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FIGURE 7 in A new species of Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Madre de Dios basin, Peruvian Amazon, with comments on Corydoras aeneus identity

FIGURE 7 | Pelvic girdle and caudal skeleton in c&s paratypes of Corydoras maclurei (CITL 430). A. Anterior internal process of basipterygium slightly laterally expanded, and anterior external process not expanded posteriorly (38.2 mm SL); B. Anterior internal process of basipterygium conspicuously laterally expanded, and anterior external process slightly expanded posteriorly (47.8 mm SL); C. General morphology of caudal skeleton, showing the small cartilage (yellow arrow) between upper principal and procurrent caudal-fin rays (38.2 mm SL). Abbreviations: bp: basipterygium, ccc: compound caudal centrum, cfr: caudal-fin principal rays, dpcr: dorsal procurrent rays, epu: epural, has: haemal spine, hyp 1–5: hypurals 1 to 5, nes: neural spine, pae: anterior external process, pai: anterior internal process, par: parhypural, pi: dorsal ischiac process, pu 2–4: preural centra 2 to 4, un: uroneural. Red arrows in A and B indicate the dorsal lamina on anterior internal process of basipterygium. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 6 in A new species of Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Madre de Dios basin, Peruvian Amazon, with comments on Corydoras aeneus identity

FIGURE 6 | Lateral view of (A) the dorsal-fin spine (38.2 mm SL) and dorsal view of (B) the right pectoral-fin spine (47.8 mm SL), showing the serration patterns in c&s paratypes of Corydoras maclurei (CITL 430). Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Madre de Dios basin, Peruvian Amazon, with comments on Corydoras aeneus identity

FIGURE 2 | Head osteological pattern in c&s paratypes of Corydoras maclurei, showing (A) general morphology in lateral view (CITL 430, 47.8 mm SL), with (B) the detail of the lateral ethmoid morphology (CITL 430, 38.2 mm SL). Abbreviations: f: frontal, fdbp: first dorsolateral body plate, io1–2: infraorbital 1 and 2, iop: interopercle, le: lateral ethmoid, n: nasal, me: mesethmoid, op: opercle, pes: pteroticextrascapular, pop: preopercle, prh: posterodorsal ridge of hyomandibula, pso: parieto-supraoccipital, sph: sphenotic. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Madre de Dios basin, Peruvian Amazon, with comments on Corydoras aeneus identity

FIGURE 1 | Corydoras maclurei, holotype, MUSM 70671, 37.0 mm SL, Camanti District, Quispicanchi Province, Cusco Region, Peru, small stream tributary to the rio Araza, a bigger affluent of the rio Inambari, itself a tributary to the rio Madre de Dios, rio Madeira basin.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Madre de Dios basin, Peruvian Amazon, with comments on Corydoras aeneus identity

FIGURE 5 | Infraorbital series in lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views, and (C) suspensorium plus operculum in lateral view of a c&s paratype of Corydoras maclurei (CITL 430, 38.2 mm SL). Abbreviations: aa: anguloarticular, d: dentary, hym: hyomandibula, io1–2: infraorbital 1 and 2, iop: interopercle, mp: metapterygoid, op: opercle, pop: preopercle, prh: posterodorsal ridge of hyomandibula, q: quadrate. Black arrow indicates the roughly triangular process on middle portion of posterior margin of infraorbital 2, and red arrows indicate inner laminar expansion of both infraorbitals. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Madre de Dios basin, Peruvian Amazon, with comments on Corydoras aeneus identity

FIGURE 4 | Predorsal region of trunk in c&s paratypes of Corydoras maclurei, showing the variation in the distance between the posterior process of the parieto-supraoccipital and the nuchal plate, which ranges from (A) clearly separated from each other (CITL 430, 45.6 mm SL) to (B) separated but nearly contacting (CITL 430, 38.2 mm SL). Abbreviations: fdbp: first dorsolateral body plate, np: nuchal plate, pso: parieto-supraoccipital, spn: spinelet. Dotted lines indicate the limits of the tip of the posterior process of the parieto-supraoccipital and anterior tip of the nuchal plate. Red arrows indicate the small platelets between parieto-supraoccipital and nuchal plate. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 3 in A new long-snouted Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Xingu and rio Tapajós basins, Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 3 | Head osteological pattern in a c&s paratype of Corydoras caramater (LIA 1073, 41.6 mm SL), showing general morphology in lateral view. Abbreviations: f: frontal, fdbp: first dorsolateral body plate, io1–2: infraorbital 1 and 2, iop: interopercle, n: nasal, op: opercle, pes: pteroticextrascapular, pop: preopercle, prh: posterodorsal ridge of hyomandibula, pso: parieto-supraoccipital, sph: sphenotic. Additional pore of the temporal sensory canal at sphenotic outlined in yellow. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 13 in A new long-snouted Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Xingu and rio Tapajós basins, Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 13 | Specimens of Corydoras caramater from the rio Tapajós basin photographed alive in lateral view, showing general color pattern and morphology of (A) an uncatalogued specimen from the rio Pacu with paler background color of body, (B) an uncatalogued specimen from igarapé Sonrisal with slightly darker background color of body, and (C) a non-type specimen (CPUFMT 8149, 1, 49.9 mm SL) from the rio Pacu with clearly darker background color of body. Photos by William Ohara.

FIGURE 10 in A new long-snouted Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Xingu and rio Tapajós basins, Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 10 | Pelvic girdle in a c&s paratype of Corydoras caramater (LIA 1073, 35.9 mm SL). Abbreviations: bp: basipterygium, pae: anterior external process, pai: anterior internal process, pi: dorsal ischiac process. Area where the illustrated bones are located in fish's body marked in red in the miniature drawing of the new species. Left dorsal ischiac process damaged during dissection. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 6 in A new long-snouted Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Xingu and rio Tapajós basins, Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 6 | Top of head and predorsal region of trunk of a c&s paratype of Corydoras caramater (LIA 1073, 41.6 mm SL) in dorsal view. Abbreviations: f: frontal, fdbp: first dorsolateral body plate, n: nasal, np: nuchal plate, pes: pterotic-extrascapular, pso: parieto-supraoccipital, sph: sphenotic. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 2 in A new long-snouted Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Xingu and rio Tapajós basins, Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 2 | Two preserved specimens of Corydoras caramater, showing general color and morphological patterns in lateral view of (A) a paratype (LIA 8170, 38.1 mm SL), and (B) a non-type specimen from the rio Tapajós basin (CPUFMT 8149, 1, 49.9 mm SL).

FIGURE 9 in A new long-snouted Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Xingu and rio Tapajós basins, Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 9 | Lateral view of (A) the dorsal-fin spine and dorsal view of (B) the left pectoral-fin spine in a c&s paratype of Corydoras caramater (LIA 1073, 41.6 mm SL), showing their serration patterns. Area where the illustrated bones are located in fish's body marked in red in the miniature drawing of the new species. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in A new long-snouted Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Xingu and rio Tapajós basins, Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 1 | Corydoras caramater, holotype, MNRJ 54621, 49.3 mm SL, Senador José Porfírio, Pará, Brazil, rio Bacajaí, rio Xingu basin.

FIGURE 7 in A new long-snouted Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Xingu and rio Tapajós basins, Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 7 | Infraorbital series in lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views, and (C) suspensorium plus operculum in lateral view of a c&s paratype of Corydoras caramater (LIA 1073, 35.9 mm SL). Abbreviations: aa: angulo-articular, d: dentary, hym: hyomandibula, io1–2: infraorbital 1 and 2, iop: interopercle, mp: metapterygoid, op: opercle, pop: preopercle, prh: posterodorsal ridge of hyomandibula, q: quadrate. Red arrows indicate the inner laminar expansions of both infraorbitals. Area where the illustrated bones are located in fish's body marked in red in the miniature drawing of the new species. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 8 in A new long-snouted Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Xingu and rio Tapajós basins, Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 8 | Hyoid and branchial arches in (A) a c&s paratype of Corydoras caramater (LIA 1073, 35.9 mm SL), showing its general morphology in dorsal view, with the detail of hypobranchial (hb) 1 and 2, and of (B) upper tooth plate plus pharyngobranchials ((pb3 and 4) 3 and 4). General morphology in dorsal view of both hypobranchials (1 and 2) of another c&s paratype (CITL 929, 45.3 mm SL). Area highlighted in red in (A) indicating the position of upper tooth plate plus pharyngobranchials in the branchial basket. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 5 in A new long-snouted Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Xingu and rio Tapajós basins, Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 5 | Tip of snout in a paratype of Corydoras caramater (CITL 929, 45.3 mm SL), showing the area at corner of mouth in lateral view. Red arrow indicates the roughly triangular fleshy flap located between maxillary barbel and anteroventral portion of snout tip; yellow arrow indicates fleshy flap on dorsolateral portion of maxillary barbel base. Area where the illustrated structures are located in fish's body marked in red in the miniature drawing of the new species. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 16 in A new long-snouted Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Xingu and rio Tapajós basins, Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 16 | Ontogenetic series of Corydoras caramater (bred under aquarium conditions) showing general changes in external morphology and color pattern in specimens with (A) 8.0 mm TL, (B) 10.0 mm TL; (C) 13.0 mm TL, (D) 16.0 mm TL, (E) 19.0 mm TL, and (F) 24.0 mm TL. Photos by Hans Evers.

FIGURE 12 in A new long-snouted Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Xingu and rio Tapajós basins, Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 12 | Uncatalogued aquarium specimens of Corydoras caramater from the rio Tapajós basin photographed alive, showing general color pattern and morphology of a male (A) and of a female (B) specimens. Photos by Hans Evers.

FIGURE 15 in A new long-snouted Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Xingu and rio Tapajós basins, Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 15 | Collecting sites of Corydoras caramater, showing (A) the rio Bacajaí, (B) a small stream tributary of the rio Bacajá, both draining to the rio Xingu, and (C) the igarapé Sonrisal, a tributary of the rio Tapajós basin, all in Pará State, Brazil.

FIGURE 11 in A new long-snouted Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Xingu and rio Tapajós basins, Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 11 | General morphology of caudal skeleton in a c&s paratype of Corydoras caramater (LIA 1073, 41.6 mm SL), showing the small cartilage (black dotted line) between upper principal and procurrent caudal-fin rays. Abbreviations: ccc: compound caudal centrum, cfr: caudal-fin principal rays, dpcr: dorsal procurrent rays, epu: epural, has: haemal spine, hyp 1–5: hypurals 1 to 5, nes: neural spine, par: parhypural, pu 2–4: preural centra 2 to 4, un: uroneural, vpcr: ventral procurrent rays. Area where the illustrated bones are located in fish's body marked in red in the miniature drawing of the new species. Scale bar = 1 mm.