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65 results for “Bird flight”
Data from: State-space modelling of the flight behaviour of a soaring bird provides new insights to migratory strategies
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Data from: Dietary antioxidants attenuate the endocrine stress response during long-duration flight of a migratory bird
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Life history predicts flight muscle phenotype and function in birds
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Data from: Flight calls signal group and individual identity but not kinship in a cooperatively breeding bird
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The interplay of wind and uplift facilitates over-water flight in facultative soaring birds
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Data from: Flight reconstruction of two European enantiornithines (Aves, Pygostylia) and the achievement of bounding flight in Early Cretaceous birds
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Data from: Convergent regulatory evolution and loss of flight in palaeognathous birds
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Data from: From baby birds to feathered dinosaurs incipient wings and the evolution of flight
Reconstructing the tree of life requires deciphering major evolutionary transformations and the functional capacities of fossils with "transitional" morphologies. Some of the most iconic, well-studied fossils with transitional features are theropod dinosaurs, whose skeletons and feathered forelimbs record the origin and evolution of bird flight. However, in spite of over a century of discussion, the functions of forelimb feathers during the evolution of flight remain enigmatic. Both aerodynamic and non-aerodynamic roles have been proposed, but few of the form-function relationships assumed by these scenarios have been tested. Here, we use the developing wings of a typical extant ground bird (Chukar Partridge) as possible analogues/homologues of historical wing forms to provide the first empirical evaluation of aerodynamic potential in flapping theropod "protowings." Immature ground birds with underdeveloped, rudimentary wings generate useful aerodynamic forces for a variety of locomotor tasks. Feather development in these birds resembles feather evolution in theropod dinosaurs, and reveals a predictable relationship between wing morphology and aerodynamic performance that can be used to infer performance in extinct theropods. By spinning an ontogenetic series of spread-wing preparations on a rotating propeller apparatus across a range of flow conditions and measuring aerodynamic force, we explored how changes in wing size, feather structure, and angular velocity might have affected aerodynamic performance in dinosaurs choosing to flap their incipient wings. At slow angular velocities, wings produced aerodynamic forces similar in magnitude to those produced by immature birds during behaviors like wing-assisted incline running. At fast angular velocities, wings produced forces sufficient to support body weight during flight. These findings provide a quantitative, biologically relevant bracket for theropod performance and suggest that protowings could have provided useful aerodynamic function early in maniraptoran history, with improvements in aerodynamic performance attending the evolution of larger wings, more effective feather morphologies, and faster angular velocities.
Data from: Aerobic power and flight capacity in birds: a phylogenetic test of the heart-size hypothesis
Flight capacity is one of the most important innovations in animal evolution; it only evolved in insects, birds, mammals and the extinct pterodactyls. Given that powered flight represents a demanding aerobic activity, an efficient cardiovascular system is essential for the continuous delivery of oxygen to the pectoral muscles during flight. It is well known that the limiting step in the circulation is stroke volume (the volume of blood pumped from the ventricle to the body during each beat), which is determined by the size of the ventricle. Thus, the fresh mass of the heart represents a simple and repeatable anatomic measure of aerobic power of an animal. Although several authors have already compared heart masses across bird species, a phylogenetic comparative analysis of these comparisons is still lacking. Compiling heart sizes for 915 species and applying several statistical procedures controlling for body size and/or testing for adaptive trends in the dataset (e.g., model selection approaches, phylogenetic generalized linear models), we found that (residuals of) heart sizes are consistently associated with four categories of flight capacity. In general, our results indicate that species exhibiting continuous hovering flight (i.e., hummingbirds) have substantially larger hearts than do other groups, that species that use flapping flight and gliding show intermediate values, and that species categorized as poor flyers show the smallest values. Our study shows that at a broad scale, routine flight modes seem to have shaped the energetic requirements of birds sufficiently to be anatomically detected at the comparative level.
Data from: Carrying a logger reduces escape flight speed in a passerine bird, but relative logger mass may be a misleading measure of this flight performance detriment
1. The recent boost in bird migration studies following the development of various tracking devices raised awareness of how detrimental attaching devices can be for animals. Such effects can occur during migration, but also immediately post-release if the device impairs escape flight performance and, consequently, the bird's ability to evade predators. 2. In this study, we investigated the effect of carrying a device on the escape flight speed and aerodynamic force production in a migratory passerine. We recorded upward-directed escape flights of 15 male blackcaps. Each individual was tested without a tag, and when equipped with three different leg-loop dummy tags with masses representing around 3%, 5% and 7% of their body mass. The experiment was designed such that all individuals passed through all treatments in a randomized order. 3. We found that two factors affected flight speed in roughly equal amounts: first, tagged escape flights had lower flight speeds compared to the control flights, irrespective of tag mass. Second, we found an effect of the total mass, i.e. the sum of the masses of the individual bird and of the tag, with heavier birds being slower. In contrast, flight speed was not correlated with relative tag mass in percentage of body mass, the metric commonly used in ethical guidelines for tag attachment. Aerodynamic flight force production also depended on total mass, with heavier birds producing higher forces. But these flight forces did not differ between flights with or without a tag. 4. We conclude that, when tagging birds, it is misleading to choose heavy individuals for tagging in order to minimize the tag mass as a percentage of body mass. This is particularly relevant in species for which body mass is not necessarily related to size, like migratory birds that accumulate large fat reserves. The lower escape speed in "tagged" flights could not be explained by differences in net flight force production, because these did not differ between flights with and without a tag. This suggests that the tag also affected pre-flight take-off dynamics, possibly due to a leg harness-induced reduction in leg push-off performance.
Possible link between brain size and flight mode in birds: Does soaring ease the energetic cost of the brain?
<p>Elucidating determinants of interspecies variation in brain size has been a long-standing challenge in cognitive and evolutionary ecology. As the brain is an energetically expensive organ, energetic tradeoffs among organs are considered to play a key role in brain size evolution. This study examined the tradeoff between the brain and locomotion in birds by testing the relationship between brain size, flight modes with different energetic costs (flapping and soaring), and migratory behavior, using published data on the whole-brain mass of 2,242 species. According to comparative analyses considering phylogeny and body mass, soarers, who can gain kinetic energy from wind shear or thermals and consequently save flight costs, have larger brains than flappers among migratory birds. Meanwhile, the brain size difference was not consistent in residents, and the size variation appeared much larger than that in migrants. In addition, the brain size of migratory birds was smaller than that of resident birds among flappers, whereas this property was not significant in soarers. Although further research is needed to draw a definitive conclusion, these findings provide further support for the energetic tradeoff of the brain with flight and migratory movements in birds and advance the idea that a locomotion mode with lower energetic cost could be a driver of encephalization during the evolution of the brain.</p>
Data from: Beyond BACI: offsetting carcass numbers with flight intensity to improve risk assessments of bird collisions with power lines
<p>Here, the count data underlying the paper "Beyond BACI: offsetting carcass numbers with flight intensity to improve risk assessments of bird collisions with power lines" (to be published in <span>"Ecology and Evolution", Mercker&Jödicke, 2021) </span>are given. In particular, we provide flight intensity data for Starling, Geese Gulls, and Doves (i.e., data from those analyzed bird species(complexes) where statistical analyses indicate a violation of the BACI assumption of synchronicity (p < 0.1)), as well as Geese flight and carcass data (the latter structurally underlying the simulation study presented in our work). We kindly thank the TenneT TSO GmbH for providing carcass and bird flight data.</p>
Data from: Beyond BACI: offsetting carcass numbers with flight intensity to improve risk assessments of bird collisions with power lines
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Data from: Aerobic power and flight capacity in birds: a phylogenetic test of the heart-size hypothesis
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Possible link between brain size and flight mode in birds: Does soaring ease the energetic cost of the brain?
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Data from: From baby birds to feathered dinosaurs incipient wings and the evolution of flight
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Data from: Carrying a logger reduces escape flight speed in a passerine bird, but relative logger mass may be a misleading measure of this flight performance detriment
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Data from: Dietary antioxidants and flight exercise in female birds affect allocation of nutrients to eggs: how carry-over effects work
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Data from: Nocturnal hypothermia impairs flight ability in birds: a cost of being cool
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Data from: Hot wings: thermal impacts of wing colouration on surface temperature during bird flight.
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ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.