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Subspecies and Distribution. V. v. vulpes Linnaeus, 1758 — N Europe (Scandinavia). V. v. abietorum Merriam, 1900 — SW Canada (Alberta & British Columbia). V. v. aegyptiacus Sonnini, 1816 — Egypt, Israel, and Lybia. V. v. alascensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska and NW Canada (NW Territories & Yukon). V. v. alpheraky: Satunin, 1906 — Kazakhstan. V. v. anatolica Thomas, 1920 — Turkey. V. v. arabica Thomas, 1902 — Arabian peninsula. V. v. atlantica Wagner, 1841 — Algeria (forested Atlas Mts). V. v. bangsi Merriam, 1900 — NE Canada (Labrador). V. v. barbara Shaw, 1800 — NW Africa (Barbary Coast). V. v. beringiana Middendorff, 1875 — NE Siberia (shore of Bering Strait). V. v. cascadensis Merriam, 1900 — NW USA (Cascade Mountains, Oregon & Washington). V. v. caucasica Dinnik, 1914 — SW Russia (Caucasus). V. v. crucigera Bechstein, 1789 — Europe through N & C Russia. V. v. daurica Ognev, 1931 — E Russia (Amur, Siberia & Transbaikalia). V.v. deletrix Bangs, 1898 — NE Canada (Newfoundland). V. v. dolichocrania Ognev, 1926 — SE Siberia (S Ussuri). V. v. flavescens Gray, 1843 — N Iran. V. v. fulva Desmarest, 1820 — E USA. V. v. griffith: Blyth, 1854 — Afghanistan and N Pakistan. V.v. harrimani Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kodiak I). V. v. hoole Swinhoe, 1870 — S China (Fujian to Sichuan). V. v. ichnusae G. S. Miller, 1907 — Corsica and Sardinia. V. v. induta G. S. Miller, 1907 — Cyprus. V. v. jakutensis Ognev, 1923 — E Siberia (S of Yakutsk). V. v. japonica Gray, 1868 — Japan. V. v. karagan Erxleben, 1777 — Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Kirgizstan. V. v. kenaiensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kenai Peninsula). V. v. kurdistanica Satunin, 1906 — Armenia and NE Turkey. V. v. macroura Baird, 1852 — USA (Mountain States). V. v. montana Pearson, 1836 — Himalayas form China (Yunnan) to C Pakistan. V. v. mecator Merriam, 1900 — SW USA (California & Nevada). V. v. ochroxantha Ognev, 1926 — E Russian Turkestan, Aksai, Kirgizstan, Semirechie. V. v. palaestina Thomas, 1920 —Jordan and Lebanon. V.v. peculiosa Kishida, 1924 — Korea. V. v. pusilla Blyth, 1854 — NW India to Irak. V.v. regalis Merriam, 1900 — N Great Plains of Canada and USA. V. v. rubricosa Bangs, 1898 — E Canada. V.v. schrencki Kishida, 1924 — N Japan (Hokkaido) and NE Russia (Sakhalin). V. v. silacea G. S. Miller, 1907 — Iberian Peninsula. V.v. splendidissima Kishida, 1924 — E Russia (N & C Kurile Is). V. v. stepensis Brauner, 1914 — steppes of S Russia. V. v. tobolica Ognev, 1926 — Russia (lower basin of Ob River) V. v. tschiliensis Matschie, 1907 — NE China. Foxes of European origin were introduced into E USA and Canada in the 17" century, subsequently mixed with local subspecies. Also introduced to Australia in 1800s, and the Falkland Islands (Malvinas). in Canidae

Subspecies and Distribution. V. v. vulpes Linnaeus, 1758 — N Europe (Scandinavia). V. v. abietorum Merriam, 1900 — SW Canada (Alberta & British Columbia). V. v. aegyptiacus Sonnini, 1816 — Egypt, Israel, and Lybia. V. v. alascensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska and NW Canada (NW Territories & Yukon). V. v. alpheraky: Satunin, 1906 — Kazakhstan. V. v. anatolica Thomas, 1920 — Turkey. V. v. arabica Thomas, 1902 — Arabian peninsula. V. v. atlantica Wagner, 1841 — Algeria (forested Atlas Mts). V. v. bangsi Merriam, 1900 — NE Canada (Labrador). V. v. barbara Shaw, 1800 — NW Africa (Barbary Coast). V. v. beringiana Middendorff, 1875 — NE Siberia (shore of Bering Strait). V. v. cascadensis Merriam, 1900 — NW USA (Cascade Mountains, Oregon & Washington). V. v. caucasica Dinnik, 1914 — SW Russia (Caucasus). V. v. crucigera Bechstein, 1789 — Europe through N & C Russia. V. v. daurica Ognev, 1931 — E Russia (Amur, Siberia & Transbaikalia). V.v. deletrix Bangs, 1898 — NE Canada (Newfoundland). V. v. dolichocrania Ognev, 1926 — SE Siberia (S Ussuri). V. v. flavescens Gray, 1843 — N Iran. V. v. fulva Desmarest, 1820 — E USA. V. v. griffith: Blyth, 1854 — Afghanistan and N Pakistan. V.v. harrimani Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kodiak I). V. v. hoole Swinhoe, 1870 — S China (Fujian to Sichuan). V. v. ichnusae G. S. Miller, 1907 — Corsica and Sardinia. V. v. induta G. S. Miller, 1907 — Cyprus. V. v. jakutensis Ognev, 1923 — E Siberia (S of Yakutsk). V. v. japonica Gray, 1868 — Japan. V. v. karagan Erxleben, 1777 — Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Kirgizstan. V. v. kenaiensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kenai Peninsula). V. v. kurdistanica Satunin, 1906 — Armenia and NE Turkey. V. v. macroura Baird, 1852 — USA (Mountain States). V. v. montana Pearson, 1836 — Himalayas form China (Yunnan) to C Pakistan. V. v. mecator Merriam, 1900 — SW USA (California & Nevada). V. v. ochroxantha Ognev, 1926 — E Russian Turkestan, Aksai, Kirgizstan, Semirechie. V. v. palaestina Thomas, 1920 —Jordan and Lebanon. V.v. peculiosa Kishida, 1924 — Korea. V. v. pusilla Blyth, 1854 — NW India to Irak. V.v. regalis Merriam, 1900 — N Great Plains of Canada and USA. V. v. rubricosa Bangs, 1898 — E Canada. V.v. schrencki Kishida, 1924 — N Japan (Hokkaido) and NE Russia (Sakhalin). V. v. silacea G. S. Miller, 1907 — Iberian Peninsula. V.v. splendidissima Kishida, 1924 — E Russia (N & C Kurile Is). V. v. stepensis Brauner, 1914 — steppes of S Russia. V. v. tobolica Ognev, 1926 — Russia (lower basin of Ob River) V. v. tschiliensis Matschie, 1907 — NE China. Foxes of European origin were introduced into E USA and Canada in the 17" century, subsequently mixed with local subspecies. Also introduced to Australia in 1800s, and the Falkland Islands (Malvinas).

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Subspecies and Distribution. S. g. gracilis Merriam, 1890 — W USA (from E Washington & E Oregon to NE California, and then E to W Montana & E Wyoming to C Colorado, and possibly the Black Hills, South Dakota. Then S to N New Mexico, N Arizona, C Nevada and E & C California). S. g. amphialus Dickey, 1929 — SW USA (occurs only on Santa Rosa I and Santa Cruz I in Santa Barbara County, California). S. g. latifrons Merriam, 1890 — SW Canada (SW British Columbia) S and W to NW USA (Washington and Oregon). The distribution follows the crest of the Cascade Mts. S. g. leucoparia Merriam, 1890 — S USA (found from C Arizona, C New Mexico, and W & C central Texas) S to N Mexico (Coahuila & C Durango). S. g. lucasana Merriam, 1890 — NW Mexico (S Baja California N to Santo Domingo on the W coast and La Paz on the E coast). S. g. martirensis Elliot, 1903 — NW Mexico (N & C Baja California). S. g. phenax Merriam, 1890 — SW USA (From California west to crest of Sierra Nevada). in Mephitidae

Subspecies and Distribution. S. g. gracilis Merriam, 1890 — W USA (from E Washington & E Oregon to NE California, and then E to W Montana & E Wyoming to C Colorado, and possibly the Black Hills, South Dakota. Then S to N New Mexico, N Arizona, C Nevada and E & C California). S. g. amphialus Dickey, 1929 — SW USA (occurs only on Santa Rosa I and Santa Cruz I in Santa Barbara County, California). S. g. latifrons Merriam, 1890 — SW Canada (SW British Columbia) S and W to NW USA (Washington and Oregon). The distribution follows the crest of the Cascade Mts. S. g. leucoparia Merriam, 1890 — S USA (found from C Arizona, C New Mexico, and W & C central Texas) S to N Mexico (Coahuila & C Durango). S. g. lucasana Merriam, 1890 — NW Mexico (S Baja California N to Santo Domingo on the W coast and La Paz on the E coast). S. g. martirensis Elliot, 1903 — NW Mexico (N & C Baja California). S. g. phenax Merriam, 1890 — SW USA (From California west to crest of Sierra Nevada).

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Subspecies and Distribution. P. c. concolor Linnaeus, 1771 — E Venezuela through the Guianas to lower Amazonian Brazil. P. c. acrocodia Goldman, 1943 — C Brazil (Matto Grosso), SE Bolivia, and the Chaco of Paraguay and Argentina. P. c. anthony: Nelson & Goldman, 1931 — S Venezuela and adjacent N Brazil. P. c. araucanus Osgood, 1943 — S Chile and S Argentina. P.c. azteca Merriam, 1901 — SW USA (Arizona and New Mexico); NW Mexico. P. c. bangsi Merriam, 1901 — Andean Colombia. P. c. borbensis Nelson & Goldman, 1933 — Amazonian Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. P. c. browni Merriam, 1903 — NW Mexico (N Baja California). P. c. cabrerae Pocock, 1940 — NW Argentina. P. c. californica May, 1896 — SW USA (California). P. c. capricornensis Goldman, 1946 — SE Brazil and NE Argentina. P. c. cory: Bangs, 1899 — SE USA (Florida). P. c. costaricensis Merriam, 1901 — Nicaragua through Panama. P. c. cougar Kerr, 1792 — NE USA. P. c. greeni Nelson & Goldman, 1931 — E Brazil. P. c. hippolestes Merriam, 1897 — C USA. P. c. improcera Phillips, 1912 — NW Mexico (S Baja California). P. c. incarum Nelson & Goldman, 1929 — Andean Peru. P.c. kaibabensis Nelson & Goldman, 1931 — W USA (Nevada & Utah). P. c. mayensis Nelson & Goldman, 1929 — S Mexico through El Salvador. P. c. missoulensis Goldman, 1943 — NW Canada through NW USA (Idaho & Montana). P. c. oregonensis Rafinesque, 1832 — NW USA (Oregon and Washington). P. c. osgoodi Nelson & Goldman, 1929 — C Bolivia. P. c. patagonica Merriam, 1901 — S Argentina (E side of Lago Pueyrredon). P. c. pearsoni Thomas, 1901 — Patagonian Argentina and Chile. P. c. puma Molina, 1782 — C Chile and adjacent Argentina. P. c. schorgeri Jackson, 1955 — Midwestern USA P. c. soderstromi Lonnberg, 1913 — Andean Ecuador. P. c. stanleyana Goldman, 1936 — S USA (Texas) and adjacent Mexico. P. c. vancouverensis Nelson & Goldman, 1932 — SW Canada (Vancouver I). in Felidae

Subspecies and Distribution. P. c. concolor Linnaeus, 1771 — E Venezuela through the Guianas to lower Amazonian Brazil. P. c. acrocodia Goldman, 1943 — C Brazil (Matto Grosso), SE Bolivia, and the Chaco of Paraguay and Argentina. P. c. anthony: Nelson & Goldman, 1931 — S Venezuela and adjacent N Brazil. P. c. araucanus Osgood, 1943 — S Chile and S Argentina. P.c. azteca Merriam, 1901 — SW USA (Arizona and New Mexico); NW Mexico. P. c. bangsi Merriam, 1901 — Andean Colombia. P. c. borbensis Nelson & Goldman, 1933 — Amazonian Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. P. c. browni Merriam, 1903 — NW Mexico (N Baja California). P. c. cabrerae Pocock, 1940 — NW Argentina. P. c. californica May, 1896 — SW USA (California). P. c. capricornensis Goldman, 1946 — SE Brazil and NE Argentina. P. c. cory: Bangs, 1899 — SE USA (Florida). P. c. costaricensis Merriam, 1901 — Nicaragua through Panama. P. c. cougar Kerr, 1792 — NE USA. P. c. greeni Nelson & Goldman, 1931 — E Brazil. P. c. hippolestes Merriam, 1897 — C USA. P. c. improcera Phillips, 1912 — NW Mexico (S Baja California). P. c. incarum Nelson & Goldman, 1929 — Andean Peru. P.c. kaibabensis Nelson & Goldman, 1931 — W USA (Nevada & Utah). P. c. mayensis Nelson & Goldman, 1929 — S Mexico through El Salvador. P. c. missoulensis Goldman, 1943 — NW Canada through NW USA (Idaho & Montana). P. c. oregonensis Rafinesque, 1832 — NW USA (Oregon and Washington). P. c. osgoodi Nelson & Goldman, 1929 — C Bolivia. P. c. patagonica Merriam, 1901 — S Argentina (E side of Lago Pueyrredon). P. c. pearsoni Thomas, 1901 — Patagonian Argentina and Chile. P. c. puma Molina, 1782 — C Chile and adjacent Argentina. P. c. schorgeri Jackson, 1955 — Midwestern USA P. c. soderstromi Lonnberg, 1913 — Andean Ecuador. P. c. stanleyana Goldman, 1936 — S USA (Texas) and adjacent Mexico. P. c. vancouverensis Nelson & Goldman, 1932 — SW Canada (Vancouver I).

Subspecies and Distribution. M.e.evotisH.Allen,1864—coastalSWUSA(CW&SWCalifornia). M. e. chrysonotus J. A. Allen, 1896 — SW Canada (SE British Columbia, S Alberta, and S Saskatchewan) and W USA (most of Montana, W & NE North Dakota, NW South Dakota, SE Oregon, S Idaho, Wyoming, inland California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and extreme N New Mexico). M. e. jonesorum Manning, 1993 — SW USA (N & E Arizona and W New Mexico). M. e. micronyx Nelson & Goldman, 1909 — NW Mexico (N Baja California). M. e. milleri Elliot, 1903 — NW Mexico (S Baja California). M. e. pacificus Dalquest, 1943 — SW Canada (SW British Columbia and Vancouver I), and NW USA (Washington, most of Oregon, N Idaho, NW Montana, and NW California). in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M.e.evotisH.Allen,1864—coastalSWUSA(CW&SWCalifornia). M. e. chrysonotus J. A. Allen, 1896 — SW Canada (SE British Columbia, S Alberta, and S Saskatchewan) and W USA (most of Montana, W & NE North Dakota, NW South Dakota, SE Oregon, S Idaho, Wyoming, inland California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and extreme N New Mexico). M. e. jonesorum Manning, 1993 — SW USA (N & E Arizona and W New Mexico). M. e. micronyx Nelson & Goldman, 1909 — NW Mexico (N Baja California). M. e. milleri Elliot, 1903 — NW Mexico (S Baja California). M. e. pacificus Dalquest, 1943 — SW Canada (SW British Columbia and Vancouver I), and NW USA (Washington, most of Oregon, N Idaho, NW Montana, and NW California).

Subspecies and Distribution. M.t.thysanodesG.S.Miller,1897—SWCanada(SBritishColumbia),WUSA(EWashington,EOregon,Idaho,WMon-tana,California,Nevada,Utah,SWyo-ming,Colorado,Arizona,NewMexico,andonerecordinNTexas),andN&CMexico. M. t. aztecus G. S. Miller & G. M. Allen, 1928 — S Mexico. M.t.pahasapensisJ.K.Jones&Genoways,1967—CUSA(EWyoming,SWSouthDa-kota,andNWNebraska). M. t. vespertinus Manning & J. K. Jones, 1988 — W USA (SW Washington, W Oregon, and NW California). in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M.t.thysanodesG.S.Miller,1897—SWCanada(SBritishColumbia),WUSA(EWashington,EOregon,Idaho,WMon-tana,California,Nevada,Utah,SWyo-ming,Colorado,Arizona,NewMexico,andonerecordinNTexas),andN&CMexico. M. t. aztecus G. S. Miller & G. M. Allen, 1928 — S Mexico. M.t.pahasapensisJ.K.Jones&Genoways,1967—CUSA(EWyoming,SWSouthDa-kota,andNWNebraska). M. t. vespertinus Manning & J. K. Jones, 1988 — W USA (SW Washington, W Oregon, and NW California).

Subspecies and Distribution. M.v.volansH.Allen,1866—NWMexico(BajaCalifornia). M.v.amotusG.S.Miller,1914—SCMex-ico. M.v.interiorG.S.Miller,1914-SCCan-ada(SSaskatchewan),W&CUSA(SEWashington,EOregon,Idaho,Montana,WNorthDakota,WSouthDakota,Wyoming,E&SCalifornia,Nevada,Utah,Colorado,WNebraska,Arizona,NewMexico,andW&NTexas),andNMexico. M. v. longicrus True, 1886 — W Canada (SW Yukon, British Columbia including Vancouver I, and S Alberta) and W USA (extreme SW Alaska, Washington, W Oregon, and NW & WC California). in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M.v.volansH.Allen,1866—NWMexico(BajaCalifornia). M.v.amotusG.S.Miller,1914—SCMex-ico. M.v.interiorG.S.Miller,1914-SCCan-ada(SSaskatchewan),W&CUSA(SEWashington,EOregon,Idaho,Montana,WNorthDakota,WSouthDakota,Wyoming,E&SCalifornia,Nevada,Utah,Colorado,WNebraska,Arizona,NewMexico,andW&NTexas),andNMexico. M. v. longicrus True, 1886 — W Canada (SW Yukon, British Columbia including Vancouver I, and S Alberta) and W USA (extreme SW Alaska, Washington, W Oregon, and NW & WC California).

Subspecies and Distribution. M.c.californicusAudubon&Bachman,1842—SWCanada(SEBritishColumbia),WUSA(EWashington,EOregon,Idaho,W&NCMontana,NEUtah,NE,C&SWCalifornia,EArizona,NewMexico,andWandarecordfromNTexas),andNMexicoincludingBajaCalifornia. M.c.caurinusG.S.Miller,1897—SWCanada(SWBritishColumbia,includingHaidaGwaiiandVancouverI)andNWUSA(extremeSWAlaska,WWashington,WOregon,andNWCalifornia). M.c.mexicanusSaussure,1860—CtoSWMexicoandCGuatemala. M. c. stephensi Dalquest, 1946 — SW USA (Nevada, SE California, S & E Utah, SW Wyoming, W Colorado, and Arizona) and NW Mexico. in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M.c.californicusAudubon&Bachman,1842—SWCanada(SEBritishColumbia),WUSA(EWashington,EOregon,Idaho,W&NCMontana,NEUtah,NE,C&SWCalifornia,EArizona,NewMexico,andWandarecordfromNTexas),andNMexicoincludingBajaCalifornia. M.c.caurinusG.S.Miller,1897—SWCanada(SWBritishColumbia,includingHaidaGwaiiandVancouverI)andNWUSA(extremeSWAlaska,WWashington,WOregon,andNWCalifornia). M.c.mexicanusSaussure,1860—CtoSWMexicoandCGuatemala. M. c. stephensi Dalquest, 1946 — SW USA (Nevada, SE California, S & E Utah, SW Wyoming, W Colorado, and Arizona) and NW Mexico.

Distribution. SW USA (S California, S Nevada, Arizona, SW New Mexico, and SW Texas) S to W & C Mexico. in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. SW USA (S California, S Nevada, Arizona, SW New Mexico, and SW Texas) S to W & C Mexico.

Distribution. SW USA (S California, S Nevada, and Arizona) and NW Mexico (Baja California, Sonora, SW Chihuahua, and N Sinaloa). in Phyllostomidae

Distribution. SW USA (S California, S Nevada, and Arizona) and NW Mexico (Baja California, Sonora, SW Chihuahua, and N Sinaloa).

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Subspecies and Distribution. O.c.canadensisShaw,1804—SWCanada(SBritishColumbia&SWAlberta),WUSA(Washington,Montana,Wyoming,NIdaho,NorthDakota,SouthDakota,NWNebraska,WColorado&NNewMexico). O.c.mexicanaMerriam,1901—SWUSA(SWArizona&SWNewMexico),NWMexico(NWSonora).ReestablishedinCoahuilaandChihuahua,Mexico. O.c.nelsoniMerriam,1897—NWUSA(Oregon,SWIdaho,Nevada,NECaliforniatotheGreatBasinDesertinUtah,SCalifornia&SArizona)andNWMexico(NBajaCalifornia). O.c.sierraeGrinnell,1912—California(C&SSierraNevada). O. c. weemsi Goldman, 1937 — S Baja California, Mexico. in Bovidae

Subspecies and Distribution. O.c.canadensisShaw,1804—SWCanada(SBritishColumbia&SWAlberta),WUSA(Washington,Montana,Wyoming,NIdaho,NorthDakota,SouthDakota,NWNebraska,WColorado&NNewMexico). O.c.mexicanaMerriam,1901—SWUSA(SWArizona&SWNewMexico),NWMexico(NWSonora).ReestablishedinCoahuilaandChihuahua,Mexico. O.c.nelsoniMerriam,1897—NWUSA(Oregon,SWIdaho,Nevada,NECaliforniatotheGreatBasinDesertinUtah,SCalifornia&SArizona)andNWMexico(NBajaCalifornia). O.c.sierraeGrinnell,1912—California(C&SSierraNevada). O. c. weemsi Goldman, 1937 — S Baja California, Mexico.

Subspecies and Distribution. T.b.bottaeEydoux&Gervais,1836—PacificcoastofC&SCalifornia,USA. T.b.abbottiHuey,1928—PacificcoastofCBajaCalifornia,Mexico.T°b.abstrususHall&Davis,1935—NyeCounty,Nevada,USA. T.b.actuosusKelson,1951—CNewMexico,USA. T.b.albatusGrinnell,1912—SCCalifornia,USA. T.b.albicaudatusHall,1930—NUtah,USA. T.b.alexandraeGoldman,1933—NCArizona,USA. T.b.alpinusMerriam,1897—SierraNevadaRangeofCCalifornia,USA. T.b.alticolusJ.A.Allen,1899—SBajaCaliforniaSur,Mexico. T.b.analogusGoldman,1938—SECoahuila,Mexico. T.b.angustidensBaker,1953—NWCoahuila,Mexico. T.b.anitaeJ.A.Allen,1898—SBajaCaliforniaSur,Mexico. T.b.aphrastusElliot,1903—NWBajaCalifornia,Mexico. T.b.aurerventrisHall,1930—NWUtah,USA. T.b.aureusJ.A.Allen,1893—NEArizonaandadjacentpartsofUtah,Colorado,andNewMexico,USA. T.b.awahneeMerriam,1908—WCCalifornia,USA. T.b.baileyiMerriam,1901—NWTexas,USA. T.b.basilicaeBenson&Tillotson,1940—NWSonora,Mexico. T.b.birdseye:Goldman,1937—SWUtah,USA. T.b.bonneuvilletDurrant,1946—WCUtah,USA. T.b.borjasensisHuey,1945—SBajaCalifornia,Mexico. T.b.brazierhowelliHuey,1960—WCBajaCalifornia,Mexico. T.b.brevidensHall,1932—CNevada,USA. T:b.cactophilusHuey,1929—SBajaCalifornia,USA. T.b.camoaeBurt,1937—PacificcoastofSSonora,Mexico. T.b.canusBailey,1910—NWNevada,USA. T.b.catalinaeGoldman,1931—SCArizona,USA. T.b.catavinensisHuey,1931—SEBajaCalifornia,USA. T.b.centralisHall,1930—SEUtah,USA. T.b.cervinusJ.A.Allen,1895—SWArizona,USA. T:b.chrysonotusGrinnell,1912—SWArizona,USA. T.b.cinereusHall,1932—WCNevada,USA. T:b.collisHooper,1940—WCNewMexico,USA. T.b.concisorHall&Davis,1935—CNevada,USA. T.b.confinalisGoldman,1936—SWTexas,USA. T.b.connectensHall,1936—NCNewMexico,USA. T.b.contractusDurrant,1946—SWUtah,USA. T.b.convergensNelson&Goldman,1934—WCSonora,Mexico. T.b.convexusDurrant,1939—WCUtah,USA. T:b.cultellusKelson,1951—NENewMexicoandSEColorado,USA. T.b.cuniculariusHuey,1945—NCBajaCalifornia,Mexico. T.b.curtatusHall,1932—WCNevada,USA. T.b.depressusHall,1932—WCNevada,USA. T.b.desertorumMerriam,1901—NWArizona,USA. T.b.detumidusGrinnell,1935—SWOregon,USA. T.b.dissimilisGoldman,1931—SEUtah,USA. T.b.divergensNelson&Goldman,1934—NESonora,Mexico. T:b.estanciaeBenson&Tillotson,1939—NESonora,Mexico. T.b.fulvusWoodhouse,1852—NCArizonatoSWNewMexico,USA. T.b.fumosusHall,1932—CNevada,USA. T.b.guadalupensisGoldman,1936—WCTexas,USA. T:b.homorusHuey,1949—NBajaCaliforniaSurintoSBajaCalifornia,Mexico. T.b.howelliGoldman,1936—ECUtahintoWCColorado,USA. T.b.humilisBaker,1953—NCoahuila,Mexico. T:b.imitabilisGoldman,1939—SBajaCaliforniaSur,Mexico. T.b.incomptusGoldman,1939—-WCBajaCaliforniaSur,Mexico. T:b.internatusGoldman,1936—SCColorado,USA. T.b.jojobaeHuey,1945—NCBajaCalifornia,Mexico. T.b.juarezensisHuey,1945—NCBajaCalifornia,Mexico. T.b.lachuguillaBailey,1902—WCTexas,USA. T.b.lacrymalisHall,1932—WCNevada,USA. T:b.laticepsBaird,1855—NWCaliforniaintoSWOregon,USA. T.b.latusHall&Davis,1935—WCNevada,USA. T.b.lenisGoldman,1942—CUtah,USA. T.b.leucodonMerriam,1897—NCaliforniaintoSWOregon,USA. T:b.levidensisGoldman,1942—CUtah,USA. T.b.limitarisGoldman,1936—SWTexas,USA. T.b.limpiaeBlair,1939—SWTexas,USA. T.b.litorisBurt,1940—WCBajaCaliforniaSur,Mexico. T.b.lucidusHall,1932—NCBajaCalifornia,Mexico. T.b.lucrificusHall&Durham,1938—CNevada,USA. T.b.magdalenaeNelson&Goldman,1909-WCBajaCaliforniaSur,Mexico. T.b.martirensisJ.A.Allen,1898—NCBajaCalifornia,Mexico. T.b.mearnsiBailey,1914—SWNewMexico,USA. T.b.mewaMerriam,1908—CCalifornia,USA. T:b.minimusDurrant,1939—NWUtah,USA. T.b.modicusGoldman,1931—SCArizona,USA,intoNCSonora,Mexico. T.b.morulusHooper,1940—NCNewMexico,USA. T.b.nanusHall,1932—SCNevada,USA. T.b.navusMerriam,1901—NCCalifornia,USA. T.b.neglectusBailey,1914—SWCalifornia,USA. T.b.nesophilusDurrant,1936—NWUtah,USA. T.b.nigricansRhoads,1895—SWCalifornia,USA,intoNWBajaCalifornia,Mexico. T.b.operariusMerriam,1897—SECalifornia,USA. T.b.optabilisGoodman,1936—SWColorado,USA. T.b.opulentusGoldman,1935—C&SCNewMexico,USA. T:b.osgoodiGoldman,1931—SCUtah,USA. T.b.paguataeHooper,1940—NWNewMexico,USA. T:b.pascalisMerriam,1901—CCalifornia,USA. T:b.pectoralisGoldman,1936—SENewMexico,USA. T.b.peramplusGoldman,1931—NEArizonaintoNWNewMexico,USA. T.b.perditusMerriam,1901—CCoahuilaintoNWNuevoLe6n,Mexico. T.b.perpallidusMerriam,1886—SCCalifornia,USA. T:b.pervagusMerriam,1901—NCNewMexicointoSCColorado,USA. T.b.pervariusGoldman,1938—SWTexas,USA. T:b.phelleoecusBurt,1933—SCNevada,USA. T.b.pinalensisGoldman,1938—SCArizona,USA. T:b.planirostrisBurt,1931—SWUtahintoNWArizona,USA. T.b.planorumHooper,1940—WCNewMexico,USA. T.b.powellDurrant,1955—SCUtah,USA. T.b.proximarinusHuey,1945—NWBajaCalifornia,Mexico. T:b.pusillusGoldman,1931—SCArizona,USA. T.b.retractusBaker,1953—NCoahuila,Mexico. T.b.rhizophagusHuey,1949—SWBajaCalifornia,Mexico. T.b.ripariusGrinnell&Hill,1936—SECalifornia,USA. T.b.robustusDurrant,1946—NWUtah,USA. T.b.rubidusYoungman,1958—SCColorado,USA. T.b.ruidosaeHall,1932—SCNewMexico,USA. T.b.rupestrisChattin,1941—SCCalifornia,USA. T.b.ruricolaHuey,1949—SWBajaCalifornia,USA. T:b.russeolusNelson&Goldman,1909—SWBajaCaliforniatoNWBajaCaliforniaSur,Mexico. T.b.saxatillisGrinnell,1934—NECalifornia,USA. T.b.scotophilusDavis,1940—WCTexas,USA. T.b.sevieriDurrant,1946—WCUtah,USA. T.b.siccovallisHuey,1945—CBajaCalifornia,Mexico. T:b.simulusNelson&Goldman,1934—SEIdaho,USA. T:b.sinaloaeMerriam,1901—NWandWCSinaloa,Mexico. T.b.solitariusGrinnell,1926—WCNevada,USA. T:b.spatiosusGoldman,1938—SWTexas,USA. T.b.stansburyDurrant,1946—NWUtah,USA. T:b.sturgisiGoldman,1938—NWCoahuilaintoEChihuahua,Mexico. T.b.subsimilisGoldman,1933—SWArizona,USA. T.b.texensisBailey,1902—SWTexas,USA. T.b.tiviusDurrant,1937—CUtah,USA. T.b.toltecusJ.A.Allen,1893—SWNewMexico,USA,intoNWChihuahua,Mexico. T.b.tularosaeHall,1932—SCNewMexico,USA. T.b.vanrosseniHuey,1934—NWSonora,Mexico. T.b.varusHall&Long,1960—WCSinaloa,Mexico. T.b.vescusHall&Davis,1935—CNevada,USA. T.b.villa:Baker,1953—NWCoahuila,Mexico. T.b.wahwahensisDurrant,1937—WCUtah,USA. T.b.winthropiNelson&Goldman,1934—WCSonora,Mexico. T. b. xerophilus Huey, 1945 — NC Baja California, Mexico. in Geomyidae

Subspecies and Distribution. T.b.bottaeEydoux&Gervais,1836—PacificcoastofC&SCalifornia,USA. T.b.abbottiHuey,1928—PacificcoastofCBajaCalifornia,Mexico.T°b.abstrususHall&Davis,1935—NyeCounty,Nevada,USA. T.b.actuosusKelson,1951—CNewMexico,USA. T.b.albatusGrinnell,1912—SCCalifornia,USA. T.b.albicaudatusHall,1930—NUtah,USA. T.b.alexandraeGoldman,1933—NCArizona,USA. T.b.alpinusMerriam,1897—SierraNevadaRangeofCCalifornia,USA. T.b.alticolusJ.A.Allen,1899—SBajaCaliforniaSur,Mexico. T.b.analogusGoldman,1938—SECoahuila,Mexico. T.b.angustidensBaker,1953—NWCoahuila,Mexico. T.b.anitaeJ.A.Allen,1898—SBajaCaliforniaSur,Mexico. T.b.aphrastusElliot,1903—NWBajaCalifornia,Mexico. T.b.aurerventrisHall,1930—NWUtah,USA. T.b.aureusJ.A.Allen,1893—NEArizonaandadjacentpartsofUtah,Colorado,andNewMexico,USA. T.b.awahneeMerriam,1908—WCCalifornia,USA. T.b.baileyiMerriam,1901—NWTexas,USA. T.b.basilicaeBenson&Tillotson,1940—NWSonora,Mexico. T.b.birdseye:Goldman,1937—SWUtah,USA. T.b.bonneuvilletDurrant,1946—WCUtah,USA. T.b.borjasensisHuey,1945—SBajaCalifornia,Mexico. T.b.brazierhowelliHuey,1960—WCBajaCalifornia,Mexico. T.b.brevidensHall,1932—CNevada,USA. T:b.cactophilusHuey,1929—SBajaCalifornia,USA. T.b.camoaeBurt,1937—PacificcoastofSSonora,Mexico. T.b.canusBailey,1910—NWNevada,USA. T.b.catalinaeGoldman,1931—SCArizona,USA. T.b.catavinensisHuey,1931—SEBajaCalifornia,USA. T.b.centralisHall,1930—SEUtah,USA. T.b.cervinusJ.A.Allen,1895—SWArizona,USA. T:b.chrysonotusGrinnell,1912—SWArizona,USA. T.b.cinereusHall,1932—WCNevada,USA. T:b.collisHooper,1940—WCNewMexico,USA. T.b.concisorHall&Davis,1935—CNevada,USA. T.b.confinalisGoldman,1936—SWTexas,USA. T.b.connectensHall,1936—NCNewMexico,USA. T.b.contractusDurrant,1946—SWUtah,USA. T.b.convergensNelson&Goldman,1934—WCSonora,Mexico. T.b.convexusDurrant,1939—WCUtah,USA. T:b.cultellusKelson,1951—NENewMexicoandSEColorado,USA. T.b.cuniculariusHuey,1945—NCBajaCalifornia,Mexico. T.b.curtatusHall,1932—WCNevada,USA. T.b.depressusHall,1932—WCNevada,USA. T.b.desertorumMerriam,1901—NWArizona,USA. T.b.detumidusGrinnell,1935—SWOregon,USA. T.b.dissimilisGoldman,1931—SEUtah,USA. T.b.divergensNelson&Goldman,1934—NESonora,Mexico. T:b.estanciaeBenson&Tillotson,1939—NESonora,Mexico. T.b.fulvusWoodhouse,1852—NCArizonatoSWNewMexico,USA. T.b.fumosusHall,1932—CNevada,USA. T.b.guadalupensisGoldman,1936—WCTexas,USA. T:b.homorusHuey,1949—NBajaCaliforniaSurintoSBajaCalifornia,Mexico. T.b.howelliGoldman,1936—ECUtahintoWCColorado,USA. T.b.humilisBaker,1953—NCoahuila,Mexico. T:b.imitabilisGoldman,1939—SBajaCaliforniaSur,Mexico. T.b.incomptusGoldman,1939—-WCBajaCaliforniaSur,Mexico. T:b.internatusGoldman,1936—SCColorado,USA. T.b.jojobaeHuey,1945—NCBajaCalifornia,Mexico. T.b.juarezensisHuey,1945—NCBajaCalifornia,Mexico. T.b.lachuguillaBailey,1902—WCTexas,USA. T.b.lacrymalisHall,1932—WCNevada,USA. T:b.laticepsBaird,1855—NWCaliforniaintoSWOregon,USA. T.b.latusHall&Davis,1935—WCNevada,USA. T.b.lenisGoldman,1942—CUtah,USA. T.b.leucodonMerriam,1897—NCaliforniaintoSWOregon,USA. T:b.levidensisGoldman,1942—CUtah,USA. T.b.limitarisGoldman,1936—SWTexas,USA. T.b.limpiaeBlair,1939—SWTexas,USA. T.b.litorisBurt,1940—WCBajaCaliforniaSur,Mexico. T.b.lucidusHall,1932—NCBajaCalifornia,Mexico. T.b.lucrificusHall&Durham,1938—CNevada,USA. T.b.magdalenaeNelson&Goldman,1909-WCBajaCaliforniaSur,Mexico. T.b.martirensisJ.A.Allen,1898—NCBajaCalifornia,Mexico. T.b.mearnsiBailey,1914—SWNewMexico,USA. T.b.mewaMerriam,1908—CCalifornia,USA. T:b.minimusDurrant,1939—NWUtah,USA. T.b.modicusGoldman,1931—SCArizona,USA,intoNCSonora,Mexico. T.b.morulusHooper,1940—NCNewMexico,USA. T.b.nanusHall,1932—SCNevada,USA. T.b.navusMerriam,1901—NCCalifornia,USA. T.b.neglectusBailey,1914—SWCalifornia,USA. T.b.nesophilusDurrant,1936—NWUtah,USA. T.b.nigricansRhoads,1895—SWCalifornia,USA,intoNWBajaCalifornia,Mexico. T.b.operariusMerriam,1897—SECalifornia,USA. T.b.optabilisGoodman,1936—SWColorado,USA. T.b.opulentusGoldman,1935—C&SCNewMexico,USA. T:b.osgoodiGoldman,1931—SCUtah,USA. T.b.paguataeHooper,1940—NWNewMexico,USA. T:b.pascalisMerriam,1901—CCalifornia,USA. T:b.pectoralisGoldman,1936—SENewMexico,USA. T.b.peramplusGoldman,1931—NEArizonaintoNWNewMexico,USA. T.b.perditusMerriam,1901—CCoahuilaintoNWNuevoLe6n,Mexico. T.b.perpallidusMerriam,1886—SCCalifornia,USA. T:b.pervagusMerriam,1901—NCNewMexicointoSCColorado,USA. T.b.pervariusGoldman,1938—SWTexas,USA. T:b.phelleoecusBurt,1933—SCNevada,USA. T.b.pinalensisGoldman,1938—SCArizona,USA. T:b.planirostrisBurt,1931—SWUtahintoNWArizona,USA. T.b.planorumHooper,1940—WCNewMexico,USA. T.b.powellDurrant,1955—SCUtah,USA. T.b.proximarinusHuey,1945—NWBajaCalifornia,Mexico. T:b.pusillusGoldman,1931—SCArizona,USA. T.b.retractusBaker,1953—NCoahuila,Mexico. T.b.rhizophagusHuey,1949—SWBajaCalifornia,Mexico. T.b.ripariusGrinnell&Hill,1936—SECalifornia,USA. T.b.robustusDurrant,1946—NWUtah,USA. T.b.rubidusYoungman,1958—SCColorado,USA. T.b.ruidosaeHall,1932—SCNewMexico,USA. T.b.rupestrisChattin,1941—SCCalifornia,USA. T.b.ruricolaHuey,1949—SWBajaCalifornia,USA. T:b.russeolusNelson&Goldman,1909—SWBajaCaliforniatoNWBajaCaliforniaSur,Mexico. T.b.saxatillisGrinnell,1934—NECalifornia,USA. T.b.scotophilusDavis,1940—WCTexas,USA. T.b.sevieriDurrant,1946—WCUtah,USA. T.b.siccovallisHuey,1945—CBajaCalifornia,Mexico. T:b.simulusNelson&Goldman,1934—SEIdaho,USA. T:b.sinaloaeMerriam,1901—NWandWCSinaloa,Mexico. T.b.solitariusGrinnell,1926—WCNevada,USA. T:b.spatiosusGoldman,1938—SWTexas,USA. T.b.stansburyDurrant,1946—NWUtah,USA. T:b.sturgisiGoldman,1938—NWCoahuilaintoEChihuahua,Mexico. T.b.subsimilisGoldman,1933—SWArizona,USA. T.b.texensisBailey,1902—SWTexas,USA. T.b.tiviusDurrant,1937—CUtah,USA. T.b.toltecusJ.A.Allen,1893—SWNewMexico,USA,intoNWChihuahua,Mexico. T.b.tularosaeHall,1932—SCNewMexico,USA. T.b.vanrosseniHuey,1934—NWSonora,Mexico. T.b.varusHall&Long,1960—WCSinaloa,Mexico. T.b.vescusHall&Davis,1935—CNevada,USA. T.b.villa:Baker,1953—NWCoahuila,Mexico. T.b.wahwahensisDurrant,1937—WCUtah,USA. T.b.winthropiNelson&Goldman,1934—WCSonora,Mexico. T. b. xerophilus Huey, 1945 — NC Baja California, Mexico.

Subspecies and Distribution. T.t.townsendBachman,1839—SnakeRiverdrainageinIdahoandECOregon,USA. T. t. nevadensis Merriam, 1897 — Humboldt and Quinn River drainages in Nevada and SE Oregon, and Honey Lake Valley in N California, USA. in Geomyidae

Subspecies and Distribution. T.t.townsendBachman,1839—SnakeRiverdrainageinIdahoandECOregon,USA. T. t. nevadensis Merriam, 1897 — Humboldt and Quinn River drainages in Nevada and SE Oregon, and Honey Lake Valley in N California, USA.

Subspecies and Distribution. T.t.talpoidesRichardson,1828—NCMontana,USA,andNEintoAlberta,Saskatchewan,andManitoba,Canada. T.t.aequalidensDalquest,1942—SEWashingtonandadjacentpartsofIdaho,USA. T.t.agrestisMerriam,1908—SCColorado,USA. T.t.andersoniGoldman,1939—SEAlberta,Canada. T.t.attenuatusHall&Montague,1951—SEWyomingandadjacentpartsofColorado,USA. T.t.bridger:Merriam,1901—SEIdaho,extendingEandSintoWWyoming,USA. T.t.bullatusBailey,1914—EMontana,extendingintoNorthDakotaandColorado,USA,andSaskatchewan,Canada. T.t.cary:Bailey,1914—NCWyoming,USA. T.t.cheyennensisSwenk,1941—NEWyomingandadjacentpartsofNebraska,USA. T. t. cognatusJohnstone, 1955 — SE British Columbia, Canada. T.t.columbianusBailey,1914—SCWashingtonandadjacentpartsofOregon,USA. T.t.devexusHall&Dalquest,1939—ECWashington,USA. T.t.douglasiiRichardson,1829—WWashington,USA. T.t.durrantiKelson,1949—WCColoradoextendingintoUtah,withdisjunctpopulationsinSEUtah,USA. T.t.falciferGrinnell,1926—CNevada,USA. T. t. fisheri Merriam, 1901 — NE California extending into W Nevada, USA. T.t.fossor].A.Allen,1893—SWColoradointoNNewMexico,withdisjunctpopulationsonArizona—NewMexicoborder,USA. T.t.fuscusMerriam,1891—CIdahointoNCWashington,USA,andSBritishColumbia,Canada. T.t.gracilisDurrant,1939—NENevadaandadjacentpartsofUtahextendingSWintocentralNevada,USA. T.t.immunisHall&Dalquest,1939—SCWashington,USA. T.t.incensusGoldman,1939—SBritishColumbia,Canada. T.t.kaibabensisGoldman,1938—NArizona,USA. T:t.kelloggiGoldman,1939—SCMontana,USA. T.t.levisGoldman,1938—SCUtahandadjacentpartsofArizona,USA. T.t.limosusMerriam,1901—SCWashingtonandadjacentpartsofOregon,USA. T:t.loringiBailey,1914—SCAlberta,Canada. T.t.macrotisMiller,1930—NCColorado,USA. T.t.mediusGoldman,1939—SEBritishColumbia,Canada. T.t.meritusHall,1951—NWColoradoandadjacentpartsofWyoming,USA. T.t.monoensisHuey,1934—WCNevadaandadjacentpartsofCalifornia,USA. T.t.moore:Goldman,1938—CUtah,USA. T.t.nebulosusBailey,1914—WSouthDakotaandadjacentpartsofWyoming,USA. T.t.ociusMerriam,1901—NWColoradoandadjacentpartsofUtahandWyoming,USA. T:t.oquirrhensisDurrant,1939—NCUtah,USA. T.t.parowanensisGoldman,1938—SWUtah,USA. T.t.pierreicolusSwenk,1941—WSouthDakotaandadjacentpartsofMontana,Wyoming,andNebraska,USA. T:t.pryoriBailey,1914—SCMontana,USA. T.t.quadratusMerriam,1897—EOregonandadjacentpartsofIdaho,Nevada,andCalifornia,USA. T.t.ravusDurrant,1946—NEUtah,USA. T.t.relicinusGoldman,1939—SCIdaho,USA. T.t.retrorsusHall,1951—ECColorado,USA. T.t.rostralisHall&Montague,1951—CColoradoandadjacentpartsofWyoming,USA. T.t.rufescensWied-Neuwied,1839—NorthDakotaandadjacentpartsofSouthDakotaandMinnesota,USA,andManitobaandSaskatchewan,Canada. T.t.saturatusBailey,1914—NIdahoandadjacentpartsofMontana,USA,andBritishColumbia,Canada. T. t. segregatusJohnstone, 1955 — SE British Columbia, Canada. T.t.shawiTaylor,1921—SCWashington,USA. T:t.tayloriHooper,1940—NWNewMexico,USA. T.t.tenellusGoldman,1939—NWWyomingandadjacentpartsofMontana,USA. T.t.trivialisGoldman,1939—CMontana,USA. T.t.wintaMerriam,1901—NEUtah,USA. T.t.wallowaHall&Orr,1933—NEOregonandadjacentpartsofWashington,USA. T.t.wasatchensisDurrant,1946—NEUtah,USA. T.t.whitmaniDrake&Booth,1952—SEWashington,USA. T: t. yakimensis Hall & Dalquest, 1939 — SC Washington, USA. in Geomyidae

Subspecies and Distribution. T.t.talpoidesRichardson,1828—NCMontana,USA,andNEintoAlberta,Saskatchewan,andManitoba,Canada. T.t.aequalidensDalquest,1942—SEWashingtonandadjacentpartsofIdaho,USA. T.t.agrestisMerriam,1908—SCColorado,USA. T.t.andersoniGoldman,1939—SEAlberta,Canada. T.t.attenuatusHall&Montague,1951—SEWyomingandadjacentpartsofColorado,USA. T.t.bridger:Merriam,1901—SEIdaho,extendingEandSintoWWyoming,USA. T.t.bullatusBailey,1914—EMontana,extendingintoNorthDakotaandColorado,USA,andSaskatchewan,Canada. T.t.cary:Bailey,1914—NCWyoming,USA. T.t.cheyennensisSwenk,1941—NEWyomingandadjacentpartsofNebraska,USA. T. t. cognatusJohnstone, 1955 — SE British Columbia, Canada. T.t.columbianusBailey,1914—SCWashingtonandadjacentpartsofOregon,USA. T.t.devexusHall&Dalquest,1939—ECWashington,USA. T.t.douglasiiRichardson,1829—WWashington,USA. T.t.durrantiKelson,1949—WCColoradoextendingintoUtah,withdisjunctpopulationsinSEUtah,USA. T.t.falciferGrinnell,1926—CNevada,USA. T. t. fisheri Merriam, 1901 — NE California extending into W Nevada, USA. T.t.fossor].A.Allen,1893—SWColoradointoNNewMexico,withdisjunctpopulationsonArizona—NewMexicoborder,USA. T.t.fuscusMerriam,1891—CIdahointoNCWashington,USA,andSBritishColumbia,Canada. T.t.gracilisDurrant,1939—NENevadaandadjacentpartsofUtahextendingSWintocentralNevada,USA. T.t.immunisHall&Dalquest,1939—SCWashington,USA. T.t.incensusGoldman,1939—SBritishColumbia,Canada. T.t.kaibabensisGoldman,1938—NArizona,USA. T:t.kelloggiGoldman,1939—SCMontana,USA. T.t.levisGoldman,1938—SCUtahandadjacentpartsofArizona,USA. T.t.limosusMerriam,1901—SCWashingtonandadjacentpartsofOregon,USA. T:t.loringiBailey,1914—SCAlberta,Canada. T.t.macrotisMiller,1930—NCColorado,USA. T.t.mediusGoldman,1939—SEBritishColumbia,Canada. T.t.meritusHall,1951—NWColoradoandadjacentpartsofWyoming,USA. T.t.monoensisHuey,1934—WCNevadaandadjacentpartsofCalifornia,USA. T.t.moore:Goldman,1938—CUtah,USA. T.t.nebulosusBailey,1914—WSouthDakotaandadjacentpartsofWyoming,USA. T.t.ociusMerriam,1901—NWColoradoandadjacentpartsofUtahandWyoming,USA. T:t.oquirrhensisDurrant,1939—NCUtah,USA. T.t.parowanensisGoldman,1938—SWUtah,USA. T.t.pierreicolusSwenk,1941—WSouthDakotaandadjacentpartsofMontana,Wyoming,andNebraska,USA. T:t.pryoriBailey,1914—SCMontana,USA. T.t.quadratusMerriam,1897—EOregonandadjacentpartsofIdaho,Nevada,andCalifornia,USA. T.t.ravusDurrant,1946—NEUtah,USA. T.t.relicinusGoldman,1939—SCIdaho,USA. T.t.retrorsusHall,1951—ECColorado,USA. T.t.rostralisHall&Montague,1951—CColoradoandadjacentpartsofWyoming,USA. T.t.rufescensWied-Neuwied,1839—NorthDakotaandadjacentpartsofSouthDakotaandMinnesota,USA,andManitobaandSaskatchewan,Canada. T.t.saturatusBailey,1914—NIdahoandadjacentpartsofMontana,USA,andBritishColumbia,Canada. T. t. segregatusJohnstone, 1955 — SE British Columbia, Canada. T.t.shawiTaylor,1921—SCWashington,USA. T:t.tayloriHooper,1940—NWNewMexico,USA. T.t.tenellusGoldman,1939—NWWyomingandadjacentpartsofMontana,USA. T.t.trivialisGoldman,1939—CMontana,USA. T.t.wintaMerriam,1901—NEUtah,USA. T.t.wallowaHall&Orr,1933—NEOregonandadjacentpartsofWashington,USA. T.t.wasatchensisDurrant,1946—NEUtah,USA. T.t.whitmaniDrake&Booth,1952—SEWashington,USA. T: t. yakimensis Hall & Dalquest, 1939 — SC Washington, USA.

Subspecies and Distribution. D. m. microps Merriam, 1904 — SW USA (Owens River drainage of W Mojave Desert, S California). D. m. alfredi Goldman, 1937 — W USA (Gunnison I, Great Salt Lake, Utah). D. m. aquilonius Willett, 1935 — W USA (lower elevations of the Great Basin Desert of NE California and NW Nevada). D. m. bonneuvillei Goldman, 1937 — W USA (Great Basin Desert of NE Nevada and NW Utah, corresponding closely with the former outline of Pleistocene Lake Bonneville). D. m. celsus Goldman, 1924 — SW USA (possibly disjunct distribution in Virgin River Valley of SW Utah and adjacent NW Arizona). D. m. centralis Hall & Dale, 1939 — W USA (Great Basin Desert of C & E Nevada). D. m. idahoensis Hall & Dale, 1939 — W USA (restricted to the Snake River Valley, SW Idaho). D. m. leucotis Goldman, 1931 — SW USA (restricted distribution between the Vermilion Cliffs and the brink of Marble Canyon of the Colorado River in N Arizona). D. m. levipes Merriam, 1904 — SW USA (restricted to Panamint Valley, S California). D. m. occidentalis Hall & Dale, 1939 — SW USA (Great Basin Desert in W & S Nevada and disjunct, restricted populations in the W Mojave Desert, SE California). D. m. preblei Goldman, 1921 — W USA (Great Basin Desert of SE Oregon and NW Nevada). D. m. russeolus Goldman, 1939 — W USA (Dolphin I, Great Salt Lake, Utah). D. m. subtenuis Goldman, 1939 -W USA (Badger, Carrington, and Stansbury Is, Great Salt Lake, and S on the mainland to Cedar Valley, NC Utah). in Heteromyidae

Subspecies and Distribution. D. m. microps Merriam, 1904 — SW USA (Owens River drainage of W Mojave Desert, S California). D. m. alfredi Goldman, 1937 — W USA (Gunnison I, Great Salt Lake, Utah). D. m. aquilonius Willett, 1935 — W USA (lower elevations of the Great Basin Desert of NE California and NW Nevada). D. m. bonneuvillei Goldman, 1937 — W USA (Great Basin Desert of NE Nevada and NW Utah, corresponding closely with the former outline of Pleistocene Lake Bonneville). D. m. celsus Goldman, 1924 — SW USA (possibly disjunct distribution in Virgin River Valley of SW Utah and adjacent NW Arizona). D. m. centralis Hall & Dale, 1939 — W USA (Great Basin Desert of C & E Nevada). D. m. idahoensis Hall & Dale, 1939 — W USA (restricted to the Snake River Valley, SW Idaho). D. m. leucotis Goldman, 1931 — SW USA (restricted distribution between the Vermilion Cliffs and the brink of Marble Canyon of the Colorado River in N Arizona). D. m. levipes Merriam, 1904 — SW USA (restricted to Panamint Valley, S California). D. m. occidentalis Hall & Dale, 1939 — SW USA (Great Basin Desert in W & S Nevada and disjunct, restricted populations in the W Mojave Desert, SE California). D. m. preblei Goldman, 1921 — W USA (Great Basin Desert of SE Oregon and NW Nevada). D. m. russeolus Goldman, 1939 — W USA (Dolphin I, Great Salt Lake, Utah). D. m. subtenuis Goldman, 1939 -W USA (Badger, Carrington, and Stansbury Is, Great Salt Lake, and S on the mainland to Cedar Valley, NC Utah).

Subspecies and Distribution. D. m. merriami Mearns, 1890 — SW USA and NW Mexico (desert regions from N Nevada and extreme SW Utah, through SE California and SW Arizona, to NE Baja California and Sonora). D. m. ambiguus Merriam, 1890 — SW USA and NW Mexico (N portion of the Chihuahuan Desert from NC New Mexico and W Texas, through E Chihuahua and Coahuila, to NE Durango, N Zacatecas, and C Nuevo Leon). D. m. annulus Huey, 1951 — NW Mexico (coastal plains of the Gulf of California, SE Baja California). D. m. arenivagus Elliot, 1904 — SW USA and NW Mexico (S Mojave Desert of SC California and E of Sierra Juarez and Sierra San Pedro Martir to C Baja California). D. m. atronasus Merriam, 1894 — NC Mexico (southern portion of the Chihuahuan Desert from EC Zacatecas, SE Coahuila, and SW Nuevo Leon to Aguascalientes and San Luis Potosi). D. m. brunensis Huey, 1951 — NW Mexico (Gulf of California coast of NE Baja California Sur). D. m. collinus Lidicker, 1960 — SW USA (San Felipe, Earthquake, La Puerta, and Aguanga valleys of SW California). D. m. frenatus Bole, 1936 — SW USA (SW Utah and NW Arizona). D. m. insularis Merriam, 1907 — NW Mexico (San José I, Gulf of California, Baja California Sur). D. m. margaritae Merriam, 1907 — NW Mexico (Santa Margarita I, Baja California Sur). D. m. mayensis Goldman, 1928 — NW Mexico (Gulf of California coastal plains of S Sonora and N Sinaloa). D. m. melanurus Merriam, 1893 — NW Mexico (Magdalena Plains and Cape Region of S Baja California Sur). D. m. mitchelli Mearns, 1897 — NW Mexico (Tiburon I, Gulf of California, Sonora). D. m. olivaceus Swarth, 1929 — SW USA and NW Mexico (transitional zone between the Sonoran Desert of SE Arizona and NE Sonora, and the Chihuahuan Desert of SW New Mexico and NW Chihuahua). D. m. parvus Rhoads, 1894 — SW USA (San Bernardino and San Jacinto valleys of SW California). D. m. platycephalus Merriam, 1907 — NW Mexico (Pacific slope S of the Sierra San Pedro Martir, S Baja California to the Vizcaino Desert of N Baja California Sur). D. m. quintinensis Huey, 1951 — NW Mexico (San Quintin Plain, Pacific coast of NW Baja California). D. m. trinidadensis Huey, 1951 — SW USA and NW Mexico (S California and N Baja California). D. m. vulcani Benson, 1934 — SW USA (disjunct and restricted distribution in Toroweap Valley, NW Arizona). in Heteromyidae

Subspecies and Distribution. D. m. merriami Mearns, 1890 — SW USA and NW Mexico (desert regions from N Nevada and extreme SW Utah, through SE California and SW Arizona, to NE Baja California and Sonora). D. m. ambiguus Merriam, 1890 — SW USA and NW Mexico (N portion of the Chihuahuan Desert from NC New Mexico and W Texas, through E Chihuahua and Coahuila, to NE Durango, N Zacatecas, and C Nuevo Leon). D. m. annulus Huey, 1951 — NW Mexico (coastal plains of the Gulf of California, SE Baja California). D. m. arenivagus Elliot, 1904 — SW USA and NW Mexico (S Mojave Desert of SC California and E of Sierra Juarez and Sierra San Pedro Martir to C Baja California). D. m. atronasus Merriam, 1894 — NC Mexico (southern portion of the Chihuahuan Desert from EC Zacatecas, SE Coahuila, and SW Nuevo Leon to Aguascalientes and San Luis Potosi). D. m. brunensis Huey, 1951 — NW Mexico (Gulf of California coast of NE Baja California Sur). D. m. collinus Lidicker, 1960 — SW USA (San Felipe, Earthquake, La Puerta, and Aguanga valleys of SW California). D. m. frenatus Bole, 1936 — SW USA (SW Utah and NW Arizona). D. m. insularis Merriam, 1907 — NW Mexico (San José I, Gulf of California, Baja California Sur). D. m. margaritae Merriam, 1907 — NW Mexico (Santa Margarita I, Baja California Sur). D. m. mayensis Goldman, 1928 — NW Mexico (Gulf of California coastal plains of S Sonora and N Sinaloa). D. m. melanurus Merriam, 1893 — NW Mexico (Magdalena Plains and Cape Region of S Baja California Sur). D. m. mitchelli Mearns, 1897 — NW Mexico (Tiburon I, Gulf of California, Sonora). D. m. olivaceus Swarth, 1929 — SW USA and NW Mexico (transitional zone between the Sonoran Desert of SE Arizona and NE Sonora, and the Chihuahuan Desert of SW New Mexico and NW Chihuahua). D. m. parvus Rhoads, 1894 — SW USA (San Bernardino and San Jacinto valleys of SW California). D. m. platycephalus Merriam, 1907 — NW Mexico (Pacific slope S of the Sierra San Pedro Martir, S Baja California to the Vizcaino Desert of N Baja California Sur). D. m. quintinensis Huey, 1951 — NW Mexico (San Quintin Plain, Pacific coast of NW Baja California). D. m. trinidadensis Huey, 1951 — SW USA and NW Mexico (S California and N Baja California). D. m. vulcani Benson, 1934 — SW USA (disjunct and restricted distribution in Toroweap Valley, NW Arizona).

Subspecies and Distribution. C.c.californicusMerriam,1889—WUSA(SSanFranciscoBay,WCCalifornia). C.c.bensonivonBloeker,1938—WUSA(SCoastRanges,WCCalifornia). C.c.bernardinusBenson,1930—SWUSA(SanGabrielandSanBernardinoMts,SWCalifornia). C.c.disparOsgood,1900—SWUSA(PacificcoastofSWCalifornia). C.c.femoralisJ.A.Allen,1891—SWUSAandNWMexico(SPacificcoast,SWCalifor-nia,andStoSierraJuarez,NBajaCalifornia). C.c.marinensisvonBloeker,1938—WUSA(PacificcoastofCCalifornia). C.c.mesopoliusElliot,1903—NWMexico(SierradeSanPedroMartir,NBajaCalifornia). C. c. ochrus Osgood, 1904 — W USA (Temblor Range, Tehachapi Mts, and S Sierra Nevada of EC & SC California). in Heteromyidae

Subspecies and Distribution. C.c.californicusMerriam,1889—WUSA(SSanFranciscoBay,WCCalifornia). C.c.bensonivonBloeker,1938—WUSA(SCoastRanges,WCCalifornia). C.c.bernardinusBenson,1930—SWUSA(SanGabrielandSanBernardinoMts,SWCalifornia). C.c.disparOsgood,1900—SWUSA(PacificcoastofSWCalifornia). C.c.femoralisJ.A.Allen,1891—SWUSAandNWMexico(SPacificcoast,SWCalifor-nia,andStoSierraJuarez,NBajaCalifornia). C.c.marinensisvonBloeker,1938—WUSA(PacificcoastofCCalifornia). C.c.mesopoliusElliot,1903—NWMexico(SierradeSanPedroMartir,NBajaCalifornia). C. c. ochrus Osgood, 1904 — W USA (Temblor Range, Tehachapi Mts, and S Sierra Nevada of EC & SC California).

Subspecies and Distribution. C.f.formosusMerriam,1889—WUSA(SWUtahandNWArizona). C.f.cinerascensNelson&Goldman,1929—NWMexico(GulfcoastofNBajaCali-forniaStonearElMarmol). C.f.incolatusHall,1941—WUSA(ENe-vadaandWUtah). C.f.infolatusHuey,1954—NWMexico(GulfcoastofSBajaCaliforniatonearSantaRosalia). C.f.melanurusHall,1941—WUSA(NECaliforniaandNWNevada). C.f.mesembrinusElliot,1904—SWUSAandNWMexico(SCaliforniaandNEBajaCalifornia). C. f. mohavensis Huey, 1938 — SW USA (Mojave Desert of S Nevada, SW Utah, NW Arizona, and S California). in Heteromyidae

Subspecies and Distribution. C.f.formosusMerriam,1889—WUSA(SWUtahandNWArizona). C.f.cinerascensNelson&Goldman,1929—NWMexico(GulfcoastofNBajaCali-forniaStonearElMarmol). C.f.incolatusHall,1941—WUSA(ENe-vadaandWUtah). C.f.infolatusHuey,1954—NWMexico(GulfcoastofSBajaCaliforniatonearSantaRosalia). C.f.melanurusHall,1941—WUSA(NECaliforniaandNWNevada). C.f.mesembrinusElliot,1904—SWUSAandNWMexico(SCaliforniaandNEBajaCalifornia). C. f. mohavensis Huey, 1938 — SW USA (Mojave Desert of S Nevada, SW Utah, NW Arizona, and S California).

Subspecies and Distribution. P. l. longimembris Coues, 1875 — SW USA (Mojave Desert and Transverse Ranges, SW California). P. l. aestivus Huey, 1928 — NW Mexico (W base Sierra Juarez to Valle de la Trinidad, N Baja California). P.l. arizonensis Goldman, 1931 — SW USA (SC Utah and NC Arizona to SE Nevada). P. l.bangsi Mearns, 1898 — SW USA (W Colorado Desert of S California). P. l. bombycinus Osgood, 1907 — SW USA and NW Mexico (lower Colorado River Valley of SE California, SW Arizona, NE Baja California, and NW Sonora). P. l. brevinasus Osgood, 1900 — SW USA (arid coastal basins of SW California). P. l. gulosus Hall, 1941 — W USA (along the W margin of former Pleistocene Lake Bonneville in the Great Basin of E Nevada and W Utah). P. l. internationalis Huey, 1939 — SW USA and NW Mexico (SC California and adjacent NC Baja California). P. l. kinoensis Huey, 1935 — NW Mexico (disjunct and geographically restricted population along Bahia Kino, W Sonora), but may be extinct. P. l. nevadensis Merriam, 1894 — W USA (Great Basin of SE Oregon, NE California, and NC Nevada). P. l. pacificus Mearns, 1898 — SW USA (coastal plains of SW California to the USA-Mexico border). P. I. panamintinus Merriam, 1894 — SW USA (Great Basin of W Nevada and SE California). P. l. pimensis Huey, 1937 — SW USA (disjunct distribution in SC Arizona). P. l. salinensis Bole, 1937 — SW USA (restricted distribution in the Salinas Valley of SE California). P. l. tularensis Richardson, 1937 — SW USA (restricted distribution in the upper valley of the Kern River, SC California). P. l. venustus Huey, 1930 — NW Mexico (known only from the type locality of San Agustin, NC Baja California). in Heteromyidae

Subspecies and Distribution. P. l. longimembris Coues, 1875 — SW USA (Mojave Desert and Transverse Ranges, SW California). P. l. aestivus Huey, 1928 — NW Mexico (W base Sierra Juarez to Valle de la Trinidad, N Baja California). P.l. arizonensis Goldman, 1931 — SW USA (SC Utah and NC Arizona to SE Nevada). P. l.bangsi Mearns, 1898 — SW USA (W Colorado Desert of S California). P. l. bombycinus Osgood, 1907 — SW USA and NW Mexico (lower Colorado River Valley of SE California, SW Arizona, NE Baja California, and NW Sonora). P. l. brevinasus Osgood, 1900 — SW USA (arid coastal basins of SW California). P. l. gulosus Hall, 1941 — W USA (along the W margin of former Pleistocene Lake Bonneville in the Great Basin of E Nevada and W Utah). P. l. internationalis Huey, 1939 — SW USA and NW Mexico (SC California and adjacent NC Baja California). P. l. kinoensis Huey, 1935 — NW Mexico (disjunct and geographically restricted population along Bahia Kino, W Sonora), but may be extinct. P. l. nevadensis Merriam, 1894 — W USA (Great Basin of SE Oregon, NE California, and NC Nevada). P. l. pacificus Mearns, 1898 — SW USA (coastal plains of SW California to the USA-Mexico border). P. I. panamintinus Merriam, 1894 — SW USA (Great Basin of W Nevada and SE California). P. l. pimensis Huey, 1937 — SW USA (disjunct distribution in SC Arizona). P. l. salinensis Bole, 1937 — SW USA (restricted distribution in the Salinas Valley of SE California). P. l. tularensis Richardson, 1937 — SW USA (restricted distribution in the upper valley of the Kern River, SC California). P. l. venustus Huey, 1930 — NW Mexico (known only from the type locality of San Agustin, NC Baja California).

Subspecies and Distribution. P.m.mollipilosusCoues,1875—WUSA(SCOregonWoftheColumbiaRiverandNECalifornia). P.m.bullatusDurrant&Lee,1956—SWUSA(restricteddistributioninSEUtah). P.m.clarusGoldman,1917—WUSA(SWMontana,SEIdaho,NEUtah,andSWWyoming). P.m.idahoensisGoldman,1922—WUSA(KingsBowlandWapilavafields,SnakeRiverPlainofSCIdaho). P.m.olivaceusMerriam,1889—WUSA(GreatBasininSCIdaho,Nevada,WUtah,andSECalifornia). P.m.trumbullensisBenson,1937—SWUSA(SWUtahandNWArizona). P. m. xanthanotus Grinnell, 1912 — SW USA (restricted distribution on the Mojave Desert slope of the Tehachapi Mts, S California). in Heteromyidae

Subspecies and Distribution. P.m.mollipilosusCoues,1875—WUSA(SCOregonWoftheColumbiaRiverandNECalifornia). P.m.bullatusDurrant&Lee,1956—SWUSA(restricteddistributioninSEUtah). P.m.clarusGoldman,1917—WUSA(SWMontana,SEIdaho,NEUtah,andSWWyoming). P.m.idahoensisGoldman,1922—WUSA(KingsBowlandWapilavafields,SnakeRiverPlainofSCIdaho). P.m.olivaceusMerriam,1889—WUSA(GreatBasininSCIdaho,Nevada,WUtah,andSECalifornia). P.m.trumbullensisBenson,1937—SWUSA(SWUtahandNWArizona). P. m. xanthanotus Grinnell, 1912 — SW USA (restricted distribution on the Mojave Desert slope of the Tehachapi Mts, S California).

Subspecies and Distribution. L. c. californicus Gray, 1837 — SW Oregon, and NW California (W USA). L. c. altamirae Nelson, 1904 — SE Tamaulipas (NE Mexico). L. c. asellus Miller, 1899 — SE Coahuila, NE, S Nuevo Leon, E & SE Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi, Aguascalientes, NE tip ofJalisco, N Guanajuato, and NW Querétaro (NC Mexico). L. c. bennettiz Gray, 1843 — SW California (SW USA), and NW Baja California (NW Mexico). L. c. curts Hall, 1951 — Is along the coast of Tamaulipas (NE Mexico). L. c. deserticola Mearns, 1896 — SE Oregon, S Idaho, SW Montana, NE & E California, Nevada, Utah except SE, and NW, W & SW Arizona (W & SW USA), and NW Sonora and NE Baja California (NW Mexico). The population in SW Montanais isolated. L. c. eremicus J. A. Allen, 1894 — S Arizona (SW USA), N Sonora except extreme NW, NW Chihuahua (N Mexico). L. c. festinus Nelson, 1904 — S Querétaro, Hidalgo, and N State of Mexico (C Mexico). L. c. magdalenae Nelson, 1907 — Magdalena I, Baja California Sur (NW Mexico). L. c. martirensis Stowell, 1895 —Baja California except NW & NE and NE Baja California Sur (NW Mexico). L. c. melanotis Mearns, 1890 — S South Dakota, SE Wyoming, Nebraska, E Colorado, Kansas, W Missouri, NE New Mexico, Oklahoma, W Arkansas, and N Texas (C USA). An isolated population exists in E Oklahoma. L. c. merriami Mearns, 1896 — S Texas (S USA), and NE Coahuila, N Tamaulipas, and N Nuevo Leon (NE Mexico). L. c. richardsonii Bachman, 1839 — C California (SW USA). L. c. sheldoni Burt, 1933 — Isla del Carmen, Baja California Sur (NW Mexico). L. c. texianus Waterhouse, 1848 — SE Utah, SW Colorado, NE Arizona, New Mexico except the NE, and W Texas (C USA), Chihuahua except the NW, W, & SW extremes, W Coahuila, E Durango, and NW Zacatecas (NC Mexico). L. c. wallawalla Merriam, 1904 — S Washington, C & W Oregon, NE California, and NW Nevada (NW USA). L. ¢. xanti Thomas, 1898 — Baja California Sur except the NE (NW Mexico). in Leporidae

Subspecies and Distribution. L. c. californicus Gray, 1837 — SW Oregon, and NW California (W USA). L. c. altamirae Nelson, 1904 — SE Tamaulipas (NE Mexico). L. c. asellus Miller, 1899 — SE Coahuila, NE, S Nuevo Leon, E & SE Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi, Aguascalientes, NE tip ofJalisco, N Guanajuato, and NW Querétaro (NC Mexico). L. c. bennettiz Gray, 1843 — SW California (SW USA), and NW Baja California (NW Mexico). L. c. curts Hall, 1951 — Is along the coast of Tamaulipas (NE Mexico). L. c. deserticola Mearns, 1896 — SE Oregon, S Idaho, SW Montana, NE & E California, Nevada, Utah except SE, and NW, W & SW Arizona (W & SW USA), and NW Sonora and NE Baja California (NW Mexico). The population in SW Montanais isolated. L. c. eremicus J. A. Allen, 1894 — S Arizona (SW USA), N Sonora except extreme NW, NW Chihuahua (N Mexico). L. c. festinus Nelson, 1904 — S Querétaro, Hidalgo, and N State of Mexico (C Mexico). L. c. magdalenae Nelson, 1907 — Magdalena I, Baja California Sur (NW Mexico). L. c. martirensis Stowell, 1895 —Baja California except NW & NE and NE Baja California Sur (NW Mexico). L. c. melanotis Mearns, 1890 — S South Dakota, SE Wyoming, Nebraska, E Colorado, Kansas, W Missouri, NE New Mexico, Oklahoma, W Arkansas, and N Texas (C USA). An isolated population exists in E Oklahoma. L. c. merriami Mearns, 1896 — S Texas (S USA), and NE Coahuila, N Tamaulipas, and N Nuevo Leon (NE Mexico). L. c. richardsonii Bachman, 1839 — C California (SW USA). L. c. sheldoni Burt, 1933 — Isla del Carmen, Baja California Sur (NW Mexico). L. c. texianus Waterhouse, 1848 — SE Utah, SW Colorado, NE Arizona, New Mexico except the NE, and W Texas (C USA), Chihuahua except the NW, W, & SW extremes, W Coahuila, E Durango, and NW Zacatecas (NC Mexico). L. c. wallawalla Merriam, 1904 — S Washington, C & W Oregon, NE California, and NW Nevada (NW USA). L. ¢. xanti Thomas, 1898 — Baja California Sur except the NE (NW Mexico).