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Fig. 2 in Estimating body mass from the astragalus in mammals

Fig. 2. Comparison of %SEE, %MPE, and %MPE ad-CF arising from the bivariate regression analyses of the 16 astragalar measurements (Li1–9, Ar1–4, and Vo1–3). Abbreviations: ad-CF, adjusted correction factor; MPE, mean percentage prediction error; SEE, standard error of estimate.

Fig. 2 in Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton

Fig. 2. Osteological measurements used in the regression analyses, illustrated on the bones of a postcranial skeleton of Ursus maritimus. A. Femur in anterior (A1) and lateral (A2) views, and in the posterior (A3), medial (A4), and lateral (A5) views of the distal epiphysis. B. Tibia in anterior (B1) and lateral (B2) views. C. Humerus in anterior (C1) and lateral (C2) views. D. Ulna in anterior (D1) and lateral (D2) views. E. Radius in anterior (E1) and lateral (E2) views. For abbreviations and definitions of measurements, see Table 3.

Fig. 4 in Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton

Fig. 4. Box plots of the residuals (log−scale) derived from multiple regression functions. A. Residuals derived from the cranium regression. B. Residuals derived from the mandible regression. C. Residuals derived from the radius regression. D. Residuals derived from the ulna regression. E. Residuals derived from the tibia regression F. Residuals derived from the humerus regression. G. Residuals derived from the femur regression. Vertical lines inside the boxes are the medians. Box length is the interquartile range (IQR) and shows the difference between the 75th and 25th percentiles. Horizontal bars include the largest and smallest values (5–95% confidence limits). Black dots are outliers. Dark grey tones represent the family Ursidae and light grey tones the family Canidae.

Fig. 6 in Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton

Fig. 6. Mean values of body mass (y−axis, log10−scale) estimated for all amphicyonids included in this study. Each amphicyonid species is represented by a symbol positioned at the midpoint of its stratigraphic range (x−axis; data from Hunt 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2009; Peigné et al. 2006). Timescale (in Ma) from Prothero (1998).

Figueirido, B., Pérez−Claros, J.A., Hunt, R.M. Jr., and Palmqvist, P. 2011. Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 56 (2): 225–246. in Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton

Figueirido, B., Pérez−Claros, J.A., Hunt, R.M. Jr., and Palmqvist, P. 2011. Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 56 (2): 225–246.

Fig. 5 in Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton

Fig. 5. Reconstruction of three extinct beardogs (right column) compared with their presumed analogues or ecomorphs among the living caniforms (left column). A. Ursus arctos. B. Canis lupus. C. Canis latrans. D. Ysengrinia americana. E. Daphoenodon superbus. F. Daphoenus vetus. Note the three different size classes among these caniforms, and the three types of ecomorphs mentioned in the text. Drawings by Óscar San−Isidro.

Fig. 3 in Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton

Fig. 3. Bivariate plots with the scores of 442 specimens on the bivariate craniodental morphospaces depicted by the first three principal components. A. Morphospace depicted from first (x−axis) and second (y−axis) principal components. B. Morphospace depicted from second (x−axis) and third (y−axis) principal components.

Mammalia: Mammalia - body mass

body mass, life span [ ![][id] [id]: http://content.eol.org/content/2012/09/26/22/95512_orig.jpg "Mammals" ][eolpath] [eolpath]: http://eol.org/info/mammals

Aves: Aves - body mass

body mass [ ![][id] [id]: http://media.eol.org/content/2014/08/13/15/74568_orig.jpg "Long-billed Curlew (Numenius americanus), 597-689g; photo by Mike Baird, Wikimedia Commons. CC BY" ][eolpath] [eolpath]: http://eol.org/info/birds

Amphibia: Amphibia - body mass

data coverage snapshot, body mass http://content.eol.org/content/2012/09/25/14/71902_orig.jpg "Amphibia"

Cichlidae: Cichlidae - body mass

body mass, life span [ ![][id] [id]: http://media.eol.org/content/2009/07/24/11/83028_580_360.jpg "Cichlids" ][eolpath] [eolpath]: http://eol.org/pages/5344/overview

Chondrichthyes: Chondrichthyes - body mass

data coverage snapshot, body mass http://media.eol.org/content/2016/08/08/11/40276_580_360.jpg "Cartilaginous Fishes" http://eol.org/pages/2774522/overview

FIGURE 11 in Patterns of diet and body mass of large ungulates from the Pleistocene of Western Europe, and their relation to vegetation

FIGURE 11. Body mass of caballine Equidae (Equus ferus and E. mosbachensis) in Middle and Late Pleistocene localities from Britain and Germany. For explanation of graph, see Figure 6.

FIGURE 10 in Patterns of diet and body mass of large ungulates from the Pleistocene of Western Europe, and their relation to vegetation

FIGURE 10. Body mass of bovine Bovidae (Bison priscus and Bos primigenius) from Middle and Late Pleistocene localities of Britain and Germany. For explanation of graph, see Figure 6.

FIGURE 8 in Patterns of diet and body mass of large ungulates from the Pleistocene of Western Europe, and their relation to vegetation

FIGURE 8. Body mass of Rhinocerotidae from Pleistocene localities of Britain and Germany. For explanation of graph, see Figure 6.

FIGURE 9 in Patterns of diet and body mass of large ungulates from the Pleistocene of Western Europe, and their relation to vegetation

FIGURE 9. Linear regressions of body mass (kg) of Bovidae and Equus ferus/mosbachensis from localities with pollen records, and minimum, maximum and mean NAP % in the pollen records of the localities. Each point represents an individual specimen. Numbers of specimens per each locality are given in brackets after the locality names.

FIGURE 7 in Patterns of diet and body mass of large ungulates from the Pleistocene of Western Europe, and their relation to vegetation

FIGURE 7. Body mass of Megacerini, Rangifer tarandus and Alcini in Middle and Pleistocene localities from Britain and Germany. For explanation of graph, see Figure 6.

FIGURE 3 in Patterns of diet and body mass of large ungulates from the Pleistocene of Western Europe, and their relation to vegetation

FIGURE 3. Linear regressions of mean mesowear values of deer (Cervidae) from localities with pollen records, and minimum, maximum and mean NAP % in the pollen records of the localities. Numbers of specimens per locality are given in brackets after the locality names. For Megacerini, the samples from Grays Thurrock and Ireland are Megaloceros giganteus; those from Boxgrove, West Runton and Voigstedt combine Praemegaceros verticornis, P. dawkinsi and Megaloceros savini. For Dama the specimens from Boxgrove are D. cf. roberti; others are D. dama.

FIGURE 6 in Patterns of diet and body mass of large ungulates from the Pleistocene of Western Europe, and their relation to vegetation

FIGURE 6. Body mass of Cervus elaphus, Dama spp. and Capreolus capreolus in Middle and Late Pleistocene localities from Britain and Germany. The localities are arranged from oldest (right) to youngest (left) estimated age. The middle line in the diamonds marks the mean body mass and the upper and lower lines mark the 95% confidence limits of the mean. Diamonds that do not overlap at the 95% lines indicate statistically significant difference between populations. The central line in the figures indicates the combined mean body mass of all the populations. The individual body mass estimates of each specimen are shown as data points. Sample sizes are given in brackets for each locality.

FIGURE 5 in Patterns of diet and body mass of large ungulates from the Pleistocene of Western Europe, and their relation to vegetation

FIGURE 5. Linear regressions of body mass (kg) of deer (Cervidae) from localities with pollen records, and minimum, maximum and mean NAP % in the pollen records of the localities. Each point represents an individual specimen. Numbers of specimens per locality are given in brackets after the locality names.