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Figure 8 in A new genus of monstrilloid copepods (Crustacea) with anteriorly pointing ovigerous spines and related adaptations for subthoracic brooding

Figure 8. Antennules of two species of Maemonstrilla gen. nov., setules omitted, setal designations after Grygier & Ohtsuka (1995: fig. 6). A, Maemonstrilla polka sp. nov., female paratype (SO lab), south coast of Ishigaki Island, 30.iv.1994, right antennule, ventral view. B, Maemonstrilla spinicoxa sp. nov., female holotype (KMNH IvR 700 217), Sesoko Island, 13.viii.1989, right antennule, ventral view. C, M. spinicoxa sp. nov., same specimen, left antennule, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

Figure 4 in A new genus of monstrilloid copepods (Crustacea) with anteriorly pointing ovigerous spines and related adaptations for subthoracic brooding

Figure 4. Maemonstrilla hyottoko sp. nov., females, Sesoko Island, 13.viii.1989: A–D, F, G, holotype (KMNH IvR 700 202), E (same specimen as Fig. 2A; slide-mount of legs, KMNH IvR 700 203). A, right antennule, dorsal view, setules omitted, setal designations after Grygier & Ohtsuka (1995: fig. 6). B–D, right legs 1–3, respectively, posterior view, setules omitted. E, outer apical exopodal seta of left leg 3, setules along non-toothed side omitted (cf. Fig. 5C). F, right leg 4, posterior view, setules omitted. G, fourth free pediger and genital compound somite, lateral view, showing right leg 5, proximal parts of ovigerous spines, and posteroventral spur. Scale bar = 0.1 mm in A, E, G; 0.2 mm in B–D, F.

Figure 5 in A new genus of monstrilloid copepods (Crustacea) with anteriorly pointing ovigerous spines and related adaptations for subthoracic brooding

Figure 5. Maemonstrilla hyottoko sp. nov., female paratype (SO lab), Sesoko Island, 13.viii.1989, SEM, anterior at top in all cases. A, dorsal surface of free pedigers 1 and 2; two obscured pores indicated by arrows. B, dorsal surface of free pediger 3. C, dorsal surface of urosome, including genital compound somite (g), and outer faces of legs 4. D, rear dorsal surface of free pediger 4, showing pit setae. E, dorsal surface of rear of urosome, including telson (t). Scale bars = 50 Mm in A, B, E; 100 Mm in C; 10 Mm in D.

Figure 6 in A new genus of monstrilloid copepods (Crustacea) with anteriorly pointing ovigerous spines and related adaptations for subthoracic brooding

Figure 6. Maemonstrilla hyottoko sp. nov., female paratypes (SO lab), Sesoko Island, 13.viii.1989, SEM. A, protopods of legs 3 and 4, outer view (anterior to left). B, endopod of a swimming leg, inner view showing site of absent seta on first segment (arrow). C, outer apical seta (large arrow) on third exopodal segment of leg 1 and pore (small arrow) on third endopodal segment of leg 2, anterior view. D, telson (t) and caudal rami (c), ventral view, showing anal opening (large arrow), and ventral pores and condylar articulations (small arrow) of rami. Scale bars = 50 Mm in A; 20 Mm in B, D; 10 Mm in C.

Figure 3 in A new genus of monstrilloid copepods (Crustacea) with anteriorly pointing ovigerous spines and related adaptations for subthoracic brooding

Figure 3. Maemonstrilla hyottoko sp. nov., female paratypes (SO lab), Sesoko Island, 13.viii.1989, SEM. A, 'face' and left antennule (a), ventral view, showing oral papilla (o), scars (s), three pairs of pores (arrows), and segments of antennule (1–4). B, anterodorsal surface of cephalothorax (anterior at bottom), showing pores (small arrows) and pit-like organ (large arrow). C, detail of pit-like organ in B. D, pores (arrows) at border between narrow and wide reticular meshes in posterior half of cephalothorax, posterior to right. Scale bars = 50 Mm in A, D; 100 Mm in B; 10 Mm in C.

Figure 1 in A new genus of monstrilloid copepods (Crustacea) with anteriorly pointing ovigerous spines and related adaptations for subthoracic brooding

Figure 1. Body form of females of representative species of Maemonstrilla gen. nov., with explanation of segmental terminology and measurements taken. A, Maemonstrilla polka sp. nov., south coast of Ishigaki Island, 30.iv.1994, lateral view (paratype, SO lab; same specimen as Fig. 7A), with red dots. B, Maemonstrilla turgida (A. Scott, 1909) comb. nov., Sesoko Island, 31.viii.1989, dorsal view (KMNH IvR 700 225). Abbreviations: al, antennal length; ch, cephalothorax height; cl, cephalothorax length; cr, caudal ramus; cw, cephalothorax width; fp1–4, free pedigers 1–4 (i.e. thoracomeres 3–6); gcs, genital compound somite; ip, incorporated pediger (i.e. thoracomere 2); ml, metasome length; ps, penultimate somite; t, telson; ul, urosome length; w, waist. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figure 7 in A new genus of monstrilloid copepods (Crustacea) with anteriorly pointing ovigerous spines and related adaptations for subthoracic brooding

Figure 7. Maemonstrilla polka sp. nov., female paratype (SO lab), south coast of Ishigaki Island, 30.iv.1994, SEM. A, habitus, lateral view, some legs removed (same specimen as in Figs 1A, 13A). B, oral papilla (o) and scars (arrow), left lateral view. C, detail of scars from B. D, left antennule, outer view, foreshortened due to viewing angle, more distal segments numbered (2–4), arrow indicating branches of b5-seta. Scale bars = 1.0 mm in A; 0.1 mm in B, D; 10 Mm in C.

Figure 9 in A new genus of monstrilloid copepods (Crustacea) with anteriorly pointing ovigerous spines and related adaptations for subthoracic brooding

Figure 9. Maemonstrilla polka sp. nov., female paratype (SO lab), south coast of Ishigaki Island, 30.iv.1994, SEM. A, anteroventral part of cephalothorax from oral papilla (o) to pair of hair-like sensilla on 'forehead' (far right, arrow), with three pairs of pores (other arrows). B, cephalothorax, right posterodorsal margin, dorsal view, showing five pit setae (arrows). C, free pediger 2, lateral view, showing two lateral pairs of pit setae (arrows) and two arcuate sclerites at base of leg (arrowheads), anterior to left. D, genital compound somite and penultimate segment of urosome, lateral view, anterior to left, showing apron-like posteroventral protrusion of compound somite (arrow). E, leg 5 (arrow). Scale bars = 0.1 mm in A–C, E; 50 Mm in D.

Figure 17 in A new genus of monstrilloid copepods (Crustacea) with anteriorly pointing ovigerous spines and related adaptations for subthoracic brooding

Figure 17. Maemonstrilla okame sp. nov., two non-ovigerous female paratypes (SO lab), Sesoko Island, 22.v.1996, SEM. A, anterior half of cephalothorax, lateral view. B, anteroventral part of cephalothorax (i.e. 'face') between oral papilla (o) and bases of antennules (top corners), showing two pairs of pores and two pairs of scars. C, reticulations of lateral side of cephalothorax. D, reticulations of 'forehead', showing pair of hair-like sensilla and pair of pores, dorsal to left. E, legs 2–4, lateral view. F, detail of coxal spinulation of a right swimming leg, proximal to left. G, site of absent inner seta (arrow) of first endopodal segment of right leg 1. Scale bars = 100 Mm in A, E; 50 Mm in B–D; 20 Mm in F, H; 10 Mm in G.

Figure 20 in A new genus of monstrilloid copepods (Crustacea) with anteriorly pointing ovigerous spines and related adaptations for subthoracic brooding

Figure 20. Maemonstrilla okame sp. nov., ovigerous female paratype (KMNH IvR 700 220), Sesoko Island, 2.v.1996, right legs 1–4, setules omitted and setae cut short. A, leg 1, anterior. B, leg 2 and intercoxal sclerite, posterior. C, leg 3, anterior. D, outer distal exopodal seta of leg 3. E, leg 4, anterior. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

Figure 28 in A new genus of monstrilloid copepods (Crustacea) with anteriorly pointing ovigerous spines and related adaptations for subthoracic brooding

Figure 28. Maemonstrilla turgida (A. Scott, 1909) comb. nov., syntype, 'Siboga' Expedition sta. 142 (ZMA Co. 201478), most longer setae cut short in drawings, setules almost entirely lost. A, habitus. B, right antennule, ventral view, setal designations after Grygier & Ohtsuka (1995: fig. 6); dotted 4v3-seta missing, but drawn in based on its presence in left antennule. C, right leg 2, endopod. D, loose, broken-off exopod of leg 2, 3 or 4. E, rami of left legs 3 (above) and 4 (below), anterior view. F, basis and rami of right leg 3, anterior view. G, rami of right leg 4, anterior view. H, legs 5 and genital compound somite, lateral view. I, telson and caudal rami, lateral view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm in A; 0.1 mm in B; 0.2 mm in C–I.

Figure 27 in A new genus of monstrilloid copepods (Crustacea) with anteriorly pointing ovigerous spines and related adaptations for subthoracic brooding

Figure 27. Maemonstrilla turgida (A. Scott, 1909) comb. nov., female (KMNH IvR 700 225), Sesoko Island, 31.viii.1989. A, left leg 1, posterior. B, intercoxal sclerite of legs 1, anterior. C, right leg 2, anterior. D, left leg 3, posterior. E, outer apical exopodal seta of left leg 3. F, right leg 4, anterior. G, right leg 5, medial view. H, compound genital somite, lateral view, anterior to left, showing prominence at anterior base of ovigerous spines (latter cut short). In A, C, D, F and G, setules omitted, some setae cut short. Scale bars = 0.2 mm in A–D, F; 0.1 mm in E, G, H.

Figure 25 in A new genus of monstrilloid copepods (Crustacea) with anteriorly pointing ovigerous spines and related adaptations for subthoracic brooding

Figure 25. Maemonstrilla turgida (A. Scott, 1909) comb. nov., females (SO lab), Sesoko Island, 7.vii.1989, SEM. A, cephalothorax, lateral view. B, oral papilla (o), scars, pores (arrows) and base of antennule (a). C, striations of cephalothorax and two left-hand pores (arrows) behind oral papilla. D, ovigerous spines with attached eggs overlying two intercoxal sclerites. E, protopod of leg 4, lateral view showing patches of denticles, arrows bounding region enlarged in F. F, detail of E. G, detail of outer apical exopodal seta of leg 2. Scale bars = 200 Mm in A; 100 Mm in B, D, E; 5 Mm in C; 10 Mm in F, G.

Figure 11 in A new genus of monstrilloid copepods (Crustacea) with anteriorly pointing ovigerous spines and related adaptations for subthoracic brooding

Figure 11. Maemonstrilla polka sp. nov., female paratype (slide-mount of legs, KMNH IvR 700 216), south coast of Ishigaki Island, 30.iv.1994, legs 1–4, showing diagnostic red spots and invaginations or vestigial buttons replacing proximal inner endopodal seta of each leg (arrows), setules omitted and some setae cut short. A, right leg 1, anterior. B, left leg 2, posterior. C, outer apical exopodal seta of left leg two (see also Fig. 12D). D, right leg 3, anterior. E, left leg 4, posterior. Scale bar = 0.2 mm in A, B, D, E; 0.1 mm in C.

Figure 2 in A new genus of monstrilloid copepods (Crustacea) with anteriorly pointing ovigerous spines and related adaptations for subthoracic brooding

Figure 2. Maemonstrilla hyottoko sp. nov., female paratypes (SO lab), Sesoko Island, 13.viii.1989, SEM. A, cephalothorax and metasome in lateral view, left legs removed. B, metasome and urosome of same specimen, lateral view, showing ovigerous spines (os) and leg 5 (numbered). C, metasome and urosome of different specimen, ventral view, showing ovigerous spines (small arrow), widely spaced legs 1–4, and low, wide intercoxal sclerites (e.g. large arrow). D, genital compound somite of specimen in A, ventrolateral view, showing base of ovigerous spines, copulatory opening (arrow), and spur-like posteroventral process. Scale bars = 200 Mm in A; 100 Mm in B, C; 20 Mm in D.

Figure 20 in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans

Figure 20. Bellulopora bellula (Osburn), Recent, Florida, Atlantic Ocean, NHM 1986.8.14.20. A, ovicell at colony growing edge. B, complete ovicell. C, interior of the ovicell, showing part of the peristome underlying the ovicell opening. D, basal pore chamber (centre bottom), two costal pores and intercostal fusions. E, interior of the ovicell; lower part is the cavity of a kenozooid (floor partly visible) that communicates with its pore chambers through the pores; upper part is the brooding cavity. F, higher magnification of the boundary between the wall of the cavity of the kenozooid (lower right) and the internal wall of an ovicell rib (upper left). Scale bars: A, B = 100 Mm; C-E = 50 Mm; F = 5 Mm.

Figure 12 in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans

Figure 12. Monoporella nodulifera (Hincks), photographed wet; Recent, Australia. A, autozooids and two ovicells (top left and bottom right). B, ovicell showing costal banding. C, slightly oblique view of ovicell (orientated top left to bottom right), showing lateral foramen (black slit) parallel to the lateral ovicell groove. D, another ovicell (orientated bottom right to top left), with costal coelomic lumens visible as pale bands in the ovicell roof. Scale bars: A = 500 Mm, B-D = 200 Mm.

Figure 6 in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans

Figure 6. Stichomicropora oceani (d'Orbigny), Lower Cenomanian, Sarthe, France, NHM D55549. A, growing edge of a colony, showing pore chambers and intrazooecial budding style. B, nonbrooding zooids, with oral and proximal mural spines. C, oblique view of the colony, with brooding and nonbrooding zooids. D, orifice of maternal zooid and ovicell spine bases arranged in a distally concave arch along the mural rim of the distal zooid, apart from the outermost spine bases which are slightly separated from the mural rim. Scale bars: A = 250 Mm; B, C = 100 Mm; D = 50 Mm.

Figure 13 in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans

Figure 13. Monoporella nodulifera (Hincks) sensu lato, Recent, Chios, Mediterranean, NHM 1975.1.12.405pt. A, group of zooids with two complete and one incomplete ovicell. B, ovicell showing maternal zooid, distal zooid with orifice plugged by operculum, and lateral foramina. C, incomplete ovicell with cryptocystal overgrowths on the gymnocystal ovicell floor. D, complete ovicell. Scale bars: A = 500 Mm; B-D = 200 Mm.

Figure 4. A in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans

Figure 4. A, Distelopora langi Ostrovsky & Taylor, fragment of a colony, with two broken ovicells showing ovicell spine bases in a gently curved arch; medial spine bases are adjacent to the proximal edge of the mural rim of the distal zooid. Lower Cenomanian, Cambridge, England, NHM D23111. B-D, Distelopora spinifera Ostrovsky & Taylor; Lower Cenomanian, Cambridge, England. B, part of a colony, showing spine bases of three ovicells; NHM D21651. C, ovicell spine bases arranged in a semicircle, the medial spines adjacent to the proximal edge of the mural rim of the distal zooid; NHM D21667. D, poorly preserved ovicell in which the medial spine bases are some distance from the mural rim of the distal zooid; NHM D21897. Scale bars: A, B = 100 Mm; C, D = 25 Mm.