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73 results for “Axial skeleton”
Data from: Evolution of vertebrate postcranial complexity: axial skeleton regionalization and paired appendages in a Devonian jawless fish
One of the major events in vertebrate evolution involves the transition from jawless (agnathan) to jawed (gnathostome) vertebrates, including a variety of cranial and postcranial innovations. It has long been assumed that characters such as the pelvic girdles and fins, male intromittent organs independent from the pelvic girdles, as well as a regionalized axial skeleton first appeared in various basal gnathostome groups if not at the origin of gnathostomes. Here we describe the first occurrence of pelvic girdles and intromittent organs in the Late Devonian jawless anaspid‐like fish Euphanerops longaevus Woodward (Miguasha Lagerstätte, eastern Canada), associated with a morphologically differentiated region of the axial skeleton. Morphological differentiation of the axial skeleton is also described for the first time in an extant jawless fish, the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus. Our data indicate that regionalization of the axial skeleton occurred earlier in vertebrate evolutionary history than previously appreciated. This regionalization is coupled with modifications of the appendicular skeleton in Euphanerops. These new observations combined with a new phylogenetic analysis of early vertebrates provide a more precise understanding of how the appendicular and axial skeletons developed and evolved within vertebrate evolutionary history.
Data from: Testing for homologies in the axial skeleton of primitive echinoderms
The extraxial axial theory is used to investigate homology of ambulacral and oral plating because it predicts terminal branching and terminal addition of plates in the axial skeleton, although exceptions to the former may occur in some Paleozoic echinoderms. The variety of morphological designs and anomalous individuals also provide tests of plate homology. Homology of ambulacra is generally accepted, with the hydropore and/or single gonopore in Carpenter's CD interray. In the 2-1-2 ambulacral pattern the unbranched ambulacrum is always in Carpenter's A ray. All ambulacral morphology requires just three instructions: 'grow,' 'branch,' and 'stop.' The range of variation in echinoderms with fewer than five ambulacra implies that both the 'branch' and 'stop' instructions acted independently in all five rays. Numbers of ambulacra may or may not correlate with numbers of orals. Two basic patterns of 'cystoid' oral plating occur; with a single radial (circum-oral, CO) plate from each ambulacrum plus a sixth in the CD interray, and with all six interradial peri-oral (PO) plates, with two in the CD interambulacrum. Five 'orals' may involve loss of PO3 or PO6. Erect ambulacral structures are lost first in taphonomy and so poorly known. All ambulacral skeletal elements bear the same topological relationship to ambulacral soft tissues. Where branched ambulacra occur, the trunk or flooring plates are often modified first brachiolars or pinnulars. Both brachioles and pinnules may arise from facets developed on one or two flooring plates. Terminal addition of plates, spacing of brachioles/pinnules, and lack of musculature to open cover plates all suggest that 'cystoids' had extensions of the water vascular system in their ambulacra.
FIGURE 26 in The axial skeleton of Bagualia alba (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Patagonia
FIGURE 26. Haemal arches of Bagualia alba (from top to bottom) in anterior, left lateral and posterior views. A, MPEF-PV 3356; B, MPEF-PV 11025; C, MPEF-PV 3351; D, MPEF-PV 3357; E, MPEF-PV 3353; F, MPEF-PV 3355; G, MPEF-PV 3352; H, MPEF-PV 3359; I, MPEF-PV 3358; J, MPEF-PV 11009; K, MPEF-PV 3354; L, MPEF-PV 3390; M, MPEF-PV 11010. From left to right the haemal arches are ordered as proximal to distal elements. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
FIGURE 24 in The axial skeleton of Bagualia alba (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Patagonia
FIGURE 24. Middle caudal vertebrae of Bagualia alba. A–D, caudal vertebra MPEF-PV 3300 in right lateral (A), anterior (B), dorsal (C), and posterior (D) views. E–H, caudal vertebra MPEF-PV 3324 in right lateral (E), anterior (F), dorsal (G), and posterior (H) views. I–L, caudal vertebra MPEF-PV 3346 in left lateral (I), anterior (J), dorsal (K), and posterior (L) views. Abbreviations: nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; p, protuberance; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Hatched pattern represents broken surfaces and grey form represents sediment. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
FIGURE 22 in The axial skeleton of Bagualia alba (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Patagonia
FIGURE 22. Sixth, seventh, and eighth caudal vertebra of Bagualia alba (MPEF-PV 11011). A–C, sixth caudal vertebra in left lateral (A), anterior (B), and posterior (C) views. D–F, seventh and eighth caudal vertebrae in left lateral (D), anterior (E), and posterior (F) views. Abbreviations: ftp, facet for transverse process; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; p, protuberance; ped, pedicel; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; spol, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina. Hatched pattern represents broken surfaces and grey form represents sediment. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
FIGURE 21 in The axial skeleton of Bagualia alba (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Patagonia
FIGURE 21. Anterior caudal neural arches of Bagualia alba (MPEF-PV 11011). A–C, third caudal neural arch in left lateral (A), anterior (B), and posterior (C) views. D–F, fourth and fifth caudal neural arches in anterior (D), posterior (E), and left lateral (F) views. Abbreviations: ftp, facet for transverse process; ns, neural spine; p, protuberance; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; spol, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina. Hatched pattern represents broken surfaces and grey form represents sediment. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
FIGURE 20 in The axial skeleton of Bagualia alba (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Patagonia
FIGURE 20. Articulated sacrum and first caudal vertebrae of Bagualia alba (MPEF-PV 11011). A, articulated ilia, sacral and first caudal vertebrae in left lateral view; B, sacral and first caudal vertebrae in left lateral view; C, right ilium in medial view. Abbreviations: aca, acetabular arm of the rib; ala, alar arm of the rib; ip, ischial peduncle; ns, neural spine; p, protuberance; pap, preacetabular process; pop, postacetabular process; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, pubic peduncle; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; prz, prezygapophysis; s1–s5, sacral vertebrae from second to fifth; sy, sacricostal yoke; tp, transverse process; 1, first caudal vertebra; 2, second caudal vertebra. Hatched pattern represents broken surfaces. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
FIGURE 18 in The axial skeleton of Bagualia alba (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Patagonia
FIGURE 18. Dorsal ribs of Bagualia alba. A, MPEF-PV 11052 in posterior view; B, MPEF-PV 11053 in anterior and posterior views. Abbreviations: cap, capitulum; tub, tuberculum. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
FIGURE 17 in The axial skeleton of Bagualia alba (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Patagonia
FIGURE 17. Posterior dorsal vertebra of Bagualia alba (MPEF-PV 11000) in right lateral (A), anterior (B), left lateral (C), posterior (D), ventral (E), and dorsal (F) views. Abbreviations: cdf, centrodiapophyseal fossa; cpol, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; dp, diapophysis; hypa, hypantrum; hypo, hyposphene; lspol, lateral spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; mspol, medial spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pocdf, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; ppdl, paradiapophyseal lamina; prcdf, prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; prpl, prezygoparapophyseal lamina; prz, prezygapophysis; sdf, spinodiapophyseal fossa; spof, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa; sprf, spinoprezygapophyseal fossa; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina. Hatched pattern represents broken surfaces and dotted pattern represents putty. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
FIGURE 10 in The axial skeleton of Bagualia alba (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Patagonia
FIGURE 10. Middle cervical vertebra of Bagualia alba (MPEF-PV 11040/2) in right lateral (A), anterior (B), posterior (C), left lateral and lateroventral (D), dorsal (E), and ventral (F) views. Abbreviations: acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; al, accessory lamina; avk, anterior ventral keel; cprl, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; cr, cervical rib; dp, diapophysis; epi, epipophysis; eprl, epipophyseal-prezygapophyseal lamina; mdcprl, medial division of the centroprezygapophyseal lamina; ns, neural spine; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pl, pleurocoel; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; pvk, posterior ventral keel; spol, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; stprl, single intraprezygapophyseal lamina; tpol, intrapostzygapophyseal lamina; tpd, triangular process of the diapophysis; tprl, intraprezygapophyseal lamina. Hatched pattern represents broken surfaces and grey form represents sediment. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
FIGURE 9 in The axial skeleton of Bagualia alba (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Patagonia
FIGURE 9. Middle cervical vertebra of Bagualia alba (MPEF-PV 11040/1) in right lateral (A), anterior (B, posterior (C), left lateral (D), and dorsal (E) views. Abbreviations: epi, epipophysis; eprl, epipophyseal-prezygapophyseal lamina; ns, neural spine; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; tpol, intrapostzygapophyseal lamina. Dashed line for the reconstructed parts. Hatched pattern represents broken surfaces and grey form represents sediment. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
FIGURE 5 in The axial skeleton of Bagualia alba (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Patagonia
FIGURE 5. Fourth cervical vertebra of Bagualia alba (MPEF-PV 3301/11) in left lateral (A), anterior (B), right lateral (C), posterior (D), ventral (E), and dorsal (F) views. Abbreviations: acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; cprl, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dp, diapophysis; epi, epipophysis; mdcprl, medial division of the centroprezygapophyseal lamina; ns, neural spine; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pl, pleurocoel; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; prepi, preepipophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; spol, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; tpd, triangular process of the diapophysis; tprl, intraprezygapophyseal lamina; vk, ventral keel. Hatched pattern represents broken surfaces and dotted pattern represents putty. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
FIGURE 13 in The axial skeleton of Bagualia alba (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Patagonia
FIGURE 13. Cervical ribs of Bagualia alba. A, MPEF-PV 11058 in medial and lateral views; B, MPEF-PV 11054 in lateral and medial views; C, MPEF-PV 11057 in medial and lateral views; D, MPEF-PV 11056 in lateral and medial views; E, MPEF-PV 11055 in medial and lateral views. Abbreviations: cap, capitulum; tub, tuberculum. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
FIGURE 12 in The axial skeleton of Bagualia alba (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Patagonia
FIGURE 12. Posterior cervical vertebra of Bagualia alba (MPEF-PV 3349) in left lateral (A), anterior (B), posterior (C), right lateral (D), and ventral (E) views. Abbreviations: acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; cpol, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; cprl, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dp, diapophysis; nc, neural canal; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pl, pleurocoel; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; pp, parapophysis; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; prz, prezygapophysis; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; stpol, simple intrapostzygapophyseal lamina; tpd, triangular process of the diapophysis; tprl, intraprezygapophyseal lamina; vk, ventral keel. Dashed line for the reconstructed parts. Hatched pattern represents broken surfaces and grey form represents sediment. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
Figure 7 in Comparative osteology of the Danio (Cyprinidae: Ostariophysi) axial skeleton with comments on Danio relationships based on molecules and morphology
Figure 7. The caudal skeleton of D. quangbinhensis (AMNH 227913), left lateral view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
Figure 14 in Comparative osteology of the Danio (Cyprinidae: Ostariophysi) axial skeleton with comments on Danio relationships based on molecules and morphology
Figure 14. Consensus phylogenies resolved through the systematic deletion of three species. A, deletion of D. regina from the combined analysis (621 steps, CI = 0.900); B, deletion of D. quangbinhensis and D. aequipinnatus from the combined analysis (623 steps, CI = 0.843); C, deletion of D. regina, D. quangbinhensis and D. aequipinnatus from the combined analysis (620 steps; CI = 0.847); D, deletion of D. regina D. quangbinhensis and D. browni from the morphological analysis (18 steps, CI = 0.921).
Figure 1. – Labeo parvus caudal fin structures. A in Postembryonic development of appendicular and axial skeletons in Labeo parvus (Cyprinidae)
Figure 1. – Labeo parvus caudal fin structures. A: 14-day-old fry coloured with Alcian blue; B: 19-day-old fry coloured with Alizarin Red S. CP = preural centrum; EP = epural; H = hypural; HS = haemal spine; LEP = lepidotrichia; NO = notochord; NS = neural spine; PH = parhypural; URO = uroneural. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Figure 3 in Postembryonic development of appendicular and axial skeletons in Labeo parvus (Cyprinidae)
Figure 3. – Development of the dorsal and anal fin skeleton of Labeo parvus. Cartilaginous skeleton on the left, osseous skeleton on the right coloured with Alcian blue and Alizarin Red S, respectively. A, C: 14 days post-hatching (dph); B, D: 29 dph. DP: distal pterygiophore; PP: proximal pterygiophore. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Figure 2 in Postembryonic development of appendicular and axial skeletons in Labeo parvus (Cyprinidae)
Figure 2. – Development of the caudal skeleton in Labeo parvus. Cartilaginous skeleton on the left column and osseous skeleton on the right column coloured with Alcian blue and Alizarin Red S, respectively. A: 6 days post-hatching (dph); B: 8 dph; C: 10 dph; D: 14 dph; E: 19 dph; F: 24 dph; G: 29 dph. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Data from: Evolution of vertebrate postcranial complexity: axial skeleton regionalization and paired appendages in a Devonian jawless fish
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