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Fig. 1. Linear carapace variables used for A in Fig. 25 in Fig. 20. Sesarmops mora n in Paralbunea dayriti

Fig. 1. Linear carapace variables used for A, Eocyzicus argillaquus and B, Eulimnadia texana, following Defretin-Lefranc (1965) and Tasch (1987): A, most anterior point of the valve; B, most posterior point of the valve; C, most ventral point of the valve; D, anterior extremity of the dorsal margin; E, posterior extremity of the dorsal margin; U, midpoint of the larval valve (located on the umbo, but not necessarily the midpoint of the umbo). a, vertical distance of A to A'; b, vertical distance of B to B'; c, horizontal distance of C to A''; Arr, horizontal distance of E to B'; Av, horizontal distance of D to A'; Ch, length of the dorsal margin; Cr, horizontal distance of U' to A'; u, vertical distance of Ch to highest point of the umbo; L, valve length; H, valve height.

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Fig. 13. Carapaces. A in Fig. 20. Sesarmops mora n in Paralbunea dayriti

Fig. 13. Carapaces. A, Sesarmops impressus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837), lectotype female (40.6 × 38.0 mm) (MNHN-IU-2000-3959), no locality; B, S. impressus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837), male (39.6 × 36.5 mm) (MNHN-IU-2009-953), Mayotte; C, S. impressus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837), male (36.1 × 33.1 mm) (ZRC 2011.5), Comoros; D, S. impressus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837), male (30.2 × 27.8 mm) (MNHN-IU-2019-4517), Madagascar; E, Sesarmops imperator sp. nov., male (34.8 × 32.7 mm) (ZRC 2016.252), Sulawesi; F, S. imperator sp. nov., male (35.9 × 34.7 mm) (ZRC 2017.477), Philippines.

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Figure 10. Carapace and tergites I-II in Scorpions of the State of Kuwait

Figure 10. Carapace and tergites I-II under UV light. A. Female Apistobuthus pterygocercus from Nofoud Al Thumamah in Saudi Arabia. B. Female Apistobuthus susanae from Al-Huwaymiliyah in Kuwait. Scale bar = 5 mm.

Fig. 4 in The earliest record of a diogenid hermit crab from the Late Jurassic of the southern Polish Uplands, with notes on paguroid carapace terminology

Fig. 4. Explanation of the hypothesised origin (centre) of the cervical groove and massetic region, in transition from the Triassic anomuran Platykotta akaina (A) to Eopaguropsis nidiaquilae sp. nov. (B).

Fig. 1 in The earliest record of a diogenid hermit crab from the Late Jurassic of the southern Polish Uplands, with notes on paguroid carapace terminology

Fig. 1. Localities with diogenid−bearing strata of Middle–Late Oxfordian age in southern Poland (see inset), as follows: B, Bzów; G, Grabowa; N, Niegowonice; O, Ogrodzieniec; W, Wysoka (modified after Głowniak 2006: fig. 2).

Fig. 3 in The earliest record of pylochelid hermit crabs from the Late Jurassic of southern Poland, with notes on paguroid carapace terminology

Fig. 3. The position of the massetic region (new term) in various paguroid families and subfamilies.

Fig. 1 in The earliest record of pylochelid hermit crabs from the Late Jurassic of southern Poland, with notes on paguroid carapace terminology

Fig. 1. Localities with paguroid−bearing strata of Middle–Late Oxfordian age in southern Poland (see inset), as follows: G, Grabowa; K, Kroczyce; N, Niegowonice; O, Ogrodzieniec; W, Wysoka (modified after Głowniak 2006: fig. 2).

Fig. 2 in Carapace bone histology in the giant pleurodiran turtle Stupendemys geographicus: Phylogeny and function

Fig. 2. Selected photographs of the thin−sections used in this study in normal light. Cortical thicknesses are marked with a bracket. A. Neural of Stupendemys geographicus Wood, 1976 (UNEFM−101), late Miocene Urumaco Fm., Venezuela, South America. Internal and external cortices are of similar thickness. B. Costal fragment A of Stupendemys geographicus Wood, 1976 (UNEFM−CIAPP−2002−01; same provenance as in A). The plane of sectioning is perpendicular to the long−axis of the carapace (L−section). Both cortices are not clearly defined (signalized with question marks) due to diagenetic processes. C. Neural and costal (YPM 11853) of Podocnemis erythrocephala (Spix, 1824), Recent red−headed Amazon River turtle, South America (provenance unknown). Both cortices are of similar thickness. D. Costal (FM P27406) of Bothremys barberi (Schmidt, 1940), Campanian (Late Cretaceous) Mooreville Chalk, Selma Group, Dallas County, Alabama, USA. The internal cortex is reduced. E. Neural (YPM 40288) of Taphrosphys sulcatus (Leidy, 1856), Late Cretaceous, New Jersey, USA. The internal cortex is reduced. F. Plastral fragment (?hyo− or hypoplastron, IPB R559a) of "Foxemys cf. F. mechinorum", Late Cretaceous (early Maastrichtian), Cruzy, Hérault, southern France. The internal cortex is reduced. G. Drilled core of costal (MVZ 230517) of Pelomedusa subrufa (Bonnaterre, 1789), a Recent African helmeted turtle (provenance unknown). The keratinous shield still covers the bone. H. Xiphiplastron of Hesperotestudo (Caudochelys) crassiscutata (Leidy, 1889) (ROM 55400), Pleistocene, Florida, USA. Internal and external cortices that frame cancellous bone are of equal thickness. I. Shell element (YPM 1783) of Archelon ischyros Wieland, 1896, Late Cretaceous, South Dakota, USA. The bone tissue is uniformly cancellous. Abbreviations: CB, cancellous bone; ECO, external cortex; ICO, internal cortex; KS, keratinous shield. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 6 in Carapace bone histology in the giant pleurodiran turtle Stupendemys geographicus: Phylogeny and function

Fig. 6. Bone histology of Pelomedusa subrufa (Bonnaterre, 1789); Recent, Africa (provenance unknown). Thin−section of a sampled costal (MVZ 230517). A. The whole of the thin−section observed in polarized light. The diploe build of the shell is apparent below a keratinous shield (see also Fig. 2G). Only a thin layer of connective tissue is present in between the shield tissue and the bone tissue. The plane of sectioning lies perpendicular to the incorporated rib in the costal. In the thin−section, the former rib is only seen as a dorsoventrally thickened amount of cancellous bone and the slightly curved internal cortex. B. Detail of the external cortex of the costal in polarized light where the interwoven fiber bundles are interspersed with primary osteons. Bone cell lacunae that appear within the whole of the cortical bone are rather of round shapes. C. Detail of the parallel−fibered bone of the internal cortex of the costal. Below the surface of the bone, a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue is still present. Abbreviations: CL, bone cell lacunae; CT, connective tissue; ECO, external cortex; ICO, internal cortex; ISF, interwoven structural collagenous fiber bundles; KS, keratinous shield; PFB, parallel−fibered bone; PO, primary osteon, SF, structural collagenous fiber bundles; TR, bone trabeculae.

Fig. 4 in Carapace bone histology in the giant pleurodiran turtle Stupendemys geographicus: Phylogeny and function

Fig. 4. Bone histology of Podocnemis erythrocephala (Spix, 1824). Sampled costal (YPM 11853) of Podocnemis erythrocephala (Spix, 1824), the Recent red−headed Amazon River turtle, South America (provenance unknown). A. Photomicrograph of thin−section in polarized light. The diploe structure of the shell is clearly visible. Cortices are of similar size and show growth marks. The interior cancellous bone is largely remodeled by secondary osteons. B. Detail of external cortex in polarized light showing a succession of growth marks (small white arrows) in the interwoven fibrous bone tissue disturbed by a semicircular area of secondary bone remodeling. C. Close−up of the margin of remodeled area seen in B in normal transmitted light. Note the scalloped line and adjacent bone cell lacunae between the primary tissue with growth marks and the secondary bone. D. Same view as in C, seen in polarized light. The Ą

Fig. 7 in Carapace bone histology in the giant pleurodiran turtle Stupendemys geographicus: Phylogeny and function

Fig. 7. Bone histology of Hesperotestudo (Caudochelys) crassiscutata (Leidy, 1889) and Archelon ischyros Wieland, 1896. A. Sampled costal (ROM 55400) of Hesperotestudo (Caudochelys) crassiscutata (Leidy, 1889), Pleistocene of Florida, USA. A1. External cortex observed in normal transmitted light. Vascularization of the cortical bone is observed in form of primary osteons and straight or branching primary canals. Larger scattered secondary osteons are only developed in the direct vicinity of the interior cancellous bone A2. Same detail as in A1, observed in polarized light. Interwoven structural fiber bundles appear like a closely knit fabric. Note how some primary osteons trend almost perpendicular to the surface of the bone. A3. Internal cortex observed in normal light. Note that the layers next to the surface of the bone are sparsely vascularized. Rounded bone cell lacunae appear in clusters in the

Fig. 5 in Carapace bone histology in the giant pleurodiran turtle Stupendemys geographicus: Phylogeny and function

Fig. 5. Bone histology of the bothremydid turtles Bothremys barberi (Schmidt, 1940) and Taphrosphys sulcatus (Leidy, 1856). A. Sampled costal (FM P27406) of Bothremys barberi (Schmidt, 1940), Campanian (Late Cretaceous) Mooreville Chalk, Selma Group, Dallas County, Alabama, USA. A1. External cortex observed in normal light. Widely spaced growth marks are found in this detail of the cortex. The bone tissue in between the growth marks is vascularized by primary osteons or branching primary canals. Structural fiber bundles that trend perpendicular to the surface of the bone are found throughout the whole of the cortex. A2. Same view as in A1, seen in polarized light. Perpendicular fiber bundles cross the interwoven structural fiber bundles. Note that not all growth marks (small white arrows) appear as bright, birefringent lines in the fibrous tissue. B. Sampled neural (YPM 40288) of Taphrosphys sulcatus (Leidy, 1856), Late Cretaceous, New Jersey, USA. B1. External cortex and external part of cancellous bone are observed in normal light. The cortical bone has 20 growth marks (small white arrows). Vascularization is accomplished through primary osteons and primary canals. Ą

Fig. 1 in Carapace bone histology in the giant pleurodiran turtle Stupendemys geographicus: Phylogeny and function

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic working−hypothesis of the sampled pelomedusoid turtle taxa (Pleurodira: Pelomedusoides) based on Antunes and Broin (1988), Broin (1988), Meylan (1996), and Tong et al. (1998). Fossil taxa are indicated by a small cross in parentheses and numbers are applied for higher taxa names. 1, Pelomedusoides; 2, Podocnemoidae; 3, Bothremydidae; 4, Podocnemidae.

Fig. 3 in Carapace bone histology in the giant pleurodiran turtle Stupendemys geographicus: Phylogeny and function

Fig. 3. Bone histology of Stupendemys geographicus Wood, 1976. A, Sampled neural fragment (UNEFM−101) of Stupendemys geographicus Wood, 1976, late Miocene Urumaco Fm., Venezuela, South America. A1. Close−up of external cortex in normal transmitted light. The cortical bone is vascularized by primary and secondary osteons. Growth marks (small white arrows) occur throughout the external cortex. A2. Same external cortex as in A1, seen in polarized light. The external cortex constitutes a bone matrix of interwoven structural fiber bundles with scattered primary and secondary osteons. A. Close−up Ą 3

Figure 6 in Structure and distribution of carapace setae in British spider crabs

Figure 6. Hamate setae of Macropodia rostrata (A), Macropodia tenuirostris (B, C), and Eurynome aspera (D–G). (A) Mr-C setae; (B) Mt-A setae; (C) Mt-C seta with setules; (D) Ea-A setae; (E) Ea-A seta close-up, with cuticle around base of denticles; (F) Ea-B seta; (G) Ea-C setae.

Figure 2 in Structure and distribution of carapace setae in British spider crabs

Figure 2. Designated carapace divisions used. Diagram of Inachus dorsettensis carapace modified from Ingle, 1980.

Figure 4 in Structure and distribution of carapace setae in British spider crabs

Figure 4. Hamate setae of Inachus dorsettensis (A, B), Inachus phalangium (C–E), and Inachus leptochirus (F–H). (A) Id-C seta tip showing mass of barbs; (B) Id-D seta; (C) Ip-A setae; (D) Ip-B setae; (E) Ip-A/B setae, where areas of Ip-A and Ip-B meet; (F) Il-A setae; (G) Il-B setae; (H) Il-B seta with denticles on two sides of shaft.

Figure 3 in Structure and distribution of carapace setae in British spider crabs

Figure 3. Hamate setae of Hyas coarctatus (A–E) and Inachus dorsettensis (F–H). (A) Hc-A setae arranged in double row facing each other; (B) Hc-A setae showing teeth-like (right seta) and worn denticles (left seta); (C) Hc-B setae; (D) Hc-C setae with setules; (E) Hc-D setae; (F) Id-A setae; (G) Id-B setae; (H) Id-C seta.

Figure 5 in Structure and distribution of carapace setae in British spider crabs

Figure 5. Hamate setae of Achaeus cranchii (A–F) and Macropodia rostrata (G, H). (A) Ac-A setae; (B) Ac-B seta; (C) Ac-C seta; (D) Ac-D seta; (E) Ac-D seta close-up, showing setules; (F) Ac-E and Ac-F setae; (G) Mr-A setae; (H) Mr-B setae.