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56 results for “Bipedality”
Data from: Laetoli footprints reveal bipedal gait biomechanics different from those of modern humans and chimpanzees
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Figure 1 in Swimming and bipedal bottom-running in the pig-nosed turtle Carettochelys insculpta Ramsay, 1886
Figure 1. Large Carettochelys insculpta bipedal bottom-running. Intervals of 10 fields (0.33 s) between numbered fields. Note that, at fields 4 and 5, the two foreflipper tips are both flipped downwards and posteriorly.
Figure 3 in Swimming and bipedal bottom-running in the pig-nosed turtle Carettochelys insculpta Ramsay, 1886
Figure 3. Images of large Carettochelys insculpta. (A) Turtle gliding towards camera. (B) Moving bipedally on substratum away from camera; forelimbs are stippled. Short horizontal lines indicate substratum beneath hindlimbs.
Data from: The evolution of bipedal running in lizards suggests a consequential origin may be exploited in later lineages.
The origin of bipedal locomotion in lizards is unclear. Modeling studies have suggested that bipedalism may be an exaptation, a byproduct of features originally designed to increase maneuverability, which were only later exploited. Measurement of the body center of mass (BCOM) in 124 species of lizards confirms a significant rearward shift among bipedal lineages. Further racetrack trials showed a significant acceleration threshold between bipedal and quadrupedal runs. These suggest good general support for a passive bipedal model, in which the combination of these features lead to passive lifting of the front of the body. However, variation in morphology could only account for 56% of the variation in acceleration thresholds, suggesting that dynamics have a significant influence on bipedalism. Deviation from the passive bipedal model was compared with node age, supporting an increase in the influence of dynamics over time. Together, these results show that bipedalism may have first arisen as a consequence of acceleration and a rearward shift in the BCOM, but subsequent linages have exploited this consequence to become bipedal more often, suggesting that bipedalism in lizards may convey some advantage. Exploitation of bipedalism was also associated with increased rates of phenotypic diversity, suggesting exploiting bipedalism may promote adaptive radiation.
Data from: Associated evolution of bipedality and cursoriality among Triassic archosaurs: a phylogenetically controlled evaluation.
Bipedalism evolved more than twice among archosaurs, and it is a characteristic of basal dinosaurs and a prerequisite for avian flight. Nevertheless, the reasons for the evolution of bipedalism among archosaurs have barely been investigated. Comparative analysis using phylogenetically independent contrasts showed a significant correlation between bipedality (relative length of forelimb) and cursoriality (relative length of metatarsal III) among Triassic archosaurs. This result indicates that, among Triassic archosaurs, bipeds could run faster than quadrupeds. Bipedalism is probably an adaptation for cursoriality among archosaurs, which may explain why bipedalism evolved convergently in the crocodilian and bird lineages. This result also indicates that the means of acquiring cursoriality may differ between archosaurs and mammals.
Data from: Humans exploit the biomechanics of bipedal gait during visually guided walking over complex terrain
How do humans achieve such remarkable energetic efficiency when walking over complex terrain such as a rocky trail? Recent research in biomechanics suggests that the efficiency of human walking over flat, obstacle-free terrain derives from the ability to exploit the physical dynamics of our bodies. In this study, we investigated whether this principle also applies to visually guided walking over complex terrain. We found that when humans can see the immediate foreground as little as two step lengths ahead, they are able to choose footholds that allow them to exploit their biomechanical structure as efficiently as they can with unlimited visual information. We conclude that when humans walk over complex terrain, they use visual information from two step lengths ahead to choose footholds that allow them to approximate the energetic efficiency of walking in flat, obstacle-free environments.
Figure 31 in Bipedal browsing adaptations of the unusual Late Eocene-earliest Oligocene tylopod Anoplotherium (Artiodactyla, Mammalia)
Figure 31. Reconstruction of the Ham 3 A. latipes skeleton in quadrupedal stance, supplemented by some elements from A. commune specimens from the Gypse of Montmartre and Antony (especially parts of the vertebral column – see text) and from scaled up A. laurillardi specimens from the Quercy Phosphorites (cranium, MNHN.Qu399) and La Débruge (dentary, BMNH.30622). Left lower forelimb and pes shown at maximum extension relative to humerus and tibia + fibula, respectively. Forelimbs pronated. Scale bar = 100 mm.
Figure 29 in Bipedal browsing adaptations of the unusual Late Eocene-earliest Oligocene tylopod Anoplotherium (Artiodactyla, Mammalia)
Figure 29. Bipedal browsing adaptations in living and extinct mammal genera, expanded from Coombs (1983: fig. 4).
Data from: The Phylogenetic Position of the Musky Rat-Kangaroo and the Evolution of Bipedal Hopping in Kangaroos (Macropodidae: Diprotodontia)
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Data from: The evolution of bipedal running in lizards suggests a consequential origin may be exploited in later lineages.
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Shorter distal forelimbs benefit bipedal walking and running mechanics: implications for hominin forelimb evolution
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Data from: The African ape-like foot of Ardipithecus ramidus and its implications for the origin of bipedalism
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Data from: Humans exploit the biomechanics of bipedal gait during visually guided walking over complex terrain
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Data from: Associated evolution of bipedality and cursoriality among Triassic archosaurs: a phylogenetically controlled evaluation.
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Data from: Postural control during quiet bipedal standing in rats
The control of bipedal posture in humans is subject to non-ideal conditions such as delayed sensation and heartbeat noise. However, the controller achieves a high level of functionality by utilizing body dynamics dexterously. In order to elucidate the neural mechanism responsible for postural control, the present study made use of an experimental setup involving rats because they have more accessible neural structures. The experimental design requires rats to stand bipedally in order to obtain a water reward placed in a water supplier above them. Their motions can be measured in detail using a motion capture system and a force plate. Rats have the ability to stand bipedally for long durations (over 200 s), allowing for the construction of an experimental environment in which the steady standing motion of rats could be measured. The characteristics of the measured motion were evaluated based on aspects of the rats' intersegmental coordination and power spectrum density (PSD). These characteristics were compared with those of the human bipedal posture. The intersegmental coordination of the standing rats included two components that were similar to that of standing humans: center of mass and trunk motion. The rats' PSD showed a peak at approximately 1.8 Hz and the pattern of the PSD under the peak frequency was similar to that of the human PSD. However, the frequencies were five times higher in rats than in humans. Based on the analysis of the rats' bipedal standing motion, there were some common characteristics between rat and human standing motions. Thus, using standing rats is expected to be a powerful tool to reveal the neural basis of postural control.
Data from: Postural control during quiet bipedal standing in rats
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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