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FIGURE 2. Marphysa tripectinata n in Three new species of Marphysa Quatrefages, 1865 (Polychaeta: Eunicida: Eunicidae) from the south coast of China and redescription of Marphysa sinensis Monro, 1934

FIGURE 2. Marphysa tripectinata n. sp. Light photographs of A. Anterior end of holotype, dorsal view. B. Anterior end of holotype, lateral view. C. Branchiae at median region of holotype. D. Left anterior parapodium of holotype, lateral view. E. Mandible, ventral view. F. Maxillary apparatus, dorsal view. G. Pygidium of holotype, ventral view. H. 3 types of pectinate chaetae of holotype, parapodium 320: (I) asymmetrical isodont pectinate chaetae with more than 30 teeth; (II) asymmetrical anodont pectinate chaetae with 5–7 teeth; (III) asymmetrical anodont pectinate chaetae with 14–18 teeth; I. symmetrical anodont pectinate chaetae with small number of large teeth, parapodium 320. A, B, C, D, G, H, I. AM W.49069. E, F. MBM285073. Scale bars: A, B, C, F = 2 mm; D = 0.5 mm. E, G = 1 mm; H = 0.1 mm; I = 0.05 mm.

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FIGURE 4. Marphysa tribranchiata n in Three new species of Marphysa Quatrefages, 1865 (Polychaeta: Eunicida: Eunicidae) from the south coast of China and redescription of Marphysa sinensis Monro, 1934

FIGURE 4. Marphysa tribranchiata n. sp. and pectinate chaetae variation present in the three new species. Light photographs A. Anterior end of holotype, dorsal view. B. Branchiae at median region of holotype. C. Right median parapodium of holotype, lateral view. D. Mandible, ventral view. E. Maxillary apparatus, dorsal view. F. Pygidium of holotype, lateral view. G. 2 types of pectinate chaetae of holotype, parapodium 195: (I) symmetrical anodont pectinate chaetae with about 14 teeth; (II) symmetrical isodont pectinate chaetae with about 17 teeth. H. Schematic drawings of pectinate chaetae present in posterior parapodia of three new species. I. symmetrical anodont with parallel 12 teeth; II. symmetrical isodont with 8–12 teeth; III. symmetrical isodont with about 14–16 teeth; IV.asymmetrical anodont with about 4 teeth; V. asymmetrical anodont with about 14 teeth; VI. asymmetrical anodont with about 17 teeth; VII. asymmetrical anodont with 14–18 teeth; VIII. asymmetrical anodont with 5–7 teeth; IX. asymmetrical isodont with more than 30 teeth. A, B, C, F, G. ASIZW0000348-2. D, E. ASIZW0000348-3. H. ASIZW0000348-2, ASIZW0000345-1, AM W.49069. Scale bars: A, B.= 2 mm. C = 0.5 mm. D, E, F = 1 mm. G = 0.2 mm. H = is not to scale.

Subspecies and Distribution. V. v. vulpes Linnaeus, 1758 — N Europe (Scandinavia). V. v. abietorum Merriam, 1900 — SW Canada (Alberta & British Columbia). V. v. aegyptiacus Sonnini, 1816 — Egypt, Israel, and Lybia. V. v. alascensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska and NW Canada (NW Territories & Yukon). V. v. alpheraky: Satunin, 1906 — Kazakhstan. V. v. anatolica Thomas, 1920 — Turkey. V. v. arabica Thomas, 1902 — Arabian peninsula. V. v. atlantica Wagner, 1841 — Algeria (forested Atlas Mts). V. v. bangsi Merriam, 1900 — NE Canada (Labrador). V. v. barbara Shaw, 1800 — NW Africa (Barbary Coast). V. v. beringiana Middendorff, 1875 — NE Siberia (shore of Bering Strait). V. v. cascadensis Merriam, 1900 — NW USA (Cascade Mountains, Oregon & Washington). V. v. caucasica Dinnik, 1914 — SW Russia (Caucasus). V. v. crucigera Bechstein, 1789 — Europe through N & C Russia. V. v. daurica Ognev, 1931 — E Russia (Amur, Siberia & Transbaikalia). V.v. deletrix Bangs, 1898 — NE Canada (Newfoundland). V. v. dolichocrania Ognev, 1926 — SE Siberia (S Ussuri). V. v. flavescens Gray, 1843 — N Iran. V. v. fulva Desmarest, 1820 — E USA. V. v. griffith: Blyth, 1854 — Afghanistan and N Pakistan. V.v. harrimani Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kodiak I). V. v. hoole Swinhoe, 1870 — S China (Fujian to Sichuan). V. v. ichnusae G. S. Miller, 1907 — Corsica and Sardinia. V. v. induta G. S. Miller, 1907 — Cyprus. V. v. jakutensis Ognev, 1923 — E Siberia (S of Yakutsk). V. v. japonica Gray, 1868 — Japan. V. v. karagan Erxleben, 1777 — Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Kirgizstan. V. v. kenaiensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kenai Peninsula). V. v. kurdistanica Satunin, 1906 — Armenia and NE Turkey. V. v. macroura Baird, 1852 — USA (Mountain States). V. v. montana Pearson, 1836 — Himalayas form China (Yunnan) to C Pakistan. V. v. mecator Merriam, 1900 — SW USA (California & Nevada). V_ v. ochroxantha Ognev, 1926 — E Russian Turkestan, Aksai, Kirgizstan, Semirechie. V. v. palaestina Thomas, 1920 —Jordan and Lebanon. V.v. peculiosa Kishida, 1924 — Korea. V. v. pusilla Blyth, 1854 — NW India to Irak. V.v. regalis Merriam, 1900 — N Great Plains of Canada and USA. V. v. rubricosa Bangs, 1898 — E Canada. V.v. schrencki Kishida, 1924 — N Japan (Hokkaido) and NE Russia (Sakhalin). V. v. silacea G. S. Miller, 1907 — Iberian Peninsula. V.v. splendidissima Kishida, 1924 — E Russia (N & C Kurile Is). V. v. stepensis Brauner, 1914 — steppes of S Russia. V. v. tobolica Ognev, 1926 — Russia (lower basin of Ob River) V. v. tschiliensis Matschie, 1907 — NE China. Foxes of European origin were introduced into E USA and Canada in the 17" century, subsequently mixed with local subspecies. Also introduced to Australia in 1800s, and the Falkland Islands (Malvinas). in Canidae

Subspecies and Distribution. V. v. vulpes Linnaeus, 1758 — N Europe (Scandinavia). V. v. abietorum Merriam, 1900 — SW Canada (Alberta & British Columbia). V. v. aegyptiacus Sonnini, 1816 — Egypt, Israel, and Lybia. V. v. alascensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska and NW Canada (NW Territories & Yukon). V. v. alpheraky: Satunin, 1906 — Kazakhstan. V. v. anatolica Thomas, 1920 — Turkey. V. v. arabica Thomas, 1902 — Arabian peninsula. V. v. atlantica Wagner, 1841 — Algeria (forested Atlas Mts). V. v. bangsi Merriam, 1900 — NE Canada (Labrador). V. v. barbara Shaw, 1800 — NW Africa (Barbary Coast). V. v. beringiana Middendorff, 1875 — NE Siberia (shore of Bering Strait). V. v. cascadensis Merriam, 1900 — NW USA (Cascade Mountains, Oregon & Washington). V. v. caucasica Dinnik, 1914 — SW Russia (Caucasus). V. v. crucigera Bechstein, 1789 — Europe through N & C Russia. V. v. daurica Ognev, 1931 — E Russia (Amur, Siberia & Transbaikalia). V.v. deletrix Bangs, 1898 — NE Canada (Newfoundland). V. v. dolichocrania Ognev, 1926 — SE Siberia (S Ussuri). V. v. flavescens Gray, 1843 — N Iran. V. v. fulva Desmarest, 1820 — E USA. V. v. griffith: Blyth, 1854 — Afghanistan and N Pakistan. V.v. harrimani Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kodiak I). V. v. hoole Swinhoe, 1870 — S China (Fujian to Sichuan). V. v. ichnusae G. S. Miller, 1907 — Corsica and Sardinia. V. v. induta G. S. Miller, 1907 — Cyprus. V. v. jakutensis Ognev, 1923 — E Siberia (S of Yakutsk). V. v. japonica Gray, 1868 — Japan. V. v. karagan Erxleben, 1777 — Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Kirgizstan. V. v. kenaiensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kenai Peninsula). V. v. kurdistanica Satunin, 1906 — Armenia and NE Turkey. V. v. macroura Baird, 1852 — USA (Mountain States). V. v. montana Pearson, 1836 — Himalayas form China (Yunnan) to C Pakistan. V. v. mecator Merriam, 1900 — SW USA (California & Nevada). V_ v. ochroxantha Ognev, 1926 — E Russian Turkestan, Aksai, Kirgizstan, Semirechie. V. v. palaestina Thomas, 1920 —Jordan and Lebanon. V.v. peculiosa Kishida, 1924 — Korea. V. v. pusilla Blyth, 1854 — NW India to Irak. V.v. regalis Merriam, 1900 — N Great Plains of Canada and USA. V. v. rubricosa Bangs, 1898 — E Canada. V.v. schrencki Kishida, 1924 — N Japan (Hokkaido) and NE Russia (Sakhalin). V. v. silacea G. S. Miller, 1907 — Iberian Peninsula. V.v. splendidissima Kishida, 1924 — E Russia (N & C Kurile Is). V. v. stepensis Brauner, 1914 — steppes of S Russia. V. v. tobolica Ognev, 1926 — Russia (lower basin of Ob River) V. v. tschiliensis Matschie, 1907 — NE China. Foxes of European origin were introduced into E USA and Canada in the 17" century, subsequently mixed with local subspecies. Also introduced to Australia in 1800s, and the Falkland Islands (Malvinas).

Subspecies and Distribution. U. a. arctos Linnaeus, 1758 — Europe and W Russia. U. a. alascensis Merriam, 1896 — most of Alaska (excluding Alaska Peninsula, SE panhandle & Kodiak Island group). U. a. beringianus Middendorff, 1853 — NE Russia (Kamchatka Peninsula & N Kuril Islands northward through the Koryak Autonomous District, and along W coast of the Sea of Okhotsk). U. a. collaris Cuvier, 1824 — Russia (Siberia, from E of the Yenisey River to the Bering Sea, but excluding Kamchatka and more southern parts of the Russian Far East), N Mongolia. U. a. dalli Merriam, 1896 — SE Alaska (N of Alexander Archipelago). U. a. gyas Merriam, 1902 — Alaska peninsula. U. a. horribilis Ord, 1815 —W Canada (Yukon, North-West Territories, British Columbia & Alberta), inland W USA (extirpated from S Wyoming to Mexico). U. a. isabellinus Horsfield, 1826 — N India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, N to Kazakhstan and Mongolia (Gobi Desert). U. a. lasiotus Gray, 1867 — Russia (Southern Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, Ussuri/Amur river region of the Russian Far East), NE China, North Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido). U. a. middendorffi Merriam, 1896 — Alaska (Kodiak Island & nearby islands). U. a. pruinosus Blyth, 1853 — Tibetan Plateau, China, N Nepal. U. a. sitkensis Merriam, 1896 — SE Alaska (Alexander Archipelago & adjacent coastal area). U. a. stikeenensis Merriam, 1914 — W Canada (W British Columbia), and formerly W USA (W Washington and Oregon). U. a. syriacus Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1828 — Middle East, from Turkey to Iran (extirpated in Syria), Caucasus mountains of Russia, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. in Ursidae

Subspecies and Distribution. U. a. arctos Linnaeus, 1758 — Europe and W Russia. U. a. alascensis Merriam, 1896 — most of Alaska (excluding Alaska Peninsula, SE panhandle & Kodiak Island group). U. a. beringianus Middendorff, 1853 — NE Russia (Kamchatka Peninsula & N Kuril Islands northward through the Koryak Autonomous District, and along W coast of the Sea of Okhotsk). U. a. collaris Cuvier, 1824 — Russia (Siberia, from E of the Yenisey River to the Bering Sea, but excluding Kamchatka and more southern parts of the Russian Far East), N Mongolia. U. a. dalli Merriam, 1896 — SE Alaska (N of Alexander Archipelago). U. a. gyas Merriam, 1902 — Alaska peninsula. U. a. horribilis Ord, 1815 —W Canada (Yukon, North-West Territories, British Columbia & Alberta), inland W USA (extirpated from S Wyoming to Mexico). U. a. isabellinus Horsfield, 1826 — N India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, N to Kazakhstan and Mongolia (Gobi Desert). U. a. lasiotus Gray, 1867 — Russia (Southern Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, Ussuri/Amur river region of the Russian Far East), NE China, North Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido). U. a. middendorffi Merriam, 1896 — Alaska (Kodiak Island & nearby islands). U. a. pruinosus Blyth, 1853 — Tibetan Plateau, China, N Nepal. U. a. sitkensis Merriam, 1896 — SE Alaska (Alexander Archipelago & adjacent coastal area). U. a. stikeenensis Merriam, 1914 — W Canada (W British Columbia), and formerly W USA (W Washington and Oregon). U. a. syriacus Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1828 — Middle East, from Turkey to Iran (extirpated in Syria), Caucasus mountains of Russia, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan.

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Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest. in Suidae

Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest.

Subspecies and Distribution. V. v. vulpes Linnaeus, 1758 — N Europe (Scandinavia). V. v. abietorum Merriam, 1900 — SW Canada (Alberta & British Columbia). V. v. aegyptiacus Sonnini, 1816 — Egypt, Israel, and Lybia. V. v. alascensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska and NW Canada (NW Territories & Yukon). V. v. alpheraky: Satunin, 1906 — Kazakhstan. V. v. anatolica Thomas, 1920 — Turkey. V. v. arabica Thomas, 1902 — Arabian peninsula. V. v. atlantica Wagner, 1841 — Algeria (forested Atlas Mts). V. v. bangsi Merriam, 1900 — NE Canada (Labrador). V. v. barbara Shaw, 1800 — NW Africa (Barbary Coast). V. v. beringiana Middendorff, 1875 — NE Siberia (shore of Bering Strait). V. v. cascadensis Merriam, 1900 — NW USA (Cascade Mountains, Oregon & Washington). V. v. caucasica Dinnik, 1914 — SW Russia (Caucasus). V. v. crucigera Bechstein, 1789 — Europe through N & C Russia. V. v. daurica Ognev, 1931 — E Russia (Amur, Siberia & Transbaikalia). V.v. deletrix Bangs, 1898 — NE Canada (Newfoundland). V. v. dolichocrania Ognev, 1926 — SE Siberia (S Ussuri). V. v. flavescens Gray, 1843 — N Iran. V. v. fulva Desmarest, 1820 — E USA. V. v. griffith: Blyth, 1854 — Afghanistan and N Pakistan. V.v. harrimani Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kodiak I). V. v. hoole Swinhoe, 1870 — S China (Fujian to Sichuan). V. v. ichnusae G. S. Miller, 1907 — Corsica and Sardinia. V. v. induta G. S. Miller, 1907 — Cyprus. V. v. jakutensis Ognev, 1923 — E Siberia (S of Yakutsk). V. v. japonica Gray, 1868 — Japan. V. v. karagan Erxleben, 1777 — Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Kirgizstan. V. v. kenaiensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kenai Peninsula). V. v. kurdistanica Satunin, 1906 — Armenia and NE Turkey. V. v. macroura Baird, 1852 — USA (Mountain States). V. v. montana Pearson, 1836 — Himalayas form China (Yunnan) to C Pakistan. V. v. mecator Merriam, 1900 — SW USA (California & Nevada). V. v. ochroxantha Ognev, 1926 — E Russian Turkestan, Aksai, Kirgizstan, Semirechie. V. v. palaestina Thomas, 1920 —Jordan and Lebanon. V.v. peculiosa Kishida, 1924 — Korea. V. v. pusilla Blyth, 1854 — NW India to Irak. V.v. regalis Merriam, 1900 — N Great Plains of Canada and USA. V. v. rubricosa Bangs, 1898 — E Canada. V.v. schrencki Kishida, 1924 — N Japan (Hokkaido) and NE Russia (Sakhalin). V. v. silacea G. S. Miller, 1907 — Iberian Peninsula. V.v. splendidissima Kishida, 1924 — E Russia (N & C Kurile Is). V. v. stepensis Brauner, 1914 — steppes of S Russia. V. v. tobolica Ognev, 1926 — Russia (lower basin of Ob River) V. v. tschiliensis Matschie, 1907 — NE China. Foxes of European origin were introduced into E USA and Canada in the 17" century, subsequently mixed with local subspecies. Also introduced to Australia in 1800s, and the Falkland Islands (Malvinas). in Canidae

Subspecies and Distribution. V. v. vulpes Linnaeus, 1758 — N Europe (Scandinavia). V. v. abietorum Merriam, 1900 — SW Canada (Alberta & British Columbia). V. v. aegyptiacus Sonnini, 1816 — Egypt, Israel, and Lybia. V. v. alascensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska and NW Canada (NW Territories & Yukon). V. v. alpheraky: Satunin, 1906 — Kazakhstan. V. v. anatolica Thomas, 1920 — Turkey. V. v. arabica Thomas, 1902 — Arabian peninsula. V. v. atlantica Wagner, 1841 — Algeria (forested Atlas Mts). V. v. bangsi Merriam, 1900 — NE Canada (Labrador). V. v. barbara Shaw, 1800 — NW Africa (Barbary Coast). V. v. beringiana Middendorff, 1875 — NE Siberia (shore of Bering Strait). V. v. cascadensis Merriam, 1900 — NW USA (Cascade Mountains, Oregon & Washington). V. v. caucasica Dinnik, 1914 — SW Russia (Caucasus). V. v. crucigera Bechstein, 1789 — Europe through N & C Russia. V. v. daurica Ognev, 1931 — E Russia (Amur, Siberia & Transbaikalia). V.v. deletrix Bangs, 1898 — NE Canada (Newfoundland). V. v. dolichocrania Ognev, 1926 — SE Siberia (S Ussuri). V. v. flavescens Gray, 1843 — N Iran. V. v. fulva Desmarest, 1820 — E USA. V. v. griffith: Blyth, 1854 — Afghanistan and N Pakistan. V.v. harrimani Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kodiak I). V. v. hoole Swinhoe, 1870 — S China (Fujian to Sichuan). V. v. ichnusae G. S. Miller, 1907 — Corsica and Sardinia. V. v. induta G. S. Miller, 1907 — Cyprus. V. v. jakutensis Ognev, 1923 — E Siberia (S of Yakutsk). V. v. japonica Gray, 1868 — Japan. V. v. karagan Erxleben, 1777 — Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Kirgizstan. V. v. kenaiensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kenai Peninsula). V. v. kurdistanica Satunin, 1906 — Armenia and NE Turkey. V. v. macroura Baird, 1852 — USA (Mountain States). V. v. montana Pearson, 1836 — Himalayas form China (Yunnan) to C Pakistan. V. v. mecator Merriam, 1900 — SW USA (California & Nevada). V. v. ochroxantha Ognev, 1926 — E Russian Turkestan, Aksai, Kirgizstan, Semirechie. V. v. palaestina Thomas, 1920 —Jordan and Lebanon. V.v. peculiosa Kishida, 1924 — Korea. V. v. pusilla Blyth, 1854 — NW India to Irak. V.v. regalis Merriam, 1900 — N Great Plains of Canada and USA. V. v. rubricosa Bangs, 1898 — E Canada. V.v. schrencki Kishida, 1924 — N Japan (Hokkaido) and NE Russia (Sakhalin). V. v. silacea G. S. Miller, 1907 — Iberian Peninsula. V.v. splendidissima Kishida, 1924 — E Russia (N & C Kurile Is). V. v. stepensis Brauner, 1914 — steppes of S Russia. V. v. tobolica Ognev, 1926 — Russia (lower basin of Ob River) V. v. tschiliensis Matschie, 1907 — NE China. Foxes of European origin were introduced into E USA and Canada in the 17" century, subsequently mixed with local subspecies. Also introduced to Australia in 1800s, and the Falkland Islands (Malvinas).

Subspecies and Distribution. F. s. silvestris Schreber, 1777 — Europe E to the Carpathian Mts and the River Dnieper N of the Black Sea. F.s. brockmani Pocock, 1944 — Somalia. F. s. cafra Desmarest, 1822 — Zimbabwe, S Mozambique and South Africa. F. s. caucasica Satunin, 1905 — Caucasus Mts and Turkey. F.s. caudata Gray, 1874 — deserts E Caspian Sea to NW China (Xinjiang) and Mongolia. F. s. foxi Pocock, 1944 — Senegal to Lake Chad. F.s. gordoni Harrison, 1968 — Batinah coast of Oman. F.s. grampia G. S. Miller, 1907 — N Scotland. F. s. griselda Thomas, 1926 — Kalahari region to S Angola. F. s. iraki Cheesman, 1920 — Arabian Desert regions. F. s. lybica Forster, 1780 — desert regions of N Africa to Sudan and N Niger. F.s. melland: Schwann, 1904 — SC Africa. F.s. nesterovi Biurla, 1916 — Mesopotamian region to SW Iran. F. s. ocreata Gmelin, 1791 — Ethiopian highlands. F. s. ornata Gray, 1830 — India. Probably W through Iran. F.s. pyrrhus Pocock, 1944 — N Angola and SW Zaire. F. s. sarda Lataste, 1885 — coastal Maghreb region of Morocco and Algeria. F.s. tristrami Pocock, 1944 — Palestine and Red Sea coast of Arabia. F.s. ugandae Schwann, 1904 — E Africa. in Felidae

Subspecies and Distribution. F. s. silvestris Schreber, 1777 — Europe E to the Carpathian Mts and the River Dnieper N of the Black Sea. F.s. brockmani Pocock, 1944 — Somalia. F. s. cafra Desmarest, 1822 — Zimbabwe, S Mozambique and South Africa. F. s. caucasica Satunin, 1905 — Caucasus Mts and Turkey. F.s. caudata Gray, 1874 — deserts E Caspian Sea to NW China (Xinjiang) and Mongolia. F. s. foxi Pocock, 1944 — Senegal to Lake Chad. F.s. gordoni Harrison, 1968 — Batinah coast of Oman. F.s. grampia G. S. Miller, 1907 — N Scotland. F. s. griselda Thomas, 1926 — Kalahari region to S Angola. F. s. iraki Cheesman, 1920 — Arabian Desert regions. F. s. lybica Forster, 1780 — desert regions of N Africa to Sudan and N Niger. F.s. melland: Schwann, 1904 — SC Africa. F.s. nesterovi Biurla, 1916 — Mesopotamian region to SW Iran. F. s. ocreata Gmelin, 1791 — Ethiopian highlands. F. s. ornata Gray, 1830 — India. Probably W through Iran. F.s. pyrrhus Pocock, 1944 — N Angola and SW Zaire. F. s. sarda Lataste, 1885 — coastal Maghreb region of Morocco and Algeria. F.s. tristrami Pocock, 1944 — Palestine and Red Sea coast of Arabia. F.s. ugandae Schwann, 1904 — E Africa.

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Distribution. Russian Far East in Sakhalin I, Sikhote-Alin Mts, and Ussuri River Basin, and along Pacific coast in Khabarovsk and Primorsky krais (including Russkiy I in Peter the Great Gulf), NE China (Heilongjiang and Jilin), and N Korea (N Ryanggang and NW South Hamgyong). in Sminthidae

Distribution. Russian Far East in Sakhalin I, Sikhote-Alin Mts, and Ussuri River Basin, and along Pacific coast in Khabarovsk and Primorsky krais (including Russkiy I in Peter the Great Gulf), NE China (Heilongjiang and Jilin), and N Korea (N Ryanggang and NW South Hamgyong).

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Distribution. SE Asia, from NE India (Assam, Meghalaya, and Mizoram) E to C & S China (S Sichuan, Guizhou, E Hubei, N Hunan, Yunnan, Guangxi, and including Hainan I) and S through Burma (= Myanmar) and mainland South-east Asia to Peninsular Malaysia, also on Tarutao I (SW coast of Thailand), and on Aur, Pemanggil, and Tioman Is (E coast of Peninsular Malaysia); possibly present in Bangladesh. Recorded from Sumatra but needsverification. in Hystricidae

Distribution. SE Asia, from NE India (Assam, Meghalaya, and Mizoram) E to C & S China (S Sichuan, Guizhou, E Hubei, N Hunan, Yunnan, Guangxi, and including Hainan I) and S through Burma (= Myanmar) and mainland South-east Asia to Peninsular Malaysia, also on Tarutao I (SW coast of Thailand), and on Aur, Pemanggil, and Tioman Is (E coast of Peninsular Malaysia); possibly present in Bangladesh. Recorded from Sumatra but needsverification.

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Distribution. Fennoscandia in N Europe E through Siberia to Pacific coast and Kamchatka Peninsula, S as far as Southern Ural, upper reaches of Ob River, N China (Xinjang, Inner Mongolia [= Nei Mongol], Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning), Mongolia, N Korea, and Pacific Is of Sakhalin, Hokkaido, Kurils, Shantar, and small Is around Hokkaido and in the Sea of Okhotsk. in Cricetidae

Distribution. Fennoscandia in N Europe E through Siberia to Pacific coast and Kamchatka Peninsula, S as far as Southern Ural, upper reaches of Ob River, N China (Xinjang, Inner Mongolia [= Nei Mongol], Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning), Mongolia, N Korea, and Pacific Is of Sakhalin, Hokkaido, Kurils, Shantar, and small Is around Hokkaido and in the Sea of Okhotsk.

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Distribution. SW China (E of Salween River and S of Xishuanbanna, S Yunnan Province), S Myanmar, N Thailand (S to Raheng, and W to the coast of the Bay of Bengal), N & C Laos, and N Vietnam, the W limit is most likely the Salween River; S of the distribution of Phayre's Langur (1. phayrer). in Cercopithecidae

Distribution. SW China (E of Salween River and S of Xishuanbanna, S Yunnan Province), S Myanmar, N Thailand (S to Raheng, and W to the coast of the Bay of Bengal), N & C Laos, and N Vietnam, the W limit is most likely the Salween River; S of the distribution of Phayre's Langur (1. phayrer).

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Subspecies and Distribution. M. f. fascicularis Raffles, 1821 — S Laos, S Vietnam, Cambodia, E & S Thailand (and offshore Is), S to the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Bali, and most but not all offshore Is, also extending into the Sulu Archipelago and Zamboanga Peninsula of W Mindanao, in the Philippines; probably artificially introduced in the Nusa Penida-Timor Is chain. M. f. atriceps Kloss, 1919 — Ko Khram I (= Khram Yai), off SE coast of Thailand. M. f. aureus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1831 — SW Bangladesh (Teknaaf Peninsula), S Myanmar (including the Mergui Archipelago), WC Thailand (S to ¢.10° N), and Laos. M. f. condorensis Kloss, 1926 — SE Vietnam (Con Son and Hon Ba Is in the South China Sea). M. f. fuscus G. S. Miller, 1903 — Simeulue I, off NW Sumatra. M. f. karimondjawae Sody, 1949 — Karimunjawa I and presumably nearby Kemujan I, N ofJava. M. f. lasiae Lyon, 1916 — Lasia I, off NW Sumatra. M. f. philippinensis 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1843 — Philippine Archipelago N of ¢.10° N. M. f. tua Kellogg, 1944 — Maratua I, off E Borneo. M. f. umbrosus G. S. Miller, 1902 — Nicobar Is (Katchall, Little Nicobar, and Great Nicobar Is). in Cercopithecidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M. f. fascicularis Raffles, 1821 — S Laos, S Vietnam, Cambodia, E & S Thailand (and offshore Is), S to the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Bali, and most but not all offshore Is, also extending into the Sulu Archipelago and Zamboanga Peninsula of W Mindanao, in the Philippines; probably artificially introduced in the Nusa Penida-Timor Is chain. M. f. atriceps Kloss, 1919 — Ko Khram I (= Khram Yai), off SE coast of Thailand. M. f. aureus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1831 — SW Bangladesh (Teknaaf Peninsula), S Myanmar (including the Mergui Archipelago), WC Thailand (S to ¢.10° N), and Laos. M. f. condorensis Kloss, 1926 — SE Vietnam (Con Son and Hon Ba Is in the South China Sea). M. f. fuscus G. S. Miller, 1903 — Simeulue I, off NW Sumatra. M. f. karimondjawae Sody, 1949 — Karimunjawa I and presumably nearby Kemujan I, N ofJava. M. f. lasiae Lyon, 1916 — Lasia I, off NW Sumatra. M. f. philippinensis 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1843 — Philippine Archipelago N of ¢.10° N. M. f. tua Kellogg, 1944 — Maratua I, off E Borneo. M. f. umbrosus G. S. Miller, 1902 — Nicobar Is (Katchall, Little Nicobar, and Great Nicobar Is).

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Distribution. Most of India, Nepal, Bang- ladesh, SC & SE China (Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangdong, and Fujian) and mainland SE Asia (Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia), also on Cat Ba I off the coast of N Vietnam. Popu- lation of Taiwan has uncertain origins. Introduced into Kedah and Perlis regions of Malay Peninsula as well as Java. in Muridae

Distribution. Most of India, Nepal, Bang- ladesh, SC & SE China (Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangdong, and Fujian) and mainland SE Asia (Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia), also on Cat Ba I off the coast of N Vietnam. Popu- lation of Taiwan has uncertain origins. Introduced into Kedah and Perlis regions of Malay Peninsula as well as Java.

FIGURE 3. Marphysa bulla n in Two new species of Marphysa Quatrefages, 1865 (Polychaeta: Eunicida: Eunicidae) from northern coast of China and redescription for Marphysa orientalis Treadwell, 1936

FIGURE 3. Marphysa bulla n. sp. (A–C, SEM images, D-F, light microscopy images) A. Chaetiger 71, showing 2 tiers of compound spinigers. B. 3 types of pectinate chaetae of paratypes, left parapodia 135. C. 3 types of pectinate chaetae of paratypes, right parapodium 313. D. Left parapodium 250, showing pectinate chaetae. E. Maxillae, dorsal view. F. Mandible, ventral view. A. B, C, D—MBMCA285106; E, F—AM W.49125. Abbreviations: sp1 and sp2, 2 tiers of compound spinigers, a, thin symmetrical isodont with varying numbers of teeth, b, thick asymmetrical anodont with 3–4 teeth, c, thin asymmetrical isodont with numerous teeth, sa, subacicular hooks. Scale bars: A = 100µm; B = 20 µm; C = 50 µm; D = 0.1 mm; E, F = 1 mm.

FIGURE 6. Marphysa maxidenticulata n in Two new species of Marphysa Quatrefages, 1865 (Polychaeta: Eunicida: Eunicidae) from northern coast of China and redescription for Marphysa orientalis Treadwell, 1936

FIGURE 6. Marphysa maxidenticulata n. sp. (Light microscopy images) A. Compound falciger of holotype, left parapodium 10, arrow pointing to falciger. B Compound falciger of holotype, left parapodium 50, arrow pointing to falciger. A, B—AM W.49113 (paratype). Abbreviations: sp1 and sp 2, two tiers of compound spinigers. Scale bars: A, B = 500 µm.

FIGURE 2. Marphysa bulla n in Two new species of Marphysa Quatrefages, 1865 (Polychaeta: Eunicida: Eunicidae) from northern coast of China and redescription for Marphysa orientalis Treadwell, 1936

FIGURE 2. Marphysa bulla n. sp. (light microscopy images). A. Anterior end of holotype, dorsal view. B. Anterior end of holotype, lateral view. C. Anterior parapodia of holotype, lateral view, showing structure of ventral cirri. D. Jaws in situ, anterior view. E. Structure of branchiae from median region of holotype. F. Pygidium of holotype. A, B, C, E, H, AM.W.49124, D, AM.W.49125. Abbreviations: p, papilla vc, ventral cirrus, I, II, III, IV, V components of maxillae. Scale bars: A, B = 2 mm; C–F = 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Two new species of Marphysa Quatrefages, 1865 (Polychaeta: Eunicida: Eunicidae) from northern coast of China and redescription for Marphysa orientalis Treadwell, 1936

FIGURE 1. Map showing type localities (blue dots) of M. bulla n. sp., M. maxidenticulata n. sp., M. orientalis Treadwell, 1936 and M. sinensis Monro,1934.

FIGURE 5. Marphysa maxidenticulata n in Two new species of Marphysa Quatrefages, 1865 (Polychaeta: Eunicida: Eunicidae) from northern coast of China and redescription for Marphysa orientalis Treadwell, 1936

FIGURE 5. Marphysa maxidenticulata n. sp. (SEM images). A. Parapodium 25, B. Parapodium 290. C. Parapodium 25 showing 2 tiers of compound spinigers, D. Parapodium 3, E. Parapodium 203 showing 3 types of pectinate chaetae. F. Parapodium 3 with thin asymmetrical isodont pectinate chaetae with 10–14 teeth. All from paratype AM W.49116. Abbreviations: sa, subacicular hooks, sp1 and sp2, 2 tiers of compound spinigers, a. thick asymmetrical anodont with 3–4 teeth, b, thin isodont symmetrical with numerous fine teeth, c, thin isodont asymmetrical with many fine teeth. Scale bars: A, B, E = 20 µm; C =100 µm; D = 200 µm; F=10 µm.

FIGURE 4. Marphysa maxidenticulata n in Two new species of Marphysa Quatrefages, 1865 (Polychaeta: Eunicida: Eunicidae) from northern coast of China and redescription for Marphysa orientalis Treadwell, 1936

FIGURE 4. Marphysa maxidenticulata n. sp. (light microscopy images). A. Anterior segments of paratype, dorsal view. B. Anterior segments of paratype, lateral view. C. Left anterior parapodia of paratype, lateral view. D. Mandible, ventral view. E. Maxillary apparatus, dorsal view. F. Pygidium of paratype. A, B, C, F—AM.W.49115. D, E.—AM W.49116. Scale bars: A, B. = 2 mm; C—F. = 1 mm.

FIGURE 8. Marphysa orientalis holotype USNM 20144 in Two new species of Marphysa Quatrefages, 1865 (Polychaeta: Eunicida: Eunicidae) from northern coast of China and redescription for Marphysa orientalis Treadwell, 1936

FIGURE 8. Marphysa orientalis holotype USNM 20144 (light microscopy images) A. Pygidium. B. Compound falcigers, parapodium 130. C. Bidentate subacicular hook from posterior parapodium, arrow pointing to hook. D. Two types of pectinate chaetae with 14 or 18 teeth from parapodium 193. E. Thick asymmetrical anodont pectinate chaetae with coarse teeth from parapodium 256, indicated by arrows. F. Thin asymmetrical isodont pectinate chaetae with numerous teeth, from parapodium 256. Scale bars: A= 0.5 mm; B- F = 0.1 mm.