occurs in southern temperate waters of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. Despite its abundance around southern Africa, southeastern Australia, and several oceanic islands, P. exigua is absent from the shores of Western Australia, New Zealand, and South America. Phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA sequences (cytochrome oxidase I, control region) indicates that South Africa houses an assemblage of P. exigua that is not monophyletic (P = 0.04), whereas Australian and Lord Howe Island specimens form an interior monophyletic group. The placement of the root in Africa and small genetic divergences between eastern African and Australian haplotypes strongly suggest Pleistocene dispersal eastward across the Indian Ocean. Dispersal was probably achieved by rafting on wood or macroalgae, which was facilitated by the West Wind Drift. Genetic data also support Pleistocene colonization of oceanic islands (Lord Howe Island, Amsterdam Island, St. Helena). Although many biogeographers have speculated about the role of long-distance rafting, this study is one of the first to provide convincing evidence. The marked phylogeographic structure evident across small geographic scales in Australia and South Africa indicates that gene flow among populations may be generally insufficient to prevent the local evolution of monophyly. We suggest that P. exigua may rely on passive mechanisms of dispersal.
FIGURE 22 in Water mite species of the genus Hydrodroma Koch (Acari: Hydrachnidia, Hydrodromidae) from Australasia. Part I
FIGURE 22. Discriminant function analysis. Scatter plots of discriminant scores of individual specimens.
FIGURES 18–20 in Water mite species of the genus Hydrodroma Koch (Acari: Hydrachnidia, Hydrodromidae) from Australasia. Part I
FIGURES 18–20. Genital field: 18, H. kununurra sp. nov.; 19, H. australis sp. nov.; 20, H. kakadu sp. nov. Scale Bar = 100 µm.
FIGURES 14–17 in Water mite species of the genus Hydrodroma Koch (Acari: Hydrachnidia, Hydrodromidae) from Australasia. Part I
FIGURES 14–17. Hydrodroma kakadu sp. nov., male holotype (Northern Teritory, Plunge Poool Gunlom): 14, coxal and genital field; 15, genital field; 16, palp, mediel view; 17, capitulum. Scale Bars = 100 µm.
FIGURES 1–5 in Water mite species of the genus Hydrodroma Koch (Acari: Hydrachnidia, Hydrodromidae) from Australasia. Part I
FIGURES 1–5. Hydrodroma kununurra sp. nov., male holotype, WA Kununurra Lake: 1, coxal and genital field; 2, genital field; 3, palp, mediel view; 4, palp, lateral view; 5, capitulum. Scale Bars = 100 µm.
FIGURES 10–13 in Water mite species of the genus Hydrodroma Koch (Acari: Hydrachnidia, Hydrodromidae) from Australasia. Part I
FIGURES 10–13. Hydrodroma australis sp. nov., male holotype (WA Moore River): 10, coxal and genital field; 11, genital field; 12, palp, medial view; 13, capitulum. Scale Bars = 100 µm.
FIGURES 6–9. 6–8 in Water mite species of the genus Hydrodroma Koch (Acari: Hydrachnidia, Hydrodromidae) from Australasia. Part I
FIGURES 6–9. 6–8. Hydrodroma pilosa Besseling, male (from Markova Bara pool, Cetinje, Montenegro): 6, palp, mediel view and capitulum; 7, palp, lateral view; 8, I–L; 9 Hydrodroma kununurra sp. nov., male holotype: 9, I–L. Scale Bars = 100 µm
FIGURE 21 in Redescription and generic placement of the spider Cryptachaea gigantipes (Keyserling, 1890) (Araneae: Theridiidae) and notes on related synanthropic species in Australasia
FIGURE 21. Map of locations from which Cryptachaea gigantipes (Keyserling, 1890) were examined. Black circles are locations of specimens examined for morphology and white circles are specimens sampled for molecular analyses. The historical record of Hogg (1900) from Macedon, Victoria, is shown as a black square.
FIGURES 17–20 in Redescription and generic placement of the spider Cryptachaea gigantipes (Keyserling, 1890) (Araneae: Theridiidae) and notes on related synanthropic species in Australasia
FIGURES 17–20. Cryptachaea gigantipes (Keyserling, 1890), female genitalia. 17. Ventral view; 18. Lateral view; 19. Posterior view, entry point of copulatory duct indicated, note entry on other side appears to be blocked by hardened bead of exudate; 20. Dorsal view (internal genitalia). Scale bars = 0.2 mm. Abbreviations: CD, copulatory duct; FD, fertilisation duct; S, spermatheca.
FIGURES 6–10 in Redescription and generic placement of the spider Cryptachaea gigantipes (Keyserling, 1890) (Araneae: Theridiidae) and notes on related synanthropic species in Australasia
FIGURES 6–10. Cryptachaea gigantipes (Keyserling, 1890). 6. Male caput and chelicerae, anterolateral; 7. Male left pedipalp, prolateral, showing cymbial hood; 8. Female eyes and chelicerae, frontal; 9. Male mouthparts and sternum, ventral; 10. Female, ditto. Scale bars, Fig. 7 = 0.1 mm, others = 0.5 mm. Abbreviation: Hd, cymbial hood.
FIGURES 2–5 in Redescription and generic placement of the spider Cryptachaea gigantipes (Keyserling, 1890) (Araneae: Theridiidae) and notes on related synanthropic species in Australasia
FIGURES 2–5. Cryptachaea gigantipes (Keyserling, 1890). 2. Habitus of male (St. Peters, Sydney); 3. Female guarding emerging spiderlings (Coburg, Melbourne); 4. Female with egg sac 27 Sept 2011 (Coburg, Melbourne); 5. Same female, 13 November; spiderlings emerged from first egg sac are nearby in female's web, a recently completed egg sac hangs behind remains of first. Photos 3–5 by Wendy Moore, used with permission.
FIGURE 1 in Redescription and generic placement of the spider Cryptachaea gigantipes (Keyserling, 1890) (Araneae: Theridiidae) and notes on related synanthropic species in Australasia
FIGURE 1. Bayesian consensus tree based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) sequence data. Values on branches are posterior probabilities. Haplotype codes are listed in Table 1. Branch lengths are proportional to the expected number of substitutions per site (see scale bar). Abbreviations (Australia): NSW, New South Wales; QLD, Queensland; TAS, Tasmania; VIC, Victoria. Abbreviations (New Zealand): AK, Auckland; BP, Bay of Plenty; KE, Kermadec Islands; MC, Mid Canterbury; ND, Northland; WN, Wellington; WO, Waikato. New Zealand area codes follow Crosby et al. (1998).
FIGURES 11–16 in Redescription and generic placement of the spider Cryptachaea gigantipes (Keyserling, 1890) (Araneae: Theridiidae) and notes on related synanthropic species in Australasia
FIGURES 11–16. Male genitalia of Cryptachaea species. 11–13. Cryptachaea gigantipes (Keyserling, 1890), left pedipalp in prolateral, ventral and retrolateral views; 14. Ditto, expanded, prolateral; 15. Ditto, median apophysis and embolus, proapical view; 16. Cryptachaea veruculata (Urquhart, 1886), left pedipalp expanded, prolateral. Scale bars = 0.2 mm. Abbreviations: C, conductor; Cy, cymbium; E, embolus; L, lobe; MA, median apophysis; MS, MA sclerotised process; Po, pouch in conductor; ST, subtegulum; T, tegulum; Tb, trichobothria; TO, tarsal organ.
FIGURE 10. A–E. Procorticacarus septentrionalis n in The water mite genus Procorticacarus K. O. Viets in Australasia (Acari: Hydrachnidia, Hygrobatidae)
FIGURE 10. A–E. Procorticacarus septentrionalis n. sp., A–C holotype male, D–E paratype female: A = dorsum; B = venter; C = palp + capitulum, D = venter; E = dorsum. Scale bars = 50 µm.
FIGURE 9. A–E. Procorticacarus queenslandicus n in The water mite genus Procorticacarus K. O. Viets in Australasia (Acari: Hydrachnidia, Hygrobatidae)
FIGURE 9. A–E. Procorticacarus queenslandicus n. sp., A–C holotype female, D–E paratype male: A = dorsum; B = venter; C = palp; D = dorsum; E = venter. Scale bars = 50 µm.
FIGURE 7. A–C. Procorticacarus paulaae n in The water mite genus Procorticacarus K. O. Viets in Australasia (Acari: Hydrachnidia, Hygrobatidae)
FIGURE 7. A–C. Procorticacarus paulaae n. sp., holotype male: A = dorsum; B = venter; C = palp + capitulum. Scale bars = 50 µm.
FIGURE 8. A–G. Procorticacarus quadriscutatus n in The water mite genus Procorticacarus K. O. Viets in Australasia (Acari: Hydrachnidia, Hygrobatidae)
FIGURE 8. A–G. Procorticacarus quadriscutatus n. sp., A–D = holotype female, E–G = paratypes male: A = dorsum; B = venter; C = palp; D = detail of P2; E = dorsum; F = dorsum; G = venter. Scale bars = 50 µm.
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